THEORETICAL ANALYSIS ON THE DEPTH OF NEEDLE-INSERTION

In the present paper, the author sums up and analyzes descriptions about needle-insertion depth in Chinese classical medical book Huang Di Nei Jing (《黄帝内经》The Yellow Emperor’s Internal Classic). In many chapters of Nei Jing, the needle-insertion depth is stressed to be various according to 1) the deficiency or excess of syndromes, 2) the patients’ constitution, 3) the severity of disease, 4) the duration of disease, 5) the location of disease, 6) the patient’s age, 7) the location of the needled acupoint, 8) the season, 9) the patient’s temperament, 10) the pulse condition, 11) the state of “Deqi”, and 12) the location of the running course of meridians. In addition, different kinds of diseases and different stages of diseases also need different depths of needle insertion, different manipulating skills and different stimulating quantity.

Novel Formula for Calculation of the Optimal Insertion Depth for Cuffed Endotracheal Tubes in Pediatric Major Surgery

Background: Accurate determination of the optimal insertion depth of a pediatric endotracheal tube (ETT) is quite important. The aim of this study was to create an easily available formula that can be used to determine the optimal insertion depth for a cuffed ETT even without depth marking with clear definitions of the upper and lower limits for the tip of ETT in the trachea in clinical practice. Methods: Eighty children under 12 years of age were enrolled. The depth marking of the cuffed ETT was placed at the vocal cords and both lungs were then auscultated using a stethoscope. The upper limit was radiographically defined as the position of the tip of the cuffed ETT being between the clavicles. The lower limit was defined as a distance of 5 mm above the carina. The relationship between the insertion depth and patient characteristics was analyzed to create a formula for optimal ETT insertion depth. Results: Sixty-nine ETTs were optimally placed in the trachea. There were good correlations between the optimal insertion depth of ETTs and patients characteristics (height (R = 0.92);BSA (R = 0.92);weight (R = 0.91);age (R = 0.88)). Using these patient characteristics, we created the following three formulas for calculation of the optimal insertion depth for pediatric cuffed ETTs: insertion depth (cm) = height (cm)/11 + 5.5, weight (kg)/3 + 9.5 or 11 + 3/4 × age (years). The rates of appropriate tube placement of both pediatric cuffed ETTs were 87.5% (Hi-Contour) and 85.0% (Microcuff). Conclusions: Our formula and graphs may be easy to determine the optimal insertion depth of cuffed ETT even without depth marking in clinical practice.

Effects of Depth of Needle Insertion with Risperidone Long-Acting Injectable in Persons with Schizophrenia: A Randomized Double-Blind Study

In some cases, if the insertion depth is shallower than expected, intramuscular (IM) injection of risperidone long-acting injectable (RLAI) may not penetrate the muscle fascia. However, if needle insertion depth is deeper than anticipated, needle penetration may cause damage to nerves, arteries and veins. Few clinical studies were done to evaluate the depth of needle length insertion reaching the intended gluteal muscle. The aim of this study was to evaluate the suitable depth of injecting RLAI. Twenty-six patients with schizophrenia were treated with RLAI, and randomly divided into two groups: 50 mm needle inserted group (Group-D, deep insertion, n = 13) and 20 mm needle insertion group (Group-S, shallow insertion, n = 13). For Group-S, the needle length was marked with a spacer at exactly 20 mm. Injections were performed by the psychiatrist or nurse, alternating between the two gluteal sites by double-cross method every two weeks. Clinical psychotic symptoms and injection site reactions were recorded throughout the study period. Experienced psychologists who were blinded from the needle-length experimental variable evaluated patients’ psychotic symptoms using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) every two weeks. The plasma 9-hydroxyrisperidone (9-OH-RIS) concentrations were measured every two weeks;comparison data were determined on the 8th week and the 14th week. No significant difference was observed in 9-OH-RIS concentrations, psychotic symptoms, injection site skin reactions of subjects in both groups. However, in Group-D, injection site adverse reactions were confirmed in two subjects (15%). In Group-S, injection site reactions were confirmed in six subjects (46%). Although effective 9-OH-RIS concentrations were obtained with the insertion using both depth, it was concluded that the 50 mm insertion length was more suitable for dorsogluteal IM injections in adult patients with schizophrenia as demonstrated by the incidence of local adverse skin reactions.

