Lower extremity peripherally inserted central catheter placement ectopic to the ascending lumbar vein:A case report

BACKGROUND Peripherally inserted central catheters(PICCs)are an essential infusion route for oncology patients receiving intravenous treatments,but lower extremity veni-puncture is the preferred technique for patients with superior vena cava syndrome(SVCS).We report the case of a patient with a lower extremity PICC ectopic to the ascending lumbar vein,to indicate and verify PICC catheterisation in the lower extremity is safe and feasible.And hope to provide different per-spectives for clinical PICC venipuncture to get the attention of peers.CASE SUMMARY On 24 August 2022,a 58-year-old male was admitted to our department due to an intermittent cough persisting for over a month,which worsened 10 d prior.Imaging and laboratory investigations suggested the patient with pulmonary malignancy and SVCS.Chemotherapy was not an absolute contraindication in this patient.Lower extremity venipuncture is the preferred technique because administering upper extremity venous transfusion to patients with SVCS can exacerbate oedema in the head,neck,and upper extremities.The patient and his family were informed about the procedure,and informed consent was obtained.After successful puncture and prompt treatment,the patient was discharged,experiencing some relief from symptoms.CONCLUSION Inferior vena cava catheterisation is rare and important for cancer patients with SVCS,particularly in complex situations involving ectopic placement.

Central venous catheterization-related complications in a cohort of 100 hospitalized patients:An observational study

Objective:To evaluate the complications of central venous catheterization(CVC).Methods:A prospective,observational study was conducted at a tertiary care center in India from December 2018 to September 2020.Critically ill patients(aged≥18 years)in the intensive care unit undergoing CVC procedures were included in the study.Baseline demographics and detailed medical history were recorded.Chest X-rays and electrocardiography were performed on all the patients.Complications associated with CVC were recorded.Results:A total of 100 patients with the indication for central venous catheter insertion were included.The majority(81%)of the patients were inserted with CVC at the right internal jugular vein.Complications such as arterial puncture(2%),hematoma(4%),blood clot formation(4%),catheter kinking(3%),thoracic injury(1%),thrombophlebitis(6%),sepsis(9%)and nerve injury(1%)were reported.Conclusions:Though central venous access is preferred in management of critically ill patients,it has its risks.However,early recognition and prompt management of complications may reduce mortality and morbidity.Physicians and intensive care unit intensivists should be vigilant for central venous catheter-related complications.Suitable site selection,operator experience,and proper catheter maintenance are associated with optimal outcomes.

Focus on peripherally inserted central catheters in critically ill patients

Venous access devices are of pivotal importance for an increasing number of critically ill patients in a variety of disease states and in a variety of clinical settings(emergency, intensive care, surgery) and for different purposes(fluids or drugs infusions, parenteral nutrition, antibiotic therapy, hemodynamic monitoring, procedures of dialysis/apheresis). However, healthcare professionals are commonly worried about the possible consequences that may result using a central venous access device(CVAD)(mainly, bloodstream infections and thrombosis), both peripherally inserted central catheters(PICCs) and centrally inserted central catheters(CICCs). This review aims to discuss indications, insertion techniques, and care of PICCs in critically ill patients. PICCs have many advantages over standard CICCs. First of all, their insertion is easy and safe-due to their placement into peripheral veins of the armand the advantage of a central location of catheter tip suitable for all osmolarity and p H solutions. Using the ultrasound-guidance for the PICC insertion, the risk of hemothorax and pneumothorax can be avoided, as wellas the possibility of primary malposition is very low. PICC placement is also appropriate to avoid post-procedural hemorrhage in patients with an abnormal coagulative state who need a CVAD. Some limits previously ascribed to PICCs(i.e., low flow rates, difficult central venous pressure monitoring, lack of safety for radio-diagnostic procedures, single-lumen) have delayed their start up in the intensive care units as common practice. Though, the recent development of power-injectable PICCs overcomes these technical limitations and PICCs have started to spread in critical care settings. Two important take-home messages may be drawn from this review. First, the incidence of complications varies depending on venous accesses and healthcare professionals should be aware of the different clinical performance as well as of the different risks associated with each type of CVAD(CICCs or PICCs). Second, an inappropriate CVAD choice and, particularly, an inadequate insertion technique are relevant-and often not recognized-potential risk factors for complications in critically ill patients. We strongly believe that all healthcare professionals involved in the choice, insertion or management of CVADs in critically ill patients should know all potential risk factors of complications. This knowledge may minimize complications and guarantee longevity to the CVAD optimizing the risk/benefit ratio of CVAD insertion and use. Proper management of CVADs in critical care saves lines and lives. Much evidence from the medical literature and from the clinical practice supports our belief that, compared to CICCs, the so-called power-injectable peripherally inserted central catheters are a good alternative choice in critical care.

