SOLVABILITY RESULTS OF A CONDITIONAL INPUT-OUTPUT EQUATION BASED ON A TYPE OF NONLINEAR LEONTIEF MODEL

A class of nonlinear and continuous type Leontief model and its corresponding conditional input-output equation are introduced, and two basic problems under the so called positive or negative boundary assumption are presented. By approaches of nonlinear analysis some solvability results of this equation and continuous perturbation properties of the relative solution sets are obtained, and some economic significance are illustrated by the remark.

Construction of Two-Region Input-output Model——A Case Study of Henan Province

On the basis of input-output table of Henan Province and China in 2007, this paper advances a simple method of constructing two-region input-output model using MRIO model, to research the economic link between the industries of Henan Province and the industries of other regions. I summarize the characteristics of this method based on this as follows: when researching inter-regional economic link, the multi-region or two-region input-output model has prominent superiority, and we can conduct preliminary estimation on the multi-region input-output model using location quotient approach.

The Influences of Energy Price Variation on the Prices of Other Industries: A Study Based on Input-Output Price Model

Energy has laid material foundation for human society during its development. Meanwhile, any change of price in the energy industry may influence social production and people’s life at all levels via an input-output mechanism under which the change related to energy is surely transmitted to other industries. The price change thus incurred in all industries may adversely affect the realization of macroeconomic objective-maintaining prices at a stable level. It is, therefore, needed to conduct an empirical research related to the impact of price change in energy industry on that in other industries. According to the data coming from “China’s 2015 Input-Output Extension Table (42 Departments)” and four hypothetical basis, this article focuses on four energy sectors and analyzes how deeply the price change of them, by use of input-output model, affects that of other industrial products under five conditions where each of their price rises by 10% individually or simultaneously, and why such an influence occurs. The results show that the price rising of the energies in question leads to an upward growth in the prices of other industrial products, especially when their prices go up simultaneously. Besides, the price increase in the four energy sectors doesn’t influence other industries in an accumulation form but actually leads to a rollback in some of other industries. It is recommended to adopt diversified pricing strategies for different energy products, thus maximizing the value of each specific energy, and meanwhile achieving the goals of energy consumption reduction and price equilibrium.

Re-measuring Status of China＇s High-Tech Industries in International Division of Labor： Applying a Non-Competitive Input-Output Model

Based on a refined ＂non-competitive input-output model,＂ this paper proposes a new framework for analyzing the status of a country＇s high-tech industries in the international division of labor, i.e. calculates the index of＂ weighted value-added productivity ＂ by compiling non-competitive input-output tables which distinguish high-tech industries from traditional industries. The new method effectively avoids ＂statistical illusion＂ which stems from a biased focus on gross exports under intra-product specialization. The empirical study shows that since 1995, the status of China＇s high-tech industries has grown quickly as a result of enhanced labor productivity, but still lags behind those of major developed countries. In addition, the study also suggests that the status of China＇s high-tech industries has been over-estimated using the traditional gross export statistical method.

INPUT-OUTPUT MODELS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATION IN EVALUATING PROGRESS OF ENTERPRISE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

The method of compiling input-output models of science and technology was studied,and the application of input-output techniques in evaluating the progress of enterprise science and technology was discussed.And the models for determining direct,indirect and full contributions of the progress of enterprise science and technology have been set up which can be used to analyse and evaluate the direct,indirect and full benefits of the progress of enterprise science and technology.

A Generalization of the Input-Output Pollution Control Model and Product Selection

The input-output pollution control model given in [1] is generalized. The generalization makes it easier for the model to handle many problem instances. A linear program is used to solve the new model. An example is given to show that the new model can handle classes of problems that the original model cannot handle.

