Pervaporation performance and characterization of hydrophilic ZSM-5 zeolite membranes for high inorganic acid and inorganic salts

The hydrophilic ZSM-5 zeolite membranes are applied to separate the inorganic acid solutions and inorganic acid/inorganic salt mixtures by pervaporation,and the membrane presents good stability,dehydration,and desalination performance.Influences of inorganic acid type(H_(2)SO_(4),H_(3)PO_(4),HNO_(3),and HCl),H_(2)SO_(4)concentration(1-6 mol·L^(-1)),test temperature(60-90℃)and inorganic acid/inorganic salt type(2 mol·L^(-1)H_(2)SO_(4)and sulfate,2 mol·L^(-1)H3PO4 and phosphate)on the pervaporation performance are investigated in this work.Either for concentrating 3%(mass)H_(2)SO_(4)solution or consecutive dehydrating 20%(mass)H_(2)SO_(4)solution,the hydrophilic ZSM-5 zeolite membrane has a good dehydration performance and stability.Even though the H_(2)SO_(4)concentration and test temperature are increased to 6 M and 90℃,only H_(2)O molecules could pass through the membrane and pH value of the permeation is kept neutral.Besides,the membrane has good dehydration and desalination performance for H_(2)SO_(4)/sulfates and H_(3)PO_(4)/phosphate mixtures,and the rejection of natrium salt,molysite,and magnesium is almost 100%.

Mechanism study of organic antioxidant and inorganic salt on suppressing coal oxidation

The advantages and disadvantages of organic antioxidant and inorganic salt on suppressing coal oxidation were analyzed on the basis of the theory that coal oxidation mechanisms can be attributed to the free radical chain-type reaction mechanism. The inhibition curves on suppressing coal oxidation of the different type and different concentration of organic antioxidant and inorganic salt were given through experimental study and data processing. Then some conclusions can be gained from the experimental study combining with theoretical analysis. First the inhibition mechanism of the organic antioxidant and inorganic salt is different. The former is that the chemical action is the dominant position. It can be called as the chain termination theory because the free radical is captured during coal oxidation. And the later is that the physical effect is the dominant position. It can be called as the decreasing-temperature theory because the liquid membrane which was formed by the inorganic salt can make coal body be the state of wetness and prevent oxygen from coal surface. Second the inhibition effect of the organic antioxidant is higher than the inorganic salt in the later period. But it is lower in the early period.

Interconnected and high cycling stability polypyrrole supercapacitors using cellulose nanocrystals and commonly used inorganic salts as dopants

Polypyrrole(PPy)is wildly used as electrode material in supercapacitors due to its high conductivity,low cost,ease of handling,and ease of fabrication.However,limited capacitance and poor cycling stability hinder its practical application.After developing carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals(CNC-COO^(-))as immobile dopants for PPy to improve its cycling stability,we investigated the effect of different commonly used salts(KCl,NaCl,KBr,and NaClO_(4))as dopants during electrode fabrication by electropolymerization.The film’s capacitance increased from 160.6 to 183.4 F g^(-1)after adding a combination of KCl and NaClO_(4) into the electrodeposition electrolyte.More importantly,the porous and interconnected PPy/CNC-COO^(-)-Cl-(Cl O_(4)^(-))_0.5 electrode film exhibited an excellent capacitance of 125.0 F g^(-1)(0.78 F cm^(-2))at a high current density of 2.0 Ag^(-1)(20 m A cm^(-2),allowing charging in less than 1 min),increasing almost 204%over PPy/CNC-COO-films.A symmetric PPy/CNC-COO^(-)-Cl-(ClO_(4)^(-))_0.5 supercapacitor retained its full capacitance after 5000 cycles,and displayed a high energy density of 5.2 Wh kg^(-1)at a power density of 25.4 W kg^(-1)(34.5μWh cm^(-2) at 1752.3μW cm^(-2)).These results reveal that the porous structure formed by doping with CNC-COO-and inorganic salts opens up more active reaction areas to store charges in PPy-based films as the stiff and ribbon-like CNC-COO-as permanent dopants improve the strength and stability of PPy-based films.Our demonstration provides a simple and practical way to deposit PPy based supercapacitors with high capacitance,fast charging,and excellent cycling stability.