Clinical analysis of central venous catheter-related infections in patients in the emergency ICU

BACKGROUND:Catheter-related infection(CRI)of the central vein is a common cause of nosocomial infection.This study was undertaken to investigate the pathogen culturing and risk factors of CRI in emergency intensive care unit(EICU)in order to provide the beneficial reference.METHODS:From January 2008 to December 2010,a total of 1 363 patients were subjected to catheterization.In these patients,the peak CRI rate of the patients was determined by bacterial cultivation and blood bacterial cultivation.RESULTS:CRI happened in 147 of the 1 363 patients using the central venous catheter.The peak rate of CRI was 10.79%,with an incidence of 3.05 episodes per 1 000 catheter days.Of the147 patients,46.94%had gram-negative bacilli,40.14%had gram-positive cocci,and 12.92%had fungi.Unconditional logistic regression analysis suggests that multiple catheterization,femoral vein catheterization,the application of multicavity catheter,and the duration of catheterization were the independent risk factors for CRI.CONCLUSION:The risk factors for catheter-related infections should be controlled to prevent the occurrence of nosocomial infection.

Delayed cardiac tamponade diagnosed by point-of-care ultrasound in a neonate after peripherally inserted central catheter placement: A case report

BACKGROUND Peripherally inserted central catheters(PICCs)have been increasingly applied worldwide owing to many advantages.Even with these advantages,the related complications should not be ignored,especially in neonates.The available evidence about PICC-related thrombosis was manifold,but the cardiac tamponade,an emergency and life-threatening complication,has been rarely reported.Early recognized cardiac tamponade by ultrasound may reduce mortality.CASE SUMMARY A neonate weighting 2.8 kg was born at 40 wk of gestation.He was admitted to the Surgery Intensive Care Unit due to suspected congenital megacolon.A PICC line was inserted via the left antecubital fossa for the administration of total parenteral nutrition.Three days later,the patient was still on total parenteral nutrition.Cardiac tamponade caused by PICC was found on ultrasound.The patient recovered spontaneously after an emergency pericardiocentesis.CONCLUSION Proficiency in the use of point-of-care ultrasound may save the life of patients,since it enables clinicians to treat patients faster,more accurately,and in a noninvasive way at the point of care.

Arterial embolism caused by a peripherally inserted central catheter in a very premature infant:A case report and literature review

BACKGROUND Extremely premature infants have poor vascular conditions.Operators often choose deep veins such as the femoral vein and axillary vein to peripherally insert central catheters,and these vessels are often accompanied by arteries;thus,it is easy to mistakenly enter the artery.CASE SUMMARY The case of an extremely premature infant(born at gestational age 28+3)in whom the left upper extremity artery was accidentally entered during peripheral puncture of the central venous catheter is reported.On the 19th day of hospitalization,the index finger,middle finger and ring finger of the left hand were rosy,the left radial artery and brachial artery pulse were palpable,the recovery was 95%,and the improvement was obvious.At discharge 42 d after admission,there was no abnormality in fingertip activity during the follow-up period.CONCLUSION Arterial embolization in preterm infants requires an individualized treatment strategy combined with local anticoagulation and 2%nitroglycerin ointment for local tissue damage caused by arterial embolism in the upper limb.Continuous visualization of disease changes using image visualization increases the likelihood of a good outcome.

An Unusual Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter (PICC) Fractured <i>in Vivo</i>with Embolization Happened in a Child: A Case Report

We report a case of a 7-year-old child who received a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) for chemotherapy. He suffered from an unusual PICC fracture in vivo with pulmonary embolism after eight circles of chemotherapeutic agents administered. In this case report, we review the literatures for the underlying pathophysiology of this uncommon phenomenon. IV nurses should consider the possibility of the infusion dysfunction deriving from the PICC line fractured. Accurate tip catheter placement and specific care may reduce morbidity.

