THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF CHARGE ACCUMULATION ON INSULATOR SURFACE UNDER IMPULSE VOLTAGE IN A GAS INSULATED SWITCHGEAR

Objective To investigate the process and mechanism of insulator surface charge accumulation under impulse voltage, a dynamic equation was established for describing the relationship between surface charge density and applied voltage. Results The established equation is more generalized in comparison with that given by other previous investigators. Constants A, B for typical electrodes used in the present equation are specified. The process and mechanism of surface charge accumulation under impulse voltage are studied and the factors that influence surface charge accumulation discussed. Conclusion The present theoretical studies help to explain why surface charging can be accomplished instantly under impulse voltage, and determine the factors influencing surface charge accumulation. The findings confirmed some surface charging phenomena observed in GIS by some previous investigators.

Decay characters of charges on an insulator surface after different types of discharge

In an insulating system including solid and gas dielectrics, discharge type has a strong impact on charge accumulation at the interface between two dielectrics, and hence charge decay. In order to clarify the influence, a surface charge measurement system was constructed, and three types of discharge, i.e. surface discharge, and low intensity and high intensity coronas, were introduced to cause surface charge accumulation. The decay behavior of surface charges after different types of discharge was obtained at various temperatures. It was found that total surface charges monotonically decreased with time, and the decay rate became larger as temperature increased. However, after a surface discharge or a high intensity corona, surface charge density in the local area appeared to fluctuate during the decay process. Compared with this, the fluctuation of surface charge density was not observed after a low intensity corona. The mechanisms of surface charge accumulation and decay were analysed. Moreover, a microscopic physical model involving charge production, accumulation, and decay was proposed so that the experimental results could be explained.

Surface Charge Accumulation Characteristics on DC GIL Three-post Insulators Considering the Influence of Temperature Gradient

Surface charge accumulation is considered to be a critical factor in flashover failure of three-post insulators.However,surface charge accumulation characteristics on threepost insulators with complex structures and uneven electric fields are still unclear.Furthermore,the temperature gradient field makes charge accumulation more complicated.In this presentation,surface charge profiles of DC three-post insulators under electro-thermal coupling stress are studied by establishing a multi-degree-of-freedom movement measurement system.The abdominal area of the three-post insulator accumulaftes charges of identical polarity as the DC voltage,while the leg area accumulates heteropolar charges.Charge density from the bottom of the leg to the center of the abdomen presents a trimodal distribution pattern,including two homopolar charge peaks and one heteropolar charge peak.Asymmetrical surface conductance distribution arising from the temperature gradient leads to a significant increase in amplitude and distribution range of the homopolar charge peak at the legs of insulator.Increase of the temperature gradient will further magnify the homopolar charge peak at the legs.When DC voltage is 100 kV and conductive pole temperature is 70℃,surface charge density of the three-post insulator can reach 100μC/m^(2).Therefore,surface conductance regulation of the leg region is the key to charge regulation and insulation optimization design of DC three-post insulators.

直流电压下GIS盆式绝缘子表面电荷及电场分布特性仿真研究

GIS中盆式绝缘子表面在外施直流电压时会积聚大量电荷使得沿面闪络电压大幅降低,从而引发一系列电气设备故障。基于上述问题,文中分析了盆式绝缘子表面电荷的来源与传导途径,采用有限元仿真计算方法构建了二维轴对称仿真模型以及设定相关参数,研究了电压极性、不同电压幅值以及电压极性反转对盆式绝缘子表面电荷分布的影响。结果表明,在直流电压下,凹面主要积聚与外施直流电压极性相反的电荷,凸面主要积聚与直流电压极性相同的电荷,且凹面积聚的电荷密度更大;在极性反转后-100 kV直流电压下,盆式绝缘子表面原先积聚的电荷密度呈现先增大后逐渐减小的趋势,随后转换极性并达到饱和,电场在靠近高压端以及盆式绝缘子沿面0~20 mm处的畸变程度较为明显。电场在盆式绝缘子表面电荷极性发生变化前出现峰值,相比较电荷达到饱和状态,此时盆式绝缘子凹面最大场强增加46%,凸面最大场强增加5.4%。该研究可为直流电压下盆式绝缘子表面电荷分布特性提供指导。

±550kV直流气体绝缘金属封闭开关设备长期带电试验研究

现有海上风电送出换流平台的直流侧均采用常规敞开式设备及电气连接布局,设备占用空间大。为了有效减小平台面积及质量,采用直流气体绝缘金属封闭开关设备(GIS)替代原有敞开式设备。直流GIS绝缘件长期运行在单极性直流电压下,表面会产生电荷积聚,从而改变沿面电场分布,降低绝缘子沿面闪络电压。目前,暂无关于直流GIS的国际、国内标准,缺乏系统、全面的试验指导,开展长期带电试验考核可有效验证直流GIS的可靠性、稳定性。本文围绕长期带电试验方案及试验样机展开研究,基于多物理场耦合仿真结果,提出长期带电试验方案,并设计样机形态。

