Laser blank welding is becoming more and more important in the automotive industry and the quality of the weld is critical for a successful application. A fully automated solution is required to inspect the quality of...Laser blank welding is becoming more and more important in the automotive industry and the quality of the weld is critical for a successful application. A fully automated solution is required to inspect the quality of the blanks. This paper presents a vision inspection system with a CMOS camera which uses ART2 network to inspect the defects on-line to obtain the geometry and the quality of the weld seam. The neural network ART2 has the capability of self-learning fiom the environment. It can distinguish the defects that have been learned before and give new outputs for new defects. So ART2 network is suitable for weld quality inspection in laser blank welding. Additionally, a CO2 laser is used for the blank butt-welding.展开更多
With the increase in the number and scale of tunnel projects in China in recent years,the comprehensive management for quality inspection and monitoring measurement in the tunnel construction process is receiving more...With the increase in the number and scale of tunnel projects in China in recent years,the comprehensive management for quality inspection and monitoring measurement in the tunnel construction process is receiving more and more attention.Based on this,this paper analyzes the comprehensive management of quality inspection and monitoring during tunnel construction to ensure the quality of tunnel construction.展开更多
In view of social development,the demand for water conservancy engineering applications continues to increase.The number and scale of water conservancy projects in China have been in a state of continuous expansion in...In view of social development,the demand for water conservancy engineering applications continues to increase.The number and scale of water conservancy projects in China have been in a state of continuous expansion in recent years.As a result,how to achieve efficient testing and effective control of the quality of water conservancy projects has always been a topic of discussion in the field of water conservancy engineering in our country.This paper summarizes the application of non-destructive testing technology in the quality testing and control of water conservancy projects.On the basis of explaining the connotation and application advantages of non-destructive testing technology,the non-destructive testing application strategies for concrete strength,steel corrosion and shallow cracks in water conservancy projects were studied.展开更多
With the rapid development of information technologies such as digital twin, extended reality, and blockchain,the hype around "metaverse" is increasing at astronomical speed. However, much attention has been...With the rapid development of information technologies such as digital twin, extended reality, and blockchain,the hype around "metaverse" is increasing at astronomical speed. However, much attention has been paid to its entertainment and social functions. Considering the openness and interoperability of metaverses, the market of quality inspection promises explosive growth. In this paper, taking advantage of metaverses, we first propose the concept of Automated Quality Inspection(Auto QI), which performs integrated inspection covering the entire manufacturing process, including Quality of Materials, Quality of Manufacturing(Qo M), Quality of Products, Quality of Processes(Qo P), Quality of Systems, and Quality of Services(Qo S). Based on the scenarios engineering theory, we discuss how to perform interactions between metaverses and the physical world for virtual design instruction and physical validation feedback. Then we introduce a bottomup inspection device development workflow with productivity tools offered by metaverses, making development more effective and efficient than ever. As the core of quality inspection,we propose Quality Transformers to complete detection task,while federated learning is integrated to regulate data sharing.In summary, we point out the development directions of quality inspection under metaverse tide.展开更多
The rejected specimens from the Emergency Department of the Center of Clinical Laboratory from January 1,2022 to January 1,2023 were analyzed to reduce the specimen rejection rates and to improve the quality of inspec...The rejected specimens from the Emergency Department of the Center of Clinical Laboratory from January 1,2022 to January 1,2023 were analyzed to reduce the specimen rejection rates and to improve the quality of inspection.The results showed that there were 1488 samples of rejected specimens and the non-conforming rate was 0.58%.The departments involved were mainly the Emergency Department,the Hematology Department,the Cardiology Department,the Intensive Care Department,and the Brain Surgery Department.Among the reasons for rejection,blood hemolysis accounted for 43.15%,blood coagulation accounted for 26.61%,and the rate of insufficient specimens was 17.14%.Among them,the sample rejection rate for arterial blood gas analysis was the highest,which accounted for 1.74%;followed by specimens for coagulation test,which was 1.18%.These results indicate the main reason for producing rejected specimens is mainly due to not following the standard operating procedure.Specimen rejection can largely be avoided if the standards for specimen collection are strictly followed.展开更多