Regional Agricultural Input-Output Model and Countermeasure for Production and Income Increase of Farmers in Southern Xinjiang,China

Agricultural input and output status in southern Xinjiang,China is introduced,such as lack of agricultural input,low level of agricultural modernization,excessive fertilizer use,serious damage of environment,shortage of water resources,tremendous pressure on ecological balance,insignificant economic and social benefits of agricultural production in southern Xinjiang,agriculture remaining a weak industry,agricultural economy as the economic subject of southern Xinjiang,and backward economic development of southern Xinjiang.Taking the Aksu area as an example,according to the input and output data in the years 2002-2007,input-output model about regional agriculture of the southern Xinjiang is established by principal component analysis.DPS software is used in the process of solving the model.Then,Eviews software is adopted to revise and test the model in order to analyze and evaluate the economic significance of the results obtained,and to make additional explanations of the relevant model.Since the agricultural economic output is seriously restricted in southern Xinjiang at present,the following countermeasures are put forward,such as adjusting the structure of agricultural land,improving the utilization ratio of land,increasing agricultural input,realizing agricultural modernization,rationally utilizing water resources,maintaining eco-environmental balance,enhancing the awareness of agricultural insurance,minimizing the risk and loss,taking the road of industrialization of characteristic agricultural products,and realizing the transfer of surplus labor force.

Application of Linear Model Predictive Control and Input-Output Linearization to Constrained Control of 3D Cable Robots

Cable robots are structurally the same as parallel robots but with the basic difference that cables can only pull the platform and cannot push it. This feature makes control of cable robots a lot more challenging compared to parallel robots. This paper introduces a controller for cable robots under force constraint. The controller is based on input-output linearization and linear model predictive control. Performance of input-output linearizing (IOL) controllers suffers due to constraints on input and output variables. This problem is successfully tackled by augmenting IOL controllers with linear model predictive controller (LMPC). The effecttiveness of the proposed method is illustrated by numerical simulation.

Integrated Water and CGE Model of the Impacts of Water Policy on the Beijing's Economy and Output

The article used general equilibrium model to analyze the change of gross domestic product and industry output affected by water resources policies in Beijing City by using GEMPACK soft tool.The article researches on rules of water supply and demand,evaluating water resources,building water resources input and output table,establishing water computable general equilibrium model and stimulating water policy.The stimulation gives a scenario that increases water price by 10%.The result shows the following aspects.First,water resources policy infects gross domestic product and industry output in different ways.There are different behaviors in different industries as to the water policy. Agriculture industry has the same tendency as water price change and it has more sensitive to water quantity than to water price.For basic energy industries such as oil and chemistry and gas,they show diversity tendency.As to some high water consumer industry such as paper and textile etc.,water resource economic policy can infect them greatly and can promote them to accomplish more water-saving technology.Waste water and construction and service industries show the same tendency as to water policy.Second,government should pay more attention to water resource policy by macro economic administration.The simulation also shows that the output and supply and consumer price change more than expect as to water policy in a free market economic in water industry.So as to a government policy maker,one should be more carefully and prepare suitable forecast and plan to water policy and its negative impact.

TECHNIQUES OF CONSTRUCTING REGIONAL INPUT-OUTPUT TABLES: ACHIEVEMENTS

The development of any analytical method should have to experience at least four stages: its initial status, growth, mature and declining. However, although the regional input-output analysis has been widely applied for more than forty years, it is still one of the most important approach in regional economic analysis and forecast at present in the world. This is due to the never ended modifications and its great potentials. In this paper, we review the historical development of the regional input-output analysis.

GREY DISPLACEMENT INPUT－OUTPUT MODELS OF MINERAL PROCESSING－METALLURGY SYSTEM

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Input-Output Analysis of the Impact of Environmental Regulation on Chinese Industries

In this paper, we attempted to calculate the impact of environmental regulation on the international competitiveness of China＇s industries. Calculations are based on the input-output model that incorporates pollution control costs. We took enterprises ＇pollution control costs as the substitute variable for environmental regulation and price changes to measure the impact on international competitiveness for all sectors. Our studies reported three findings. First, price rises caused by pollution control costs were not more than 4 per cent in the manufacturing and trade sectors in 2007. Second, although the charging rate on pollutant discharge has become increasingly higher since 2003, the resultant price rise is only around O. 5 per cent across all sectors. Third, the impact brought about by increasingly stronger environmental regulation is limited and the resultant price rise does not exceed 2 per cent. Thesefindings indicate that the impact of environmental regulation on China＇s trade sectors is affordable. Therefore, it is needless to worry that environmental regulation will weaken the international competitiveness of Chinese products.