Differential Insertion Depths of Filiform Needle, Concept and Application

In this paper, the background, evolution, basic meaning, clinical application and the detail operating procedures of the differential insertion depth in filiform needle acupuncture were discussed based on the classical expositions of the Yellow Emperor’s Canon of Medicine. It is believed that the differential insertion depth reflects the basic idea of expelling the evil Qi from the body in the application of traditional acupuncture. Since the site of evil invasion has different shades, the position of evil Qi and correct differentiation has become the operation key points of needle insertion. Apart from this, the Yellow Emperor’s Canon of Medicine has further associated the clinical application of filiform needle insertion depth with the seasonal change of Yin and Yang, the body built of the patients, the nature of the diseases, the heat or cold pathogenic factors of the illness, the excess and deficiency of the patient, and the reinforcing and reducing function of acupuncture. These elaborations have greatly enriched the basic content of acupuncture and laid a systematic theoretical foundation of filiform needle operation. The differential insertion depth in acupuncture has its specific meaning, the emphasis of insertion depth of filiform needle with its differentiated clinical implication exemplifies the perceptual thinking features of traditional acupuncture and typical reveals the uniqueness of Chinese civilization.

锥形束CT评价人工耳蜗植入的电极深度和位置

目的分析人工耳蜗植入后电极植入深度、位置与耳蜗大小、盘旋方式的关系,探讨植入后电极深度的影响因素和电极移位的原因。方法选取植入CI24RE(CA)弯电极30例和SONATA ti100 Standard直电极人工耳蜗装置41例,利用锥形束CT测量术后电极植入长度、植入深度角、电极在耳蜗内的位置,分析上述指标与术前CT评估的耳蜗大小、倾斜角度的关系。结果①术后电极植入深度角和长度均存在较大的个体差异。直电极组平均植入深度角为702±53度,平均植入长度为30.02±1.29 mm;弯电极组平均植入深度角为441±45度,平均植入长度为18.4±1.0 mm,两组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。②电极植入深度角与耳蜗底回的长径和宽径均呈负相关:直电极组r=-0.768(P<0.001)、r=-0.678(P<0.001),弯电极组r=-0.467(P=0.008)、r=-0.471(P=0.008)。电极植入长度与植入深度角呈正相关:直电极组r=0.578(P<0.001),弯电极组r=0.748(P<0.001)。③术后电极移位6例,均为弯电极且位于耳蜗180度位置。弯电极组中电极移位者与未移位者耳蜗底回倾斜角以及第一回和第二回之间的夹角差异有统计学意义(10.28度vs 8.75度,P=0.006;15.23度vs 14.00度,P=0.033)。结论人工耳蜗植入术后电极植入长度和深度角存在较大的个体差异,与耳蜗大小密切相关;耳蜗盘旋方式不同是引起电极移位的原因之一。

从风口回旋区模拟谈风口参数对风量的影响

基于鞍钢新5号高炉生产数据,在考虑风口回旋区条件下,探讨了风口回旋区体积、风口直径及风口插入深度对风量的影响。结果表明:风口回旋区体积由0.6769m^(3)增大到0.7186m^(3)时,风量从158.02m^(3)/min增加到163.41m^(3)/min,与空喷相比,风口风量更大;风口直径分别为110mm、115mm、120mm时,风口直径每扩大5mm,风量依次增加了5.81m^(3)/min、12.16m^(3)/min,与空喷相比,随着风口直径的增加,风量增加的趋势更加明显;风口插入深度分别为480500、520、560mm时,风量分别为159.61m^(3)/min、159.64m^(3)/min、159.69m^(3)/min、159.76m^(3)/min,与空喷相比,随着风口插入深度的增加,风量会增大,但增幅较小。

基于压力感知的开关触头电接触故障仿真研究

气体绝缘开关设备(gas insulated switchgear, GIS)因其结构的密闭性和内部结构的设计相对固定,导致内部发生故障时不易被发现。因此,基于电场-磁场的耦合,对GIS的磁场强度进行计算,同时基于结构场的仿真计算,建立动、静触头三维仿真模型,对仿真结构的准确性进行验证,结合接触电阻与接触压力的理论模型,分析在触头不同插接深度下对接触压力和接触电阻的影响。结果表明,管内的磁场强度明显小于主导体外径的磁场强度;且当动、静触头的插接深度越小时,接触压力越小,接触电阻越大,且加剧动、静触头损坏程度,最终逐渐失效,故通过开关触头的插接深度可有效发现GIS内部的电接触故障。