Incompletely closed glumes, germination on panicle and disease are three important factors causing poor seed quality of hybrid rice. To determine how many and which categories should be classified to meet the demand f...Incompletely closed glumes, germination on panicle and disease are three important factors causing poor seed quality of hybrid rice. To determine how many and which categories should be classified to meet the demand for seed in rice production, the effects of various degrees of incompletely closed glumes, germination on panicle and disease on germination percentage at the harvest and after storage for six months were studied by standard germination percentage test. Six categories of seeds with germ (germinated seeds), severe disease, incompletely closed glumes, spot disease, fine fissure and normal seeds were inspected and then treated separately. Images of the five hybrid rice seed (Jinyou 402, Shanyou 10, Zhongyou 27, Jiayou 99 and Ⅱ you 3207) were acquired with a self-developed machine vision system. Each image could be processed to get the feature values of seed region such as length, width, ratio of length to width, area, solidity and hue. Then all the images of normal seeds were calculated to draw the feature value ranges of each hybrid rice variety. Finally, an image information base that stores typical images and related feature values of each variety was established. This image information base can help us to identify the classification limit of characteristics, and provide the reference of the threshold selection. The management of large numbers of pictures and the addition of new varieties have been supported. The research laid a foundation for extracting image features of hybrid rice seed, which is a key approach to future quality inspection with machine vision.展开更多
This paper describes the use of computer-aided measurement for external metric screw threads. Thread parameters, including thread pitch, thread angle, pitch diameter and major diameter, were measured with CCD cameras ...This paper describes the use of computer-aided measurement for external metric screw threads. Thread parameters, including thread pitch, thread angle, pitch diameter and major diameter, were measured with CCD cameras and image analysis software. New technologies such as digital image processing were used to increase the efficiency of measurements. In this study, by reconstructing the toolmaker’s microscope, the computer-aided semi-automated measuring system was developed, which could evaluate the accuracy of screw thread profile. It is concluded that the measurement accuracy is comparable to that of traditional toolmaker’s microscope method. Key words screw threads - quality inspection - accuracy - digital image processing展开更多
This investigation was performed to study acoustic field signal in order to improve RSW quality. Researchers firstly built an acoustic array sensor system, which included 8 MPA-416 acoustic sensors, data acquisition c...This investigation was performed to study acoustic field signal in order to improve RSW quality. Researchers firstly built an acoustic array sensor system, which included 8 MPA-416 acoustic sensors, data acquisition card and LabVIEW. The system obtained the acoustic field information in the process of nugget growing. Due to the nonlinearity field signal, array sensor algorithm was utilized to quantitatively analyze the characteristics of acoustie field and reduced noise. The experiment and calculation results show that array sensor system can acquire acoustic field signal of nugget growing in the RSW process and array processing algorithm based on acoustic field can extract characteristic parameters to evaluate RSW quality. It was concluded that the acoustic array sensor system offers a new methodology for RSW quality inspection.展开更多
This paper analyzes the current difficulties encountered in on-line inspection systems of strip surface quality, specifically relating to problems with real-time processing of huge amounts of data. To address this nee...This paper analyzes the current difficulties encountered in on-line inspection systems of strip surface quality, specifically relating to problems with real-time processing of huge amounts of data. To address this need, this paper describes an FPGA-based high-speed image processing module with both hardware and software aspects. Improving these two aspects together will help the system achieve real-time processing of massive image data, and simplifies the architecture of the strip surface quality on-line inspection system.展开更多
The brush lock is due to assembly tightly during assembling three gripper so that it curls after some time in motor and bare motors.The motor happen to have current decreasing and cause rotary too slowly is an importa...The brush lock is due to assembly tightly during assembling three gripper so that it curls after some time in motor and bare motors.The motor happen to have current decreasing and cause rotary too slowly is an important technique problem.At last the motor hasn’t worked due to disconnection.It give company to bring assembly issue for customers.So the motor stall is main issue in motor working.We shall pay more attention to it necessarily and shall be strict quality inspection and we shall monitor the flow line for the sake of decreasing it.We shall solve the problem as soon as possible and communicate with the customer engineers.Unloaded rotation is radical in the base inspection.The engineer need to negotiate with supplying engineers for the qualified material of brush.Increasing inspection into more times is a method to decrease unqualified brushes.Some experiment method is explained to analyze for customer engineers.Two kinds of motors ie.stepping and asynchronous motor and motors used in future in car is explained to further knowledge to motor’s application.Such as the experiment with torque,voice and electric voltage converter.The pseudo soldering results the slow rotary.The reverse voltage is a reason for a motor to slow rotary even stall.展开更多