Spatial Heterogeneity of Embedded Water Consumption from the Perspective of Virtual Water Surplus and Deficit in the Yellow River Basin,China

Virtual water trade(VWT)provides a new perspective for alleviating water crisis and has thus attracted widespread attention.However,the heterogeneity of virtual water trade inside and outside the river basin and its influencing factors remains further study.In this study,for better investigating the pattern and heterogeneity of virtual water trade inside and outside provincial regions along the Yellow River Basin in 2015 using the input-output model(MRIO),we proposed two new concepts,i.e.,virtual water surplus and virtual water deficit,and then used the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index(LMDI)model to identify the inherent mechanism of the imbalance of virtual water trade between provincial regions along the Yellow River Basin and the other four regions in China.The results show that:1)in provincial regions along the Yellow River Basin,the less developed the economy was,the larger the contribution of the agricultural sector in virtual water trade,while the smaller the contribution of the industrial sector.2)Due to the large output of agricultural products,the upstream and midstream provincial regions of the Yellow River Basin had a virtual water surplus,with a net outflow of virtual water of 2.7×10^(8) m^(3) and 0.9×10^(8) m^(3),respectively.3)provincial regions along the Yellow River Basin were in a virtual water deficit with the rest of China,and the decisive factor was the active degree of trade with the outside.This study would be beneficial to illuminate the trade-related water use issues in provincial regions along the Yellow River Basin,which has farreaching practical signific-ance for alleviating water scarcity.

重要基础设施的依赖性模型及应用

把无效果投入产出模型(IIM)引入到重要基础设施的相互依赖性模型研究中,模型中的参数估计通过问卷调查从各领域专家处获得,并使用三角模糊数对该估计值进行修正,最终分别用依赖性指标和影响增益指标评价相互依赖性造成的影响;采用专家调查法和三角模糊数估计模型的参数值,构建了重大自然灾害中重要基础设施的相互依赖性模型。将模型应用于中国2008年南方冰冻雨雪灾害中重要基础设施的依赖性研究中,比较得到受影响最大的设施系统和依赖性最大的设施系统,为防灾减灾和有侧重地进行重要基础设施的保护和完善提供了依据。

基于动态IIM模型的经济系统关联型损失评估

对自然灾害等突发性危机事件进行准确及时的损失评估,是制定科学的危机预防与危机应对政策的主要依据。本文根据危机发生后经济系统各部门在不同阶段反映出来的特征,将危机对经济部门的影响划分为三个主要阶段,在对非正常程度投入产出模型(Inoperability Input-output Model,IIM)进行扩展的基础上,构建两阶段动态IIM模型,分析危机不同阶段对经济系统的产出影响程度以及经济系统对于危机影响的敏感性程度,评估危机事件发生后对经济系统中具有关联关系的各部门的经济影响。以H市冰雪灾害为例,模拟危机对经济系统中各部门的影响周期并计算相应损失值,结果表明该模型可以更加准确地评估危机导致的经济损失。

基于DIIM的供应网络弹性度量

为了建立弹性的供应网络应对高风险低概率的中断事件,通过动态不可操作性输入输出模型分析供应网络中节点间的复杂关系,研究弹性度量这一探讨弹性的关键问题。首先通过不可操作性描述了供应网络弹性,阐述了弹性的吸收、自适应及恢复能力;其次建立了基于动态不可操作性输入输出模型的供应网络弹性度量模型并加以理论分析,利用不可操作性的连锁效应,从时间、空间和成本多方面度量了弹性;最后用一个案例仿真分析了应用该模型有助于供应网络的恢复及决策。该度量模型能够直观显示供应网络的弹性恢复过程,为供应网络管理提供理论指导。