Peripherally inserted central catheter placement in neonates with persistent left superior vena cava: Report of eight cases

BACKGROUND Reports on peripherally inserted central catheter(PICC)placement in neonates with persistent left superior vena cava(PLSVC)are rare.The majority of PLSVC patients have no clinical symptoms or hemodynamic changes,which are usually detected during cardiac catheterization,cardiac pacemaker implantation,or PICC placement.However,in neonates with PLSVC,PICC placement can be challenging.Here,we report PICC placement in eight neonates with PLSVC.CASE SUMMARY This article introduces the concept of the“TIMB”bundle.After PICC implantation,we found PLSVC in all eight patients.The key points of care regarding PICC placement in neonates with PLSVC included“TIMB”,where“T”indicates a reasonable choice of the catheterization time,“I”refers to a retrospective analysis of imaging data before catheterization,“M”refers to correct measurement of the body surface length,and“B”indicates that the tip of the PICC is placed in the middle and lower 1/3 of the left superior vena cava under the guidance of B-ultrasound.CONCLUSION“TIMB”is a bundle for PICC placement in neonates,especially for those with PLSVC.Using this new approach can improve the first-attempt success rate of PICC placement,reveal cardiovascular abnormalities in advance,allow the selection of different measurement methods reasonably according to the puncture site,and finally,improve the accuracy of catheter positioning through the use of B-ultrasound guidance.

Upper body peripherally inserted central catheter in pediatric single ventricle patients

BACKGROUND There is risk of stenosis and thrombosis of the superior vena cava after upper extremity central catheter replacement.This complication is more serious among patients with single ventricle physiology,as it might preclude them from undergoing further life-sustaining palliative surgery.AIM To describe complications associated with the use of upper extremity percutaneous intravenous central catheters(PICCs)in children with single ventricle physiology.METHODS A single institution retrospective review of univentricular patients who underwent superior cavopulmonary anastomoses as their stage 2 palliation procedure from January 2014 until December 2018 and had upper body PICCs placed at any point prior to this procedure.Clinical data including ultrasonography,cardiac catheterization,echocardiogram reports and patient notes were used to determine the presence of thrombus or stenosis of the upper extremity and cervical vessels.Data regarding the presence and duration of upper extremity PICCs and upper extremity central venous catheter(CVC),and use of anticoagulation were recorded.RESULTS Seventy-six patients underwent superior cavopulmonary anastomoses,of which 56(73%)had an upper extremity PICC at some point prior to this procedure.Median duration of PICC usage was 24 d(25%,75%:12,39).Seventeen patients(30%)with PICCs also had internal jugular or subclavian central venous catheters(CVCs)in place at some point prior to their superior cavopulmonary anastomoses,median duration 10 d(25%,75%:8,14).Thrombus was detected in association with 2 of the 56 PICCs(4%)and 3 of the 17 CVCs(18%).All five patients were placed on therapeutic dose of low molecular weight heparin at the time of thrombus detection and subsequent cardiac catheterization demonstrated resolution in three of the five patients.No patients developed clinically significant venous stenosis.CONCLUSION Use of upper extremity PICCs in patients with single ventricle physiology prior to super cavopulmonary anastomosis is associated with a low rate of catheterassociated thrombosis.

Analysis of Use and Outcomes of Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter (PICC-Line) in Hemato-Oncological Patients

Aims: To audit the use and outcomes of using PICC lines in hemato-oncological patients. Objectives: To study the demographics of patients: ?studying the use of PICC line in hemato-oncological patients;studying the rate of complications in PICC line;studying the cause of early removal of PICC line. Methods: All PICCs inserted in adult hemato-oncological patients in Hematology and Medical Oncology Department of Health Care Global (HCG) Hospital were studied prospectively, as per the proforma, till PICCs were removed or patient expired and the pattern of complications were noted. Results: Eighty-four PICCs were inserted over a period of initial nine months and followed for a total of 1 year with three months post insertion duration for a total of 10,868 catheter-days (mean of 129 days i.e. 4.3 months, range: 1 to 288 days). The most common indication for PICC was chemotherapy (100%). Among them 19 (22%) PICCs had complications and 12 were removed at the rate of 1.1/1000 PICC-days. Complications with haematologic malignancies were more as compared to those with solid tissue malignancies. Conclusions: Despite significant complication rates, PICCs are a relatively safe and cost effective mode of establishing central venous access.