Tianiin Automotive Test Center has a test capability as well as a capability of conducting universality techniques research. With fixed assets of around RMB 76.44 million yuan and an architectural area of 11,200 sqm, ...Tianiin Automotive Test Center has a test capability as well as a capability of conducting universality techniques research. With fixed assets of around RMB 76.44 million yuan and an architectural area of 11,200 sqm, test labs mainly include: auto emission test lab, full-scale vehicle crash test lab, auto safety test lab, auto lighting and view field test lab, engine test lab,展开更多
In this paper, it is presented that an approach based on Continuous Wavelet Thansform(CWT) and Fourier Transform(FT) for identifying ultrasonic echoes in inspecting oil well cementing quality. First, CWT is used to pr...In this paper, it is presented that an approach based on Continuous Wavelet Thansform(CWT) and Fourier Transform(FT) for identifying ultrasonic echoes in inspecting oil well cementing quality. First, CWT is used to process echo signals. Then spectra of the processing results in some specilic scale-time segments are calculated as pattern features. The research results show that theoretical calculations basically agree with experimental results. Compared with the aPproach based on the spectra or Discrete Wavlet Transform, our approach has advantages of fine analyzing scales, stable features and high recognizing rate. It is very suitable to identify echo signals whose spectra vary with time.展开更多
Deep Learning(DL)has revolutionized the field of Artificial Intelligence(Al)in various domains such as computer vision(CV)and natural language processing.However,DL models have limitations including the need for large...Deep Learning(DL)has revolutionized the field of Artificial Intelligence(Al)in various domains such as computer vision(CV)and natural language processing.However,DL models have limitations including the need for large labeled datasets,lack of interpretability and explainability,potential bias and fairness issues,and limitations in common sense reasoning and contextual understanding.On the other side,DL has shown significant potential in construction for safety and quality inspection tasks using CV models.However,current CV approaches may lack spatial context and measurement capabilities,and struggle with complex safety and quality requirements.The integration of Neuro-Symbolic Computing(NSC),an emerging field that combines DL and symbolic reasoning,has been proposed as a potential solution to address these limitations.NSC has the potential to enable more robust,interpretable,and accurate AI systems in construction by harnessing the strengths of DL and symbolic reasoning.The combination of symbolism and connectionism in NSC can lead to more efficient data usage,improved generalization ability,and enhanced interpretability.Further research and experimentation are needed to effectively integrate NSC with large models and advance CV technologies for precise reporting of safety and quality inspection results in construction.展开更多
This article presents an efficient approach to classify a set of corn kernels in contact,which may contain good,or defective kernels along with impurities.The proposed approach consists of two stages,the first one is ...This article presents an efficient approach to classify a set of corn kernels in contact,which may contain good,or defective kernels along with impurities.The proposed approach consists of two stages,the first one is a next-generation segmentation network,trained by using a set of synthesized images that is applied to divide the given image into a set of individual instances.An ad-hoc lightweight CNN architecture is then proposed to classify each instance into one of three categories(ie good,defective,and impurities).The segmentation network is trained using a strategy that avoids the time-consuming and human-error-prone task of manual data annotation.Regarding the classification stage,the proposed ad-hoc network is designed with only a few sets of layers to result in a lightweight architecture capable of being used in integrated solutions.Experimental results and comparisons with previous approaches showing both the improvement in accuracy and the reduction in time are provided.Finally,the segmentation and classification approach proposed can be easily adapted for use with other cereal types.展开更多
3D quality inspection is widely applied in many industrial fields including mould design, automotive and blade manufacturing, etc. A commonly used method is to obtain the point cloud of the inspected object and make a...3D quality inspection is widely applied in many industrial fields including mould design, automotive and blade manufacturing, etc. A commonly used method is to obtain the point cloud of the inspected object and make a comparison between the point cloud and the corresponding CAD model or template. Thus, it is important to align the point cloud with the template first and foremost. Moreover, for the purpose of automatization of quality inspection, this alignment process is expected to be completed without manual interference. In this paper, we propose to combine the particle swarm optimization (PSO) with iterative closest point (ICP) algorithm to achieve the automated point cloud alignment. The combination of the two algorithms can achieve a balance between the alignment speed and accuracy, and avoid the local optimal caused by bad initial position of the point cloud.展开更多