基于不可运作性输入输出模型的供应链冲击级联影响研究

将应用于宏观经济系统的Inoperability Input-output Model(IIM)拓展应用到供应链鲁棒性评估与优化方面,并根据供应链节点间相互关系特征,提出基于有序加权平均算子的相互关系矩阵评价方法对IIM核心部分进行了改进。以不可运作性和经济损失为指标对突发事件冲击下供应链各节点及整体的鲁棒性进行了评价,尤其对网络间相互依赖关系导致的扰动连锁传播而形成的间接影响进行了量化,以便识别出脆弱环节,有针对性提出鲁棒优化措施。

基于改进DIIM的洪涝灾害下供应链系统中断关联型损失评估研究

为解决暴雨洪涝灾害频发对企业生产和整条供应链的运行带来的巨额经济损失问题,在考虑供应链系统相互关联的基础上,运用改进的动态非正常程度投入产出模型(DIIM)模拟洪涝灾害导致企业非正常程度的动态运行状态,测算洪涝灾害给供应链系统带来的直接损失及关联损失。以2021年马来西亚洪涝灾害影响下的某制造业供应链系统为例,选取相关指标对洪涝灾害导致供应链系统中断带来的关联型损失进行评估。结果表明:洪涝灾害引发的供应链各节点功能下降程度由需求端和供应端两方干扰共同影响,非正常程度和损失都是一个动态变化的过程;仿真数据直观显示了洪涝灾害下供应链中断发生、扩散及恢复过程,有助于决策者对洪涝灾害下供应链系统运行进行分析和管理。

基于IIM的干旱灾害对黑龙江省玉米供应链的级联影响研究

为研究干旱灾害对黑龙江省玉米供应链的级联效应,以1998-2017年黑龙江省每年5-9月玉米生长期的降雨量月平均值代表各年不同的干旱程度,通过拟合降雨量-玉米产量方程给出了干旱灾害对玉米产量影响的规律,考虑由于供应链节点间的相互依赖性而存在的级联效应,把干旱灾害对玉米产量的影响作为触发供应链网络级联效应的初始扰动事件,采用不可运作投入产出模型(Inoperability Input-Output Model,IIM)和有序加权平均(Ordered Weighted Averaging,OWA)算子相结合的方法,通过评估当干旱导致供应短缺时玉米供应链上各节点的不可运作性,研究干旱灾害对黑龙江省玉米供应链的级联影响。结果表明,因干旱导致的玉米产量下降不仅给玉米生产者(农户)造成了损失,还通过级联效应将这种损失传递至整个供应链网络,给供应链上的所有节点均造成了不同程度的不可运作性。与其他节点的相互依赖程度越强,则受到干旱灾害导致的供给短缺的影响越严重,造成的不可运作程度与经济损失也越大。

CO_2 Emission Induced by Urban Household Consumption in China

Household consumption is one of the important factors that induce COL emission. Based on input-output model, this article calculated the intensity of CO2 emission of different income groups and seven provinces in China, and then estimated total CO2 emission induced by urban household consumption from 1995 to 2004 in China based on statistic data of household living expenditure. The results show that CO2 emission per capita induced by household consumption had increased from 1583 to 2498 kg CO2 during 1995-2004. The ratio of consumption-induced CO2 emission to total CO2 emission had risen from 19% to 30% in the past decade. Indirect CO2 emission accounted for an important part of the consumption-induced emission, the ratio of indirect emission to consumption-induced emission had risen from 69% to 79% during the same period. A significant difference in consumption-induced CO2 emission across different income groups and different regions has been observed. COs emission per capita of higher income groups and developed regions increased faster than that of lower income groups and developing regions. Changing lifestyle has driven significant increase in CO2 emission. Especially, increases in private transport expenditure （for example, vehicle expenditure） and house building expenditure are key driving factors of growth in consumption-induced COL emission. There are big differences in the amount of CO2 emission induced by change in lifestyle across different income groups and provinces. It can be expected that lower income households and developing regions will increase consumption to improve their livings with income growth in the future, which may induce much more CO2 emission. A reasonable level of CO2 emission is necessary to satisfy human needs and to improve living standard, but a noticeable fact is that CO2 emission per capita induced by household consumption in developed areas of China had reached a quite high level. Adjustment in lifestyle towards a low-carbon society is in urgent need.