Viabahn Stent Graft for Inadvertent Insertion of a Central Venous Catheter in the Subclavian Artery

Subclavian artery (SCA) injuries associated with central venous catheter (CVC) insertion are uncommon yet lethal complications that typically require surgical treatment. This case report presents the case of a 94-year-old man with an iatrogenic right SCA injury resulting from a misplaced CVC. Computed tomography revealed the catheter piercing the right internal jugular vein to enter the right SCA and then reaching the aortic arch. Emergent endovascular treatment was performed, and a 13-mm × 50-mm self-expanding Viabahn stent graft (W.L. Gore & Associates, Flagstaff, AZ, USA) was placed via the right brachial artery. The misplaced catheter was successfully removed under simultaneous postdeployment balloon dilatation. This case highlights the utility of the Viabahn stent graft for iatrogenic right SCA injury caused by a misplaced CVC and presents some insights and tips for a safer procedure.

新生儿经外周置入中心静脉导管相关性血栓发生率的Meta分析

目的系统评价新生儿经外周置入中心静脉导管(PICC)相关性血栓的发生率。方法计算机检索Medline、Embase、Web of Science、CINAHL、中国生物医学文献数据库、中国期刊全文数据库、维普中文科技期刊数据库和万方数据库中与新生儿PICC相关性血栓发生率相关的研究,检索时限为建库至2022年5月17日。双人进行筛选、质量评价后,采用Stata 16.0软件进行Meta分析。结果共纳入5项研究,总样本量为4573例,其中共发生104例PICC相关性血栓。Meta分析结果显示新生儿PICC相关性血栓的发生率为1.7%(95%置信区间:0.5%~3.6%)。亚组分析结果显示,发表年份为2017—2021年的文献、经下肢静脉置管的新生儿PICC相关性血栓的发生率更高。结论新生儿PICC相关性血栓的发生率为1.68%。经下肢静脉置管时,血栓的发生率更高,因此对于凝血功能障碍、血栓发生风险高的新生儿,应尽量避免选择经下肢静脉置管。

不同敷料用于PICC穿刺点感染防治的网状Meta分析

目的 探讨应用不同敷料防治经外用静脉置入中心静脉导管(PICC)穿刺点感染的效果。方法 计算机检索PubMed、the Cochrane library、CBM、中国知网(CNKI)、维普(VIP)和万方(Wanfang Data)数据库有关敷料预防和治疗PICC穿刺点感染的随机对照试验,并筛检纳入文献的参考文献,检索时间从建库至2022年10月31日。对文献进行筛选和资料提取,经过质量评价后,对符合纳入标准的研究采用ADDIS 1.16.6软件进行网状meta分析。结果 最终纳入21篇文献,网状meta分析果显示:预防PICC穿刺点处感染效果最佳的是聚氨酯泡沫敷料,其次为藻酸盐敷料、软聚硅酮敷料、纳米银敷料、氯已定敷料。结论 根据现有结果表明,在预防PICC穿刺点感染方面聚氨酯泡沫敷料及藻酸盐敷料优于其他敷料。

不同路径植入中心静脉导管安全有效性的网状Meta分析

目的采用网状Meta分析比较经颈内静脉、锁骨下静脉和腋静脉植入中心静脉导管(central venous catheter,CVC)的安全性及有效性,以期为临床选择中心静脉导管最佳穿刺路径提供证据支持。方法系统检索中国知网、万方、维普中文科技期刊数据库、中国生物医学文献服务系统(CBM)、PubMed、Web of Science、Cochrane library、Embase数据库,检索建库至2022年7月有CVC不同植入路径的已发表文献,采用Review Manager 5.3软件进行传统Meta分析和Stata 14.0软件进行网状Meta分析。结果共纳入18篇随机对照试验,包含6746例研究对象。Meta分析显示,3种路径中经腋静脉植入CVC首次穿刺成功率优于颈锁骨下静脉[RR(95%CI):0.88(0.84~0.91)]、经腋静脉植入CVC总体并发症发生率低于经锁骨下静脉植入[RR(95%CI):1.90(1.23~2.92)],但高于经颈内静脉植入CVC[RR(95%CI):1.76(1.35~2.30)],差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);锁骨下静脉组误穿动脉发生率高于腋静脉组[RR(95%CI):2.36(1.02~5.45)],气胸发生率高于腋静脉组[RR(95%CI):2.36(1.03~5.39)]和颈内静脉组[RR(95%CI):2.34(1.14~4.80)],导管相关感染发生率颈内静脉组高于锁骨下静脉组[RR(95%CI):0.34(0.16~0.69)],差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论经腋静脉植入CVC在首次穿刺成功率和并发症发生率比较中有优势,推荐临床CVC植入首选腋静脉路径,但仍应充分考虑患者情况,个体化选择最优路径植入CVC。