埕岛油田反复插拔桩高扰动地层下动平台插桩分析

埕岛油田动平台反复在同一井口插拔桩作业对海底土层破坏扰动极大,常规插桩分析方法对高扰动地层预测不准的问题频频发生。为提高插桩分析符合率及降低平台就位风险,通过对比SY、ISO、SNAME等国内外规范,提出了埕岛油田地区反复插拔桩高扰动土层的插桩分析方法,该方法基于总结国内外规范桩基承载力计算方法,定性分析插桩对土体的破坏模式,采用大数据分析历史插桩深度和埕岛油田水深特征,归纳就位区域海床均匀性和插桩深度规律,最后通过对已有桩坑强度判别和物探手段进行综合分析。实例运用效果表明,该方法可提高动平台在同一井口多次作业插桩符合率及作业效率,降低动平台隐患。

单水口浇注Q420NQR1异型坯表面纵裂纹控制

针对亚包晶钢Q420NQR1连铸坯及轧材的表面纵裂纹缺陷分析了纵裂纹成因并提出了控制措施。结果表明,轧材的纵裂纹缺陷源于铸坯表面纵裂纹,铸坯表面纵裂纹绝大部分位于异型坯远离水口位置的腹板。通过物理模拟对结晶器内部流场进行研究,发现结晶器内腹板位置存在单循环流,这直接导致远离水口位置的保护渣液渣层较薄,在该位置下难以实现有效控热。通过适当增加水口插入深度可以降低钢液表面流速并促进液渣均匀分布;同时结合保护渣非均匀布料方式可有效改善铸坯及轧材质量,铸坯及轧材纵裂纹率分别降低30%和34%。

工艺参数对稀土电解槽的影响研究

利用6 000 A稀土电解槽,在氟化锂—氟化钕熔盐体系中,通过熔盐电解制取金属钕,研究氟化锂含量、温度、阴极插入深度等对稀土电解过程的影响.研究结果表明,氟化锂的质量分数保持在8%左右,熔盐温度控制在1 050℃,阴极插入深度距钼锅为7 cm时最优.上述最佳工艺条件可有效提高产品质量,减少物料损耗,降低生产成本.

基于三维重建的船舶合拢管测量技术

文中将结合深度学习的三维重建技术引入合拢管测量中,实现法兰空间姿态的复现,利用深度学习网络能自动提取输入图像高全局特征的优势,改善多视角立体匹配的稳定性和精度,获得完整、稠密的三维重建点云.利用基于Open3D设计算法处理重建结果,获取船舶合拢管法兰之间的相对位姿.对两种不同位姿的合拢管法兰测量,测量的平均误差均在0.5 mm以内,测量时间均在3 min以内,其测量精度和效率可满足合拢管的制造需求.

水平井压裂用桥塞锚定套管力学性能研究

针对常规卡瓦式桥塞在锚定过程中对套管的过度损伤问题,提出并设计了一种镶齿卡瓦桥塞,采用弹性力学厚壁筒理论及有限元方法,计算了套管抗内压强度、周向应变和周向伸长量,分析了桥塞锚定后卡瓦牙与套管内壁之间的接触应力以及吃入深度。分析结果表明:整个桥塞其余部件的应力水平都比较低,上卡瓦牙高侧产生了很大应力,达到硬质合金强度值;坐封后下卡瓦的第一排牙产生极大应力,下卡瓦牙周向均匀接触于套管内壁面,可有效坐封桥塞,且镶齿对套管表面应力影响较小。根据镶齿卡瓦进行了锚定套管的试验研究,试验模拟坐封后,卡瓦承压能力和坐封功能均较稳定,证明合金卡瓦结构设计合理。研究结果可为连续管钻水平井镶齿卡瓦桥塞的优化设计和推广使用提供理论和试验数据。

支护结构内力和变形的影响因素分析

利用考虑土与结构共同作用的支护结构设计计算方法和编制的ＰＩＬＥ程序对支护结构的插入深度、支护结构刚度、支撑位置、坑内土体加固和支撑刚度等因素对支护结构的内力和变形的影响进行了分析和讨论。

软土超深基坑失稳破坏的离心模型试验研究

通过土工离心机对三组挖深24 m软土超深基坑的开挖施工过程及失稳破坏进行模拟,研究了软土超深基坑稳定影响因素、破坏特征与征兆等.结果显示,墙趾进入硬土层后的嵌固作用对"踢脚"变形控制非常有利,也显著提高了基坑稳定性.嵌固作用在墙趾插入到硬土层中一定深度以后不再随插入深度增加而增强.挡墙位于上海典型软黏土中且不进入硬土层时,其临界插入深度比为0.78.软土深基坑失稳破坏征兆:(1)挡墙"踢脚"明显,量值约为墙体最大水平位移1/3;(2)坑外地表沉降达到1.38%H(开挖深度),地面出现大量横裂缝;(3)坑底靠近挡墙的土体隆起大于基坑中部,最大量值达到3.1%～3.8%H;(4)坑内土体处于被动土压力极限状态.可用于综合评判基坑的稳定性,指导类似超深基坑的设计、施工和安全监控.