Fine and sparse details appear in many quality inspection applications requiring machine vision.Especially on flat surfaces,such as paper or board,the details can be made detectable by oblique illumination.In this stu...Fine and sparse details appear in many quality inspection applications requiring machine vision.Especially on flat surfaces,such as paper or board,the details can be made detectable by oblique illumination.In this study,a general definition of such details is given by defining sufficient statistical properties from histograms.The statistical model allows simulation of data and comparison of methods designed for detail detection.Based on the definition,utilization of the existing thresholding methods is shown to be well motivated.The comparison shows that minimum error thresholding outperforms the other standard methods.Finally,the results are successfully applied to a paper printability inspection application,and the IGT picking assessment,in which small surface defects must be detected.The provided method and measurement system prototype provide automated assessment with results comparable to manual expert evaluations in this laborious task.展开更多
文摘Laser blank welding is becoming more and more important in the automotive industry and the quality of the weld is critical for a successful application. A fully automated solution is required to inspect the quality of the blanks. This paper presents a vision inspection system with a CMOS camera which uses ART2 network to inspect the defects on-line to obtain the geometry and the quality of the weld seam. The neural network ART2 has the capability of self-learning fiom the environment. It can distinguish the defects that have been learned before and give new outputs for new defects. So ART2 network is suitable for weld quality inspection in laser blank welding. Additionally, a CO2 laser is used for the blank butt-welding.
文摘With the increase in the number and scale of tunnel projects in China in recent years,the comprehensive management for quality inspection and monitoring measurement in the tunnel construction process is receiving more and more attention.Based on this,this paper analyzes the comprehensive management of quality inspection and monitoring during tunnel construction to ensure the quality of tunnel construction.
文摘In view of social development,the demand for water conservancy engineering applications continues to increase.The number and scale of water conservancy projects in China have been in a state of continuous expansion in recent years.As a result,how to achieve efficient testing and effective control of the quality of water conservancy projects has always been a topic of discussion in the field of water conservancy engineering in our country.This paper summarizes the application of non-destructive testing technology in the quality testing and control of water conservancy projects.On the basis of explaining the connotation and application advantages of non-destructive testing technology,the non-destructive testing application strategies for concrete strength,steel corrosion and shallow cracks in water conservancy projects were studied.
基金supported by Optima Collaborative Research Project of Defect Detection Algorithm for Automated Optical Inspection±Phase IIthe Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province(2020B0909050001,2020B090921003)the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(2021402011)。
文摘With the rapid development of information technologies such as digital twin, extended reality, and blockchain,the hype around "metaverse" is increasing at astronomical speed. However, much attention has been paid to its entertainment and social functions. Considering the openness and interoperability of metaverses, the market of quality inspection promises explosive growth. In this paper, taking advantage of metaverses, we first propose the concept of Automated Quality Inspection(Auto QI), which performs integrated inspection covering the entire manufacturing process, including Quality of Materials, Quality of Manufacturing(Qo M), Quality of Products, Quality of Processes(Qo P), Quality of Systems, and Quality of Services(Qo S). Based on the scenarios engineering theory, we discuss how to perform interactions between metaverses and the physical world for virtual design instruction and physical validation feedback. Then we introduce a bottomup inspection device development workflow with productivity tools offered by metaverses, making development more effective and efficient than ever. As the core of quality inspection,we propose Quality Transformers to complete detection task,while federated learning is integrated to regulate data sharing.In summary, we point out the development directions of quality inspection under metaverse tide.
文摘The rejected specimens from the Emergency Department of the Center of Clinical Laboratory from January 1,2022 to January 1,2023 were analyzed to reduce the specimen rejection rates and to improve the quality of inspection.The results showed that there were 1488 samples of rejected specimens and the non-conforming rate was 0.58%.The departments involved were mainly the Emergency Department,the Hematology Department,the Cardiology Department,the Intensive Care Department,and the Brain Surgery Department.Among the reasons for rejection,blood hemolysis accounted for 43.15%,blood coagulation accounted for 26.61%,and the rate of insufficient specimens was 17.14%.Among them,the sample rejection rate for arterial blood gas analysis was the highest,which accounted for 1.74%;followed by specimens for coagulation test,which was 1.18%.These results indicate the main reason for producing rejected specimens is mainly due to not following the standard operating procedure.Specimen rejection can largely be avoided if the standards for specimen collection are strictly followed.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(60008001)the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(300297).