The effect of inorganic salt precipitation on oil recovery during CO2 flooding:A case study of Chang 8 block in Changqing oilfield,NW China

Static experiments and dynamic displacement experiments were conducted to quantitatively determine the amount of precipitate generated by the CO_(2)-formation water reaction at different temperatures,pressures,and scaling ion concentrations during CO_(2) flooding in the Chang 8 block of Changqing Oilfield,the influence of precipitate on the physical properties of reservoirs was investigated,and the corresponding mathematical characterization model was established.The mathematical characterization equation was used to correct the numerical simulation model of E300 module in Eclipse software.The distribution pattern of inorganic salt precipitates during continuous CO_(2) flooding in Chang 8 block was simulated,and the influence of inorganic salt precipitates on oil recovery was predicted.The inorganic salt precipitate generated during CO_(2)-formation water reaction was mainly CaCO_(3),and the pressure difference and scaling ion concentration were proportional to the amount of precipitate generated,while the temperature was inversely proportional to the amount of precipitate.The rate of core porosity change before and after CO_(2) flooding was positively correlated with temperature and flooding pressure difference.The core porosity increase in the CO_(2)-formation water-core reaction experiment was always lower than that of CO_(2)-distilled water-core reaction experiment because of precipitation.The area around the production wells had the most precipitates generated with the injection of CO_(2).The oil field became poor in development because of the widely distributed precipitate and the recovery decreased to 33.45% from 37.64% after 20-year-CO_(2) flooding when considering of precipitation.

Separation of Water from Extra-viscous Oil under Microwave Radiation in the Presence of Inorganic Salts

Removal of water contained in extra-viscous crude oil is quite difficult because of the high viscosity and high resins content of heavy oil.The microwave technology was introduced for the separation of water from high-viscosity crude oil in the presence of sodium acetate.The decrease in zeta-potential of interface and the viscosity of crude oil are responsible for the accelerated separation of water under microwave irradiation.The influences of the concentration of sodium acetate in sample,irradiation pressure,irradiation time and irradiation power on the separation efficiency were investigated.The optimum technological condition for the refining process was determined.Upon treating the sample 1 (with a water concentration of 50%),the water removal rate was 98.44%,when the optimum conditions were identified to be a sodium acetate concentration of 2%,an irradiation pressure of 0.1 MPa,an irradiation time of 2 min,and an irradiation power of 225 W,with the recovery of sodium acetate reaching 97.88%.Upon treating the sample 2 (the concentration of water was 20%),the water removal rate was 93.85%,when the optimum conditions were determined to be a sodium acetate concentration of 3%,an irradiation pressure of 0.1 MPa,an irradiation time of 4 min,and an irradiation power of 375 W,with the recovery of sodium acetate reaching 93.54%.By using this method,the dehydration efficiency was increased rapidly.

Influence of Inorganic Salts on the Adsorption of Cationically Modified Starch to Fibers

The article is focused on the influence of inorganic salts on the adsorption of cationically modified starch to fibers. Results show that low concentrations of inorganic salts usually affect the process of adsorption in a positive way. Adsorption efficiency at higher concentrations, however, depends on the type of inorganic salts as well as the sequence of adding inorganic salts and starch to paper suspension.

Pore Structure of Cement Pastes Mixed with Inorganic Salts

The influence of salts on concrete durability,pore structure of cement pastes with inorganic salts,including CaCl2,NaCl,Na2SO4,NaNO2,Ca(NO3)2 and Ca(NO2)2,was studied through mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP),and hydration degree of each paste was also tested.The results show that porosity of the paste with inorganic salt cured for 3 d or 28 d was related with its hydration degree.For the pore size distribution,the pores smaller than 50 nm in paste with salts cured for 3 d increased;the amount of pores larger than 100 nm increased because of the addition of Ca (NO3)2 at 3 d,but these coarse pores turned into fine pores and reduced significantly at 28 d;coarse pores lager than 1000 nm in cement pastes containing NaCl and Na2SO4 increased.