电极插入深度对电渣重熔过程影响的数模研究

以电渣重熔系统电极、渣池和钢锭为研究对象,利用有限元分析软件求得稳定电渣重熔过程电磁场和焦耳热场分布,并通过计算流体动力学软件模拟分析了耦合电磁场和焦耳热场的三维电渣重熔过程在不同电极插入深度下温度场、速度场和电磁场的变化.结果表明:当电极插入深度为15 mm时,渣池两侧的逆时针方向旋转涡流之间出现一个顺时针方向旋转涡流,其尺寸随着电极插入深度的增加而增加;电极插入深度每增加15 mm,湍流动能的降幅约为21%,而最大温度值的降幅约为1%.

鼻导管吸氧法导管插入深度的临床研究

为探讨鼻导管吸氧时导管的适宜插入深度 ,将鼻导管分别插入1.5cm、2cm、3cm及5cm ,观察记录吸氧前后的血氧饱和度、心率、血压 ,吸氧 8h后导管前端分泌物粘附情况及病人的感受 ,并分别与传统组进行对照。结果显示 :各实验组与对照组在血氧饱和度及其他生命体征方面无统计学意义 (P >0 .10 ) ,而在导管分泌物粘附方面存在统计学差异 (P <0 .0 1)。提示 :采用鼻导管吸氧时导管插入深度以2cm左右为宜。

柱形旋流分离器内溢流管结构优化分析

通过数值模拟，分析了溢流管插入深度对油水在柱形旋流分离器中分离性能的影响。计算时，油水两相流动采用FLUENT中的混合模型，相间的相对运动采用代数滑移模型，湍流影响则使用修正的RNGK-ε湍流模型进行模拟。通过计算，获得了内溢流管不同插入深度时柱形旋流器分离器油相体积分布、压力分布、油水分离效率等结果。这些结果为进一步优化柱形旋流器结构，推进柱形旋流器在石油工业中的应用提供一定的指导。

足三里穴进针角度和深度的研究

目的:为针刺足三里穴提供适宜的进针角度和深度,避免对神经血管的损伤并发挥其最大功效。方法:用80只成人下肢标本,按国颁标准进针,解剖观测进针时所涉及的层次结构及毗邻重要血管神经。结果:直刺进针时,针体由皮肤到骨间膜的深度为(2·22±0·31)cm,到胫骨后肌后缘的深度为(4·42±0·53)cm;在骨间膜浅层可刺中胫前动脉和腓深神经的扇形分支。针体穿过胫骨后肌后可触及含有胫神经和胫后血管粗大的血管神经束。结论:针刺足三里穴的适宜深度为2·22cm,最大深度为4·42cm。穴位注射时直刺或略偏胫骨方向,接近与胫骨内侧面平行进针,同时进针深度一般不超过5cm较为安全。犊鼻下3寸,胫骨前肌、趾长伸肌之间的体表定位点,也是值得临床尝试的有效刺激点。

基于极限分析法求解基坑支护墙入土深度下限解

基于极限分析下限法构建满足一定规则的静力许可应力场,以极限平衡方程与屈服准则为基础,确定坑底土体的下限极限承载力,并根据其与基坑支护墙入土深度的关系推导出支护墙入土深度的下限解,并提出了基坑抗隆起稳定性分析的计算式。采用工程实例验证了支护墙入土深度的下限解及基坑抗隆起稳定性分析计算的可行性。

非线性油膜力作用下的碰摩转子系统动力学分析

目的:在讨论转子系统碰摩问题时,必须要考虑非线性碰摩力的影响,通过建立合理的模型来进行碰摩转子系统动力学分析十分重要。方法:运用基于Hertz接触理论的非线性碰摩力模型建模并进行数值仿真计算,对不同碰摩刚度下的故障转子系统动力学响应进行了研究。结果:通过分析发现,在碰摩刚度较大时,与线性刚度碰摩模型相比,采用Hertz接触理论碰摩力模型仿真出的结果非线性特性更强,系统碰摩特征更加明显,有利于判断碰摩故障的发生;结论:结合相关实验结果,验证了Hertz碰摩模型的正确性及将其运用在碰摩故障转子系统建模中的可行性。