不同定位技术在新生儿PICC辅助置管中定位效果及安全性的网状Meta分析

目的系统评价体表定位、超声及腔内心电图技术在新生儿经外周置入中心静脉导管(peripherally inserted central catheter,PICC)中的定位效果及安全性。方法计算机检索Web of Science、PubMed、Embase、CINAHL、Cochrane Library、中国知网、维普数据库、万方数据库和中国生物医学文献数据库,检索体表测量、超声及腔内心电图技术进行PICC辅助置管的随机对照试验文献,检索时限为建库至2023年5月31日。由2名研究者独立筛选文献、提取数据和偏倚风险评价后,采用R 4.2.1软件进行网状meta分析。结果共纳入29项研究,包含3829例新生儿。网状meta分析结果显示,尖端定位准确率排序:超声定位>心电定位>体表定位;一次性置管成功率排序:超声定位>心电定位>体表定位;PICC置管时间排序:超声定位<心电定位<体表定位;并发症发生率排序:心电定位<超声定位<体表定位。结论现有证据表明,超声与腔内心电图技术在新生儿PICC辅助置管中均具有较好的定位效果,其中超声定位技术可能更具优势。

Venous thromboembolism in patients with liver cancer:a retrospective study

Background:Little is known about the association between venous thromboembolism(VTE)and tumors.In this study,we identified the clinical features of patients with liver cancer who presented with at least 1 VTE episode.Methods:This was a retrospective case-control study of a single-institution database with univariate and multivariate analyses usingχ^(2)and Fisher exact tests.Statistical significance was set at P<0.05.Results:The overall incidence of VTE in the patients with liver cancer was 1.2%.More than half(53.8%)of the 13 patients with liver cancer and venous thrombosis died within 2 months.The thrombus in 12 patients(92.3%)was located within the deep veins,whereas the other patient(7.7%)was diagnosed with a pulmonary embolism.Of the 11 patients,9(69.2%)had swelling and/or pain symptoms.All 6 patients with peripherally inserted central catheters(PICCs)had thrombosis,accounting for 46.2%of all patients with liver cancer and venous thrombosis.Compared with the controls,liver cancer patients with PICC tubes,thrombosis-related symptoms such as swelling and pain,traumatic stimulation such as fracture,acute respiratory distress syndrome,and interventional therapy or hemostasis drugs were prone to be diagnosed with VTE(P<0.05).Conclusions:Liver cancer and thrombosis are rare and have poor prognoses.Liver cancer with thrombosis may be associated with PICC catheterization,traumatic stimulation,or hemostatic drugs.Patients with liver cancer and thrombosis often present with swelling and pain.