高压直流GIL设备绝缘关键技术研究综述

直流GIL具有输送容量大,占地面积小,可靠性高,受外界环境影响小等优势,在特殊环境中具有广泛的应用前景。然而直流电压下GIL内部气固界面电荷积聚及金属微粒的存在会导致GIL内部电场畸变、绝缘性能下降,甚至诱发沿面闪络,是限制直流GIL发展的重要因素。因此,论文总结了近年来关于直流GIL绝缘关键技术和GIL设备研制的相关研究,从气固界面电荷积聚机理与调控方法,GIL中金属微粒对绝缘性能的影响,绝缘材料沿面耐电性能,新型环保气体在直流GIL中的应用,直流GIL设备研制与试验和特高压直流GIL研制关键技术等6个方面进行总结评述,为高压直流GIL研发提供参考。

低温温度梯度下环氧玻璃纤维材料表面电荷积聚行为及其对沿面闪络特性的影响

超导能源管道终端由于其特殊的运行环境,终端用绝缘材料在承受高电场的同时,也承受着近百摄氏度的低温温度梯度。为此基于超导电缆终端常用绝缘材料——环氧玻璃纤维材料,研究了低温温度梯度下绝缘材料表面电荷积聚特性及其对沿面闪络特性的影响机制。首先测量了环氧玻璃纤维材料在不同温度以及不同温度梯度下的沿面闪络特性;随后利用仿真软件建立了绝缘材料气-固界面的电荷迁移模型,分析了不同温度以及不同温度梯度对材料表面电荷积聚特性和表面电场分布特性的影响;最后结合试验结果与仿真结果,提出了低温温度梯度对绝缘材料沿面闪络的影响机制。试验结果表明:当温差ΔT=100K时,绝缘材料表面的局部放电起始电压与闪络强度分别为无温度梯度时的74.0%和75.9%。而仿真结果显示,低温温度梯度下绝缘材料表面电荷积聚现象明显,表面最高电场强度可达到不存在温度梯度时的10倍左右。因此,温度梯度下材料表面电荷积聚以及电场的畸变被认为是造成绝缘材料沿面绝缘强度下降的重要原因。该研究有助于理解低温温度梯度下材料表面电荷积聚特性及其对电场分布和闪络电压的影响机制,对低温下绝缘材料的绝缘特性研究以及绝缘优化设计具有重要意义。

Discharge Characteristics of Long SF6 Gas Gap with and Without Insulator in GIS Under VFTO and LI

Gas insulator switchgears(GISs),widely used in electric power systems for decades,have many advantages due to their compactness,minimal environmental impact,and long maintenance cycles.However,very fast transient overvoltage(VFTO)increases caused by a rise in voltage levels can lead to GIS insulation failures.In this paper,a generating system of VFTO and standard lightning impulse(LI)is established.The insulation characteristics of SF6 gas with and without insulators under VFTO and standard LI are investigated.Experimental results show that the 50%breakdown voltages of the inhomogeneous electric field rod-plane gap under positive VFTO and standard LI are higher than that under negative VFTO and standard LI.The research shows that the 50%breakdown voltage under VFTO could be lower than that under standard LI at 0.5 MPa for the negative polarity.Moreover,the polarity effect of the insulator without defect is different from that with defect.Similarly,the breakdown voltage of the defective insulator under VFTO could be lower than that under standard LI by 8%.The flashover channel under VFTO is seen as more than that under standard LI.Based on the analysis of discharge images and experimental results,it is concluded that the polarity effect is related to the distortion effect of ion clusters formed by SF6 on the electric field.Additionally,the steepness and front time of impulse plays an important role in the initiation and further development of discharge on insulator surface.Finally,the research shows that different discharge characteristics between VFTO and standard LI may be caused by different wave fronts and oscillation on the tails of the impulses.

Surface Charging Phenomena on HVDC Spacers for Compressed SF_(6) Insulation and Charge Tailoring Strategies

Surface flashover of spacers is a key factor limiting the application of HVDC GIS/GIL,while the charge accumula-tion on the surface of the spacer could have a potential adverse effect on the surface flashover voltage.This paper discusses the laws regarding distribution patterns of surface charges and the related mechanisms.The field-dependent property is discussed in detail to comprehensively illustrate the charge transport mecha-nism and explain the research differences regarding different surface charge patterns obtained by previous researchers.In addition,the main surface charge control methods for epoxy resin are summarized and discussed.The potential research directions of charge control methods and key points in manufacturing of spacers used in HVDC GIS/GIL are also explored.