Effect of inorganic salt on the thermal degradation of nitrocellulose and reaction mechanism of its mixture

In this study,to better understand the reaction mechanism between inorganic salts and nitrocellulose,CaCO_(3) and Li_(2)CO_(3) were evaluated with respect to their effects on the thermal degradation of NC in nitrogen atmosphere using TG/DSC at three different heating rates(2,5,10 K/min).The numerical relationship between activation energy(E)and conversion rate was obtained by FWO and KAS method,and it was discovered that CaCO_(3) could improve the thermal stability of NC.Activation energy values were calculated by Kissinger method,and it was found that NC that contain Li2CO3had the highest activation energy while NC containing CaCO3had the lowest E value.By combining the thermal analysis data with Malek method,the most probable mechanism model of thermal degradation is obtained as Sesták-Berggren model,which expression is f(α)=α^(m)(1-α)^(n).As a result of this study,there are certain guiding principles that can be applied to the pyrolysis reaction model and to the actual production process of nitrocellulose.

Some Inorganic Salts for Production of Sterile Adults of the Red Palm Weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus （Coleoptera： Curculionidae）

Fifteen inorganic salts were evaluated as possible sterilants against the Red Palm Weevil （RPW） Rhvachophorus ferrugineus, by applying the pupal dipping method in a screening program. Results showed that all tested salts adversely affected the adtflt emergence and reduced the egg laying capacity and egg hatchability. Among the tested salts Ca（OH）2. LiC1, CuCl2, ZnSO4, KBr and KI gave various 97%-100% percent sterility at the tested non toxic concentration under different pupal dipping periods. Percentage of sterility increased with the increase of the concentration and the dipping period. All other salts induced degrees oi sterility ranging from 63% to 96%.

Influence of Different Inorganic Salts on Crystallization-driven Morphological Transformation of PCL-b-PEO Micelles in Aqueous Solutions

Different inorganic salts, including NaSCN, NaCl, MgCl2 and Na2SO4, were added into the aqueous solution containing poly（ε-caprolactone）-b-poly（ethylene oxide） （PCL-b-PEO） semicrystalline mieelles. The effects of inorganic salt on the micellar size and morphology were investigated with TEM and DLS. It is found that addition of NaSCN leads to increase of the micellar size, but the micelles remain to be spherical. By contrast, the other three inorganic salts can induce sphere-to-cylinder or sphere-to-lamella transformations of the PCL-b-PEO semicrystalline mieelles. The alteration rate of the micellar size with the time after addition of the inorganic salts decreases in the following order： NazSO4 〉 NaCl ≈ MgCl2〉 NaSCN. These results were interpreted in terms of the ＂salting-out＂ ability of the cations and anions. The anions SO42- and Cl- have a stronger ＂salting-out＂ ability, driving the morphological transformations of the micelles and leading to a rapid change in micellar size. By contrast, SCN- has a weaker salting-out＂ ability. The cations Na＋ and Mg2＋ may associate with the PEO blocks, leading to a ＂salting-out＂ effect as well. However, the ＂salting-out＂ ability of cations is weaker than that of SO42- and Cl- anions, and the ＂salting-out＂ abilities ofNa＋ and Mg2＋ are similar.

Determination of Triazine Herbicides in Environmental Water Samples by Acetonitrile Inorganic Salt Aqueous Two-Phase Microextraction System

Acetonitrile inorganic salt aqueous two-phase extraction method was established for the determination of triazine herbicides(simeton,cyanazine,desmetryn,terbumeton,terbuthylazine and dimethametryn)in environmental water samples by high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC).The extraction solvents types and volume of acetonitrile,the inorganic salt types and amount of(NH_(4))_(2)SO_(4),extraction time and pH of sample solution were optimized by single-factor experiment and central composite design.Under the optimum extraction conditions,all linear ranges were obtained with coefficients of determination(r)≥0.9993.The limits of detection for this proposed method were in the range of 0.16-0.28μg/L for six triazine herbicides.The developed method has been successfully applied to the analysis of target triazine herbicides from lake,canal and moat in real-world water samples.The recoveries of target analytes were in the range from 87.0 to 110.9%and the relative standard deviation was lower than 7.3%.