儿童经外周静脉穿刺中心静脉置管和完全植入式静脉输液港并发症发生率比较的Meta分析

目的:对儿童病人使用经外周静脉穿刺中心静脉置管和完全植入式静脉输液港并发症发生率进行评价与分析。方法:通过对PubMed、Web of Science、the Cochrane Library、MedLine、EBSCO、中国生物医学文献数据库、中国知网、万方数据库、维普数据库中关于儿童使用经外周静脉穿刺中心静脉置管与输液港的文献进行检索,检索时限为建库至2022年12月20日。由2名经过循证培训的研究者独立进行文献筛选、资料提取并进行交叉核对后,采用Review Manager 5.4软件进行相关并发症的Meta分析。结果:共纳入22篇文献。Meta分析结果显示,与使用经外周静脉穿刺中心静脉置管比较,儿童病人使用静脉输液港静脉炎发生率[RR=20.69,95%CI(10.56,40.54),P<0.000 01]、堵管发生率[RR=4.44,95%CI(2.88,6.85),P<0.000 01]、血栓发生率[RR=3.08,95%CI(1.91,4.97),P<0.000 01]、导管脱出或移位发生率[RR=6.89,95%CI(3.56,13.31),P<0.000 01]、穿刺点渗血、渗液发生率[RR=10.06,95%CI(6.61,15.32),P<0.000 01]、感染发生率[RR=3.87,95%CI(2.67,5.62),P<0.000 01]、导管断裂[RR=3.01,95%CI(1.19,7.64),P=0.02]、一次置管成功率[RR=0.95,95%CI(0.90,1.00),P=0.04]明显降低,差异均有统计学意义。儿童病人使用静脉输液港与经外周静脉穿刺中心静脉置管夹闭综合征发生率比较,差异无统计学意义[RR=0.40,95%CI(0.10,1.52),P=0.18]。结论:现有证据表明,儿童使用输液港可减少相关并发症的发生,是一种安全、可靠、具有优势的输液工具。

PICC与TIVAP在脑胶质瘤患者中的应用比较

目的 比较经外周静脉穿刺的中心静脉导管(peripherally inserted central venous catheter,PICC)与完全植入式静脉输液港(totally implantable venous access port,TIVAP)在脑胶质瘤患者中的应用差异。方法 回顾性分析2016年1月至2022年10月在杭州市肿瘤医院行PICC或TIVAP置管的130例脑胶质瘤患者的临床资料,根据置管方式将其分为PICC组(55例)和TIVAP组(75例),比较两组患者置管前后1周血浆D-二聚体(D-dimer,D-D)水平变化、导管相关总并发症、一次性置管成功率、因导管并发症拔管率和导管留置时间。结果 置管后1周,PICC组患者的D-D水平显著高于本组置管前1周和TIVAP组(P<0.05);TIVAP组患者置管前后的D-D水平比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。TIVAP组患者的导管相关并发症发生率、因导管并发症拔管率均显著低于PICC组,一次性置管成功率显著高于PICC组,导管留置时间显著长于PICC组(P<0.05)。结论 脑胶质瘤患者PICC置管后1周D-D水平升高,在该时段应加强深静脉血栓防治管理。与PICC相比,TIVAP对D-D水平影响较小,临床应用效果更好,值得广泛推广。

置管部位对我国血液病患者PICC相关性血栓影响的meta分析

目的系统评价置管部位对我国血液病患者经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管术后相关性血栓的影响,为临床提供借鉴依据。方法检索中英文数据库,时限为2001年1月1日至2023年1月1日,将检索的文献交由2名专业人员筛选与评价,最终纳入的文献采用Review Manager 5.3进行meta分析。结果共纳入9篇文献,总累计病例组188例、对照组1340例,涉及4项影响因素。meta分析结果显示:贵要静脉[OR=0.63,95%CI(0.43,0.94)、P=0.02]、头静脉[OR=2.45,95%CI(1.39,4.34),P=0.002]、置管肢体[OR=0.63,95%CI(0.41,0.96),P=0.03]同其他比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论贵要静脉、左侧置管可降低我国血液病患者导管相关性血栓的发生率,为保护因素;头静脉及右侧置管为危险因素。

握球运动对PICC置管肿瘤病人导管相关性并发症预防效果的网状Meta分析

目的:通过网状Meta分析比较5种不同程度握球运动对PICC置管的肿瘤病人在腋静脉血液流速和上肢静脉血栓发生率2方面的临床效果。方法:检索PubMed、Web of Science、the Cochrane Library、EMbase、中国知网(CNKI)、万方数据库、维普数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库,并追踪纳入文献的参考文献。检索时限为建库至2023年2月。采用RevMan 5.4软件和Stata 16进行统计学分析。结果:最终纳入6篇文献,包括5篇随机对照试验和1篇自身前后对照试验,涉及620例病人、5种不同运动干预措施,其中最大握力维持≥5 s对增加腋静脉血流速度效果最佳,部分握力维持≥5 s对降低上肢静脉血栓发生率效果最佳。结论:现有证据表明,推荐采用每次握球维持5 s以上的干预措施,再结合不同结局指标和病人自身情况对每次握球力度进行动态调整。