文摘Incompletely closed glumes, germination on panicle and disease are three important factors causing poor seed quality of hybrid rice. To determine how many and which categories should be classified to meet the demand for seed in rice production, the effects of various degrees of incompletely closed glumes, germination on panicle and disease on germination percentage at the harvest and after storage for six months were studied by standard germination percentage test. Six categories of seeds with germ (germinated seeds), severe disease, incompletely closed glumes, spot disease, fine fissure and normal seeds were inspected and then treated separately. Images of the five hybrid rice seed (Jinyou 402, Shanyou 10, Zhongyou 27, Jiayou 99 and Ⅱ you 3207) were acquired with a self-developed machine vision system. Each image could be processed to get the feature values of seed region such as length, width, ratio of length to width, area, solidity and hue. Then all the images of normal seeds were calculated to draw the feature value ranges of each hybrid rice variety. Finally, an image information base that stores typical images and related feature values of each variety was established. This image information base can help us to identify the classification limit of characteristics, and provide the reference of the threshold selection. The management of large numbers of pictures and the addition of new varieties have been supported. The research laid a foundation for extracting image features of hybrid rice seed, which is a key approach to future quality inspection with machine vision.
文摘This paper describes the use of computer-aided measurement for external metric screw threads. Thread parameters, including thread pitch, thread angle, pitch diameter and major diameter, were measured with CCD cameras and image analysis software. New technologies such as digital image processing were used to increase the efficiency of measurements. In this study, by reconstructing the toolmaker’s microscope, the computer-aided semi-automated measuring system was developed, which could evaluate the accuracy of screw thread profile. It is concluded that the measurement accuracy is comparable to that of traditional toolmaker’s microscope method. Key words screw threads - quality inspection - accuracy - digital image processing
基金support for this research from the Natural Science Foundation of China (No.50575159)project of Chinese Ministry of Education (No.106049, 20060056058)+1 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin (06YFJMJC03400)Natural High-tech R&D 863 Program (2008AA04Z136)
文摘This investigation was performed to study acoustic field signal in order to improve RSW quality. Researchers firstly built an acoustic array sensor system, which included 8 MPA-416 acoustic sensors, data acquisition card and LabVIEW. The system obtained the acoustic field information in the process of nugget growing. Due to the nonlinearity field signal, array sensor algorithm was utilized to quantitatively analyze the characteristics of acoustie field and reduced noise. The experiment and calculation results show that array sensor system can acquire acoustic field signal of nugget growing in the RSW process and array processing algorithm based on acoustic field can extract characteristic parameters to evaluate RSW quality. It was concluded that the acoustic array sensor system offers a new methodology for RSW quality inspection.
文摘This paper analyzes the current difficulties encountered in on-line inspection systems of strip surface quality, specifically relating to problems with real-time processing of huge amounts of data. To address this need, this paper describes an FPGA-based high-speed image processing module with both hardware and software aspects. Improving these two aspects together will help the system achieve real-time processing of massive image data, and simplifies the architecture of the strip surface quality on-line inspection system.
文摘The brush lock is due to assembly tightly during assembling three gripper so that it curls after some time in motor and bare motors.The motor happen to have current decreasing and cause rotary too slowly is an important technique problem.At last the motor hasn’t worked due to disconnection.It give company to bring assembly issue for customers.So the motor stall is main issue in motor working.We shall pay more attention to it necessarily and shall be strict quality inspection and we shall monitor the flow line for the sake of decreasing it.We shall solve the problem as soon as possible and communicate with the customer engineers.Unloaded rotation is radical in the base inspection.The engineer need to negotiate with supplying engineers for the qualified material of brush.Increasing inspection into more times is a method to decrease unqualified brushes.Some experiment method is explained to analyze for customer engineers.Two kinds of motors ie.stepping and asynchronous motor and motors used in future in car is explained to further knowledge to motor’s application.Such as the experiment with torque,voice and electric voltage converter.The pseudo soldering results the slow rotary.The reverse voltage is a reason for a motor to slow rotary even stall.