Water uptake of multicomponent organic mixtures and their influence on hygroscopicity of inorganic salts

The hygroscopic behaviors of atmospherically relevant multicomponent water soluble organic compounds（WSOCs） and their effects on ammonium sulfate（AS） and sodium chloride were investigated using a hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer（HTDMA） in the relative humidity（RH） range of 5%–90%. The measured hygroscopic growth was compared with predictions from the Extended-Aerosol Inorganics Model（E-AIM） and Zdanovskii–Stokes–Robinson（ZSR） method. The equal mass multicomponent WSOCs mixture containing levoglucosan, succinic acid, phthalic acid and humic acid showed gradual water uptake without obvious phase change over the whole RH range. It was found that the organic content played an important role in the water uptake of mixed particles.When organic content was dominant in the mixture（75%）, the measured hygroscopic growth was higher than predictions from the E-AIM or ZSR relation, especially under high RH conditions. For mass fractions of organics not larger than 50%, the hygroscopic growth of mixtures was in good agreement with model predictions. The influence of interactions between inorganic and organic components on the hygroscopicity of mixed particles was related to the salt type and organic content. These results could contribute to understanding of the hygroscopic behaviors of multicomponent aerosol particles.

Effects of Inorganic Sodium Salt in Soil on Concentration of Zinc Ion in Different Patterns

[Objective] The aim was to study on effects of inorganic sodium salt in soil on concentration of zinc ion in different patterns. [Method] Tessier sequential extraction was used to study on effects of inorganic sodium salts （in different species and different concentrations） on concentration of zinc ion in different patterns. [Result] Different inorganic sodium salts had different effects on zinc form. Content of ex- changeable Zn would reduce if Na2CO3 or Na2SO4 was added and the content would increase if NaCI was added. Content of carbonate zinc, which was significantly influ- enced by Na2SO4, would increase if NaCI or Na2SO4 was added, and would decrease if Na2CO3 was added. For Zn bound to Fe-Mn oxides and organic matters, and residual Zn, the contents would decrease if NaCI or Na2SO4 was added and the decrease showed much more significantly if high concentration sodium salts were added. In addition, content of Zn bound to Fe-Mn oxides decreased if Na2CO3 was added. If low concentration Na2CO3 was added, Zn bound to organic matters and residual would increase in content but would lower if high concentration one was added. [Conclusion] The research provided references for measurement of heavy metal ion content in soil in different places.

C-S coupling with nitro group as leaving group via simple inorganic salt catalysis

An efficient and practical synthetic protocol to synthesize nonsymmetrical aryl thioethers by nucleophilic aromatic substitution(S_NAr)reaction of nitroarenes by thiols with potassium phosphate as the catalyst is described.Various moderate to strong electron-withdrawing functional groups are tolerated by the system to provide thioethers in a good to excellent yields.We also showed that the present method allows access to 3 drug examples in a short reaction time.Finally,mechanistic studies suggest that the reaction may form the classic Meisenheimer complex through a two-step additionelimination mechanism.

A Method for Rapid Salt-extraction of High-quality Genomic DNA from Plant Seeds

[Objective] This study aimed to explore an effective method for rapid salt- extraction of high-quality genomic DNA from dried seeds of plants. [Method] Seeds of seven varieties of crops were ground into powder. A hundred milligrams of seed powder was added to extracting solution for high salt-extraction of genomic DNA. The yield and quality of extracted DNA were determined by using ultramicro UV/Vis spectrophotometer detection method, PCR and restriction enzyme digestion. [Result] About 619.67-1 811.21 ng of genomic DNA was extracted from per 100 mg of dried seed powder of seven varieties of conventional crops. A260/A280 ratios of the obtained DNA solution all ranged from 1.87 to 2.07, the purity and quality of PCR were suitable for PCR and restriction enzyme digestion. Clear target bands of specific endogenous gene fragments of seven varieties of crops were amplified by PCR, and the obtained DNA could be fully digested with EcoRV and Hindlll.[Conclusion] This method could be used for rapid extraction of high-quality genomic DNA from dried seeds.