基于分区涂覆的圆盘绝缘子表面电荷抑制试验分析

环氧绝缘子作为气体绝缘开关GIS(gas insulated switchgear)设备的关键部件,起到电气绝缘和机械支撑的作用。积聚在绝缘子上的表面电荷是诱发沿面闪络事故的原因之一,研究表面电荷的抑制方法对于保障GIS安全运行具有重要意义。以制备缩比尺寸圆盘绝缘子为研究对象,在负直流电压下观测表面电荷的积聚特性。选取不同种类的纳米颗粒分别制备高、低电导率和非线性电导率的环氧基纳米复合材料涂层,研究涂料电导率、涂覆方式对绝缘子表面电荷积聚特性的影响。结果表明,采用分区涂覆可以显著抑制绝缘子非平面区的电荷积聚和地电极处的电荷注入,从而使表面电荷密度降低,为抑制绝缘子表面电荷积聚提供了一种新的途径。

考虑电-热耦合的高压电器箱三维电场仿真及优化

动车组车顶高压电器箱内集成了多种电气设备,各设备之间布局较为紧凑,可能造成电器箱内某些部件的表面电场严重畸变,进而导致击穿事故的发生。本文以国内某公司生产的高压电器箱为研究对象,利用COMSOL Multiphysics软件建立了高压电器箱三维电-热耦合模型,研究正常工况下考虑热场影响时电器箱内的电场分布规律。结果表明,考虑热场影响时,箱内场强最大值为32.64 kV/cm,最高温度为98.73℃,更符合实际运行情况。对于高压电器箱内电场畸变严重的设备进行绝缘优化,优化后电器箱内各设备场强均小于设定的起晕阈值。本文可为动车组车顶高压电器箱的工程设计提供参考。

直流气体绝缘金属封闭输电线路中绝缘子的表面电荷积聚研究

直流气体绝缘金属封闭输电线路(gas insulated transmission line,GIL)在特殊环境下可替代部分架空输电线路或电缆,从而提高输电走廊选择的灵活性。严重影响直流GIL绝缘水平的关键因素之一是沿支撑绝缘子表面的电荷积聚现象。通过建立一个板板电极系统来模拟GIL中同轴圆柱结构的电场分布,研究直流下GIL中绝缘子电荷积聚的机制,绝缘子的形状、SF6的电导率对表面电荷积聚的影响,以及电荷积聚对绝缘子沿面电场分布的影响。结果表明,聚四氟乙烯绝缘子的表面电导率比体积电导率受电场的影响更大;初始时沿面法向场强小的绝缘子的电荷积聚能得到明显抑制;SF6的电导率与绝缘子表面电导率的比值影响积聚电荷的极性。

高压直流GIL中盆式绝缘子表面电荷积聚与消散的实验研究

研究直流电压下绝缘子表面电荷积聚及其抑制措施,是开发直流气体绝缘管道输电线路(GIL)的一项关键技术。因此建立了一套盆式绝缘子表面电荷测量系统,采用静电探头法,在空气中对施加了直流电压后的环氧树脂盆式绝缘子进行了表面电位的测量,研究了不同极性、不同幅值电压以及极性反转情况下表面电荷的积聚现象,并对表面电荷的消散进行了测量。实验结果表明:绝缘子表面电荷分布与所施电压极性密切相关;在0.5 MPa空气中,随着施加电压幅值(+40^+70 kV)增加,绝缘子表面电荷急剧增加(负电位最大处从-200 V增加到-3 000 V);在0.5 MPa空气中,先后施加+70 kV及-40 kV电压,绝缘子局部表面电荷激增现象明显(正电位最大处由500 V增大到超过2 500 V);在0.1 MPa空气中施加+40 kV电压,在0~300 min内,绝缘子表面电荷消散近似指数衰减过程,时间常数约为104 s数量级。

高压直流GIS中绝缘子的表面电荷积聚的研究

研究绝缘子表面电荷积聚及其抑制措施,是开发用于直流输电的气体绝缘开关装置(GIS)的一项关键技术。文中设计了一种性能优良的新型电容探头,研究了外施直流电压极性、幅值和作用时间对表面电荷积聚的影响。研究表明,当外施电压的幅值和作用时间增加时,绝缘子表面电荷密度的平均值增加,绝缘子表面电荷分布则与外施电压的极性密切相关。文中还对绝缘子表面电荷积聚的抑制措施进行了分析、讨论。

冲击电压作用下影响表面电荷积聚过程的因素分析

建立了电压与表面电荷分布的动态方程 ,引入了电荷积聚时间常数的概念。从理论上证明了冲击电压作用下绝缘子表面可以产生一定量的电荷积聚 ,并对影响表面电荷积聚过程的因素进行了分析 ,理论分析结果得到了已往文献实验结果的证实。