文摘Tianiin Automotive Test Center has a test capability as well as a capability of conducting universality techniques research. With fixed assets of around RMB 76.44 million yuan and an architectural area of 11,200 sqm, test labs mainly include: auto emission test lab, full-scale vehicle crash test lab, auto safety test lab, auto lighting and view field test lab, engine test lab,
文摘In this paper, it is presented that an approach based on Continuous Wavelet Thansform(CWT) and Fourier Transform(FT) for identifying ultrasonic echoes in inspecting oil well cementing quality. First, CWT is used to process echo signals. Then spectra of the processing results in some specilic scale-time segments are calculated as pattern features. The research results show that theoretical calculations basically agree with experimental results. Compared with the aPproach based on the spectra or Discrete Wavlet Transform, our approach has advantages of fine analyzing scales, stable features and high recognizing rate. It is very suitable to identify echo signals whose spectra vary with time.
文摘Deep Learning(DL)has revolutionized the field of Artificial Intelligence(Al)in various domains such as computer vision(CV)and natural language processing.However,DL models have limitations including the need for large labeled datasets,lack of interpretability and explainability,potential bias and fairness issues,and limitations in common sense reasoning and contextual understanding.On the other side,DL has shown significant potential in construction for safety and quality inspection tasks using CV models.However,current CV approaches may lack spatial context and measurement capabilities,and struggle with complex safety and quality requirements.The integration of Neuro-Symbolic Computing(NSC),an emerging field that combines DL and symbolic reasoning,has been proposed as a potential solution to address these limitations.NSC has the potential to enable more robust,interpretable,and accurate AI systems in construction by harnessing the strengths of DL and symbolic reasoning.The combination of symbolism and connectionism in NSC can lead to more efficient data usage,improved generalization ability,and enhanced interpretability.Further research and experimentation are needed to effectively integrate NSC with large models and advance CV technologies for precise reporting of safety and quality inspection results in construction.
基金Grant PID2021-128945NB-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by“ERDF A way of making Europe”the“CERCA Programme/Generalitat de Catalunya”the ESPOL project CIDIS-20-2021.
文摘This article presents an efficient approach to classify a set of corn kernels in contact,which may contain good,or defective kernels along with impurities.The proposed approach consists of two stages,the first one is a next-generation segmentation network,trained by using a set of synthesized images that is applied to divide the given image into a set of individual instances.An ad-hoc lightweight CNN architecture is then proposed to classify each instance into one of three categories(ie good,defective,and impurities).The segmentation network is trained using a strategy that avoids the time-consuming and human-error-prone task of manual data annotation.Regarding the classification stage,the proposed ad-hoc network is designed with only a few sets of layers to result in a lightweight architecture capable of being used in integrated solutions.Experimental results and comparisons with previous approaches showing both the improvement in accuracy and the reduction in time are provided.Finally,the segmentation and classification approach proposed can be easily adapted for use with other cereal types.
文摘3D quality inspection is widely applied in many industrial fields including mould design, automotive and blade manufacturing, etc. A commonly used method is to obtain the point cloud of the inspected object and make a comparison between the point cloud and the corresponding CAD model or template. Thus, it is important to align the point cloud with the template first and foremost. Moreover, for the purpose of automatization of quality inspection, this alignment process is expected to be completed without manual interference. In this paper, we propose to combine the particle swarm optimization (PSO) with iterative closest point (ICP) algorithm to achieve the automated point cloud alignment. The combination of the two algorithms can achieve a balance between the alignment speed and accuracy, and avoid the local optimal caused by bad initial position of the point cloud.
基金The work was partially supported by the following projects:PapVision(http://www.it.lut.fi/project/papvision/)financed by the European Union(Tekes project No.70049/03 and 70056/04)the Academy of Finland(Project 204708).
文摘Fine and sparse details appear in many quality inspection applications requiring machine vision.Especially on flat surfaces,such as paper or board,the details can be made detectable by oblique illumination.In this study,a general definition of such details is given by defining sufficient statistical properties from histograms.The statistical model allows simulation of data and comparison of methods designed for detail detection.Based on the definition,utilization of the existing thresholding methods is shown to be well motivated.The comparison shows that minimum error thresholding outperforms the other standard methods.Finally,the results are successfully applied to a paper printability inspection application,and the IGT picking assessment,in which small surface defects must be detected.The provided method and measurement system prototype provide automated assessment with results comparable to manual expert evaluations in this laborious task.