原位聚合法制备无机盐掺杂聚苯胺棉织物及其光电热性能研究

掺杂氯化锌、氯化锂、二水合氯化铜、氯化铁、氯化镁等无机盐,采用原位聚合法制备了无机盐掺杂聚苯胺棉织物,通过场发射扫描电子显微镜、超快速显微拉曼成像光谱仪、X射线衍射仪、热重分析仪等对棉织物的微观形貌、结构和热稳定性进行分析并研究了其光电热性能。结果表明:聚苯胺在棉织物上发生聚合反应,赋予棉织物出色的导电性,电导率可达15.7S/m;氯化锂掺杂聚苯胺棉织物的光热性能最佳;在电热性能方面,氯化铜掺杂聚苯胺棉织物电导率最高,可达57.4S/m。发热织物能够根据人体需求调节温度,氯化锂掺杂聚苯胺棉织物在600W/m~2光照强度下温度可达65.0℃,氯化铜掺杂聚苯胺棉织物在9.0V电压下表面平均温度可达40.1℃,与聚苯胺棉织物相比,光热和电热性能分别提高了8.2%和45.8%.

Mechanism of Salt Tolerance in Rice

Shaheen Basma ti was evolved as a salt tolerant fine rice va riety by the Soil Salinity Research Institute,Pindi Bhattian, Pakistan. Water culture studies were conducted to investigate the physiological mechanismexercised by this variety in particular and rice plant in general to face the saline environment. Performanceof this rice variety and the concentration and uptake of ions were studied under stress of three salinity levels(30, 60 and 90 mmol L-1) created with NaCl. Recorded data indicated that shoot dry matter was notsignificantly affected by all the three levels of salinity. However, NaCl levels of 60 and 90 mmol L-1 affectedthe root dry matter significantly. Sodium concentration and uptake was enhanced significantly in root andshoot at the first level of salinity (30 mmol L-1) but thereafter the differences were non-significant, indicatingthe preferential absorption of this cation. The K concentration decreased significantly in shoots at all thelevels. The impact was less pronounced in roots as far as K absorption was concerned. The effect on Ca andMg concentrations was not significant. The values of K:Na, Ca:Na and (Ca+Mg):Na ratios in shoot and rootwere comparatively low under stress conditions, indicating that selective ion absorption may be the principalsalt tolerance mechanism of variety Shaheen Basmati when grown in a saline medium.

Influence of Nano-Spray Dried Sodium Chloride on the Physicochemical Characteristics of Surface-Salted Cheese Crackers

Particle size reduction of salt to submicron range increases its surface area resulting in increased saltiness perception. The objective was to evaluate the incorporation of nano-spray dried sodium chloride on the physicochemical characteristics of surface-salted cheese crackers. The sodium chloride solution (3% w/w) was sprayed through a 4-μm nozzle with 125 L/min air flow, 38 kPa pressure, 95°C head temperature, and 90% spray to form the smallest submicrosalt particles. The cheese cracker treatments consisted of 3 different salt sizes (regular, microsalt and nano-spray dried salt) and 3 different concentrations (2%, 1.5% and 1%). The 9 (3 sizes × 3 concentrations) cheese cracker treatments were tested for salt concentration and sodium content at week 1. Water activity (aw), texture-fracturability, and color were determined at week 1 and 4 months of storage. The aw) and the L*, b*, C* and h* values in all treatments increased from 1 week to 4 months. The use of nano-spray dried salt on surface-salted cheese crackers allowed for a reduction of 25% - 50% of salt content without affecting the physicochemical attributes.

The Extremely Hot and Dry Climatic Events and Potash Enrichment in Salt Lakes of the Jiangling Depression, Jianghan Basin

Objective A total of 820 million tons of potash reserves are predicted to exist in the Palaeocene-Eocene of the Jianghan Basin. However, the basin history is still unclear concerning the potash enriching conditions and mechanism. The Well SKDI is the first exploration well drilled in the Paleogene of Jianghan Basin with continuous coring, which was implemented in the south-central Jiangling Basin in 2013. It is essential to study the Palaeocene-Eocene paleoclimate, to further constrain the extreme draught events and the potash forming conditions.