直流电压下气固交界面表面电荷积聚现象的实验分析

为了研究直流电压下气体绝缘设备中气固交界面的表面电荷积聚现象,采用电容探头法对施加了直流电压后的盆式绝缘子进行了表面电位的测量,并通过数值计算得到了不同电压幅值和电压极性下的表面电荷分布。实验结果表明,整个系统中的最大场强未达到空气的起始放电场强时,绝缘子表面没有明显的电荷积聚。而当最大场强超过空气的起始放电场强时,电荷开始大量积聚,说明绝缘子表面电荷的主要来源为气体侧放电。由于气体侧放电具有一定随机性,绝缘子表面电荷的分布很不均匀。

冲击电压下残余电荷对沿面放电发展的影响

固体绝缘的表面是高压电力设备绝缘的最薄弱环节,很多绝缘事故都是由沿面放电造成的。发生放电后,电荷会在绝缘表面积聚,会很大程度上影响下一次放电的产生与发展。为此,通过观测在极性交替变化的冲击电压作用下沿同轴圆柱形聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)绝缘表面放电的发展以及测量放电后表面残余电荷电位的分布,来研究残余电荷对沿面放电的影响。研究表明,在改变冲击电压的极性后,由于反极性残余电荷的影响,放电会被促进,放电通道会沿着前一次放电的通道向前发展,并且会比前一次放电距离略长,放电的强度会增强,放电的发展速度也会加快。在沿着放电通道方向,表面电荷电位梯度可以明显分为两部分:在放电头部的20mm区域,电位梯度较大,为流注放电;而在后面的主干部,电位梯度平缓,为先导放电。

直流下SF_6中绝缘子的闪络特性

直流气体绝缘金属封闭输电线路(GIL)在特殊环境下可替代部分架空输电线路或电缆,提高输电走廊选择的灵活性。严重影响GIL绝缘水平的关键因素之一是直流下沿支撑绝缘子表面的电荷积聚。为了研究该问题,建立了一个锥板电极系统来模拟GIL中同轴圆柱结构的电场分布,通过试验研究了直流下SF6中绝缘子的材料和形状对其闪络特性的影响,并利用有限元分析软件对不同形状的绝缘子进行了电场计算。结果表明,直流GIL中绝缘子的表面电导率和充电时间常数均对其表面电荷积聚和沿面闪络有重要影响。同时还提出了基于锥板电极的直流GIL的绝缘子表面电导率选取原则和外形结构优化注意事项。

特快速瞬态过电压和雷电冲击作用下特高压GIS绝缘特性

随着电压等级的提高,气体绝缘开关设备(GIS)的额定雷电冲击(LI)耐受电压和特快速瞬态过电压(VF-TO)水平的差异越来越小,由VFTO引起的绝缘事故也日益严重。为研究特高压GIS在VFTO下的绝缘耐受水平,设计了VFTO模拟产生装置,研究了不同气压下SF6棒-板和球-板间隙在VFTO和雷电冲击下的绝缘特性。实验结果表明:稍不均匀电场间隙在VFTO下的击穿电压高于雷电波;对于高气压下棒-板间隙,负极性VFTO下的击穿电压和伏-秒特性曲线位于雷电波之下;雷电冲击下棒-板间隙极性效应在一定的气压下会出现反转现象。分析表明:在不同冲击波前和振荡波尾的VFTO和雷电波作用下SF6气体间隙击穿特性的差异与放电过程中空间电荷行为的差异有关。

直流电压下聚合物表面电荷测量方法及积聚特性

固体绝缘介质表面电荷积聚现象是研发高压直流气体绝缘装置的重要考虑因素,这些积聚的表面电荷会导致绝缘介质局部电场畸变,大大降低装置的绝缘水平。因此,研究直流电压下聚合物表面电荷积聚现象具有重要意义,如何实现对绝缘子表面电荷分布进行准确的测量,成为该领域一个重要的课题。针对这一问题,采用静电探头法测量缩比气体绝缘输电线路(gas-insulated line,GIL)中圆锥绝缘子的表面电位,研究针对这种"平移改变"系统的表面电荷的反演计算方法。研究采用数值模拟的方法获得了从电荷到电位的传递函数矩阵,应用了基于维纳滤波的数字图像处理技术,对传递函数矩阵的病态特性进行了改善,大大降低了系统噪声,提高了反演计算的稳定性。研究分析了测量结果的空间分辨率和计算精度,发现该系统的空间分辨率可以达到1.8mm。采用该算法,分别研究了空气和SF6中直流电压下绝缘子表面电荷的积聚情况,发现绝缘子表面电荷呈均匀分布的"基本模式"和随机分布的"电荷斑"两种模式。"基本模式"的极性与所加电压极性相同,表明固体侧体电流是电荷积聚的主要来源。