Mayombian ethnic,vegetables low intake,insulin treatment,diabetic nephropathy and severe diabetic retinopathy are determinants of blindness in diabetic Africans

· AIM: to determine the frequency and causes of blindness in diabetic Africans. ·METHODS: The study was a cross-sectional survey carried out among known black diabetics consecutively admitted at the Teaching Hospital, University of Kinshasa, between 2005 and 2007. Examination methods included interviewer -administered structured question - naire, eye examinations (visual acuity, tonometry, funduscopy), and fasting plasma glycaemia test. ·RESULTS: Of the 227 patients examined, 15.9% had blindness. Univariate analyses showed significant association between female, severity of diabetic retinopathy, Mayombian ethnic group, use of insulin treatment, low intake of vegetables, diabetic nephropathy, open angle glaucoma and blindness in all diabetics. After logistic regression, only diabetic nephropathy, use of insulin treatment, macular oedema, Mayombian ethnic group and vegetables low intake were the independent risk factors of blindness in all diabetics. However, after logistic regression in the sub -group with diabetic retinopathy, only open angle glaucoma and proliferative diabetic retinopathy were the independent determinants of blindness.·CONCLUSION: The majority of the causes of blindness in these diabetic Africans are avoidable. It is recommended that appropriate diabetes care, nutrition education, periodic eye examination and laser photocoagulation facilities should be provided for treating diabetics in sub-Saharan Africa. ·

Evaluation of Diabetic Rats Behavior after Treatment by <i>Artemisia herba-alba</i>Relative to Insulin

The aim of the study was to evaluate the behavioral signs of diabetic rats after treatment by Artemisia herba-alba (AHA) and insulin. Method: Based on the induction of diabetes in wistar rats by intraperitoneal (I/P) injection of 60 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ), then treated by AHA as 20 mg (I/P) and insulin subcutaneously (S/C). The samples of rats were: 1) Diabetic control, 2) Injected with insulin, 3) Injected with AHA, 4) Non diabetic rats, which were fostered for 21 day;then weighted and the behavioral tests were conducted. Results: The board hole tests (BHT) showed that: the induced diabetes reduced the cognition of the rats in view of Latency of the First Head Dipping (LFHD) in seconds, number of head dipping (NHD) and duration of head dipping (DHD) by 49.3%, while it’s improved in AHA and insulin treated rats by 52% and 69% in average respectively. The exploratory activity reduced in diabetic rats by 36%, while AHA and Insulin treated rats increased by 53% and 72% respectively. The rearing test showed an increase of anxiety among diabetic in form of duration of rearing, number of rearing and time spend in center by 51.7% in average respectively, while the anxiety reduced after treatment by AHA and insulin by 39% and 47.3% in average respectively. Also the diabetes increased the depression state by 106%, while the treatment by AHA and insulin reduced the depression state by 77% and 88% respectively. And VPT showed that: motor impairment occurred in diabetic cases and improved after AHA and insulin treatment.

Diabetes Treatment-Related Myths and the Impact of COVID-19 on Diabetes Knowledge—An Indian Survey-Based Study

Objective: The main aim of the survey was to assess diabetes treatment-related myths prevalent in the Indian population and if COVID-19 pandemic improved their knowledge about diabetes. Results: The survey was completed by 309 participants;66% did not have diabetes. The responses of people with diabetes and those without diabetes were similar. Survey results of the total population showed that the majority believed that diabetes treatment should start early (92.6%);87.4% believed that the treatment should start within three months of diagnosis with modern medicines;67.3% of the participants felt that allopathic medicines for diabetes were safe, 69.6% believed that if started these medications continue lifelong, and 40.5% thought they damaged all major organs. Insulin was thought to be safe by 65% of the surveyed population;60.8% believed that if they started insulin, they would need it life-long;51.5% thought that insulin was started at the last stage of diabetes;and 58.6% believed that insulin caused kidney damage. A total of 58.6% believed that herbal medicines for diabetes were safer than allopathic;76.4% did not believe that the “diabetic cure” shown through television/newspapers was safe and effective;67.3% did not believe that ayurvedic medicines cured diabetes. Of the surveyed population, 67% felt that their knowledge about diabetes improved during the pandemic and 89.3% knew that PWDs have more serious problems with covid infection. Conclusions: Our survey shows that many diabetes treatment-related myths are prevalent in the Indian population even though the COVID-19 pandemic improved their knowledge about diabetes.

长效胰岛素联合口服降糖药治疗2型糖尿病的疗效

目的 分析2型糖尿病(T2DM)采取长效胰岛素+口服降糖药治疗的效果。方法 96例T2DM患者,随机分为观察组和对照组,每组48例。对照组给予口服降糖药治疗,观察组给予长效胰岛素+口服降糖药治疗。比较两组患者治疗前后的血糖[糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、餐后2 h血糖(2 h PG)、空腹血糖(FPG)]水平、生活质量(总体健康、精力、社会功能、心理健康、躯体疼痛、躯体角色功能、情绪角色功能、躯体健康)评分以及不良反应发生情况(体重增加、低血糖)、治疗效果。结果 治疗后,观察组患者HbA1c(6.20±0.91)%、2 h PG(8.63±1.37)mmol/L、FPG(5.83±0.72)mmol/L均低于对照组的(8.34±1.15)%、(9.56±1.60)mmol/L、(7.91±1.31)mmol/L,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组不良反应发生率2.08%(1/48)低于对照组的14.58%(7/48),差异具有统计学意义(χ^(2)=4.909,P<0.05)。治疗后,观察组患者总体健康评分(63.25±4.48)分、精力评分(74.25±4.54)分、社会功能评分(83.67±3.91)分、心理健康评分(81.48±4.25)分、躯体疼痛评分(74.48±6.38)分、躯体角色功能评分(73.54±4.18)分、情绪角色功能评分(84.54±3.67)分、躯体健康评分(71.37±4.28)分;对照组患者总体健康评分(54.54±3.25)分、精力评分(61.22±4.01)分、社会功能评分(76.32±2.75)分、心理健康评分(61.24±3.75)分、躯体疼痛评分(66.58±4.70)分、躯体角色功能评分(61.24±4.42)分、情绪角色功能评分(73.05±2.50)分、躯体健康评分(52.31±2.76)分。观察组患者总体健康、精力、社会功能、心理健康、躯体疼痛、躯体角色功能、情绪角色功能、躯体健康评分均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组治疗总有效率95.83%高于对照组的79.17%,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 长效胰岛素联合口服降糖药物对T2DM治疗可有效改善血糖水平,降低不良反应发生率,提升疗效。

探讨胰岛素泵短期强化治疗围绝经期妇女糖尿病对糖代谢指标的影响

目的探究围绝经期妇女糖尿病采用胰岛素泵短期强化治疗的效果。方法选取2021年4月—2023年11月包头市中心医院收治的46例糖尿病患者为研究对象,均为围绝经期女性,按照随机数表法分为两组,每组23例。对照组行基础治疗+胰岛素皮下治疗,研究组采用胰岛素泵短期强化治疗,对比两组血糖、治疗指标、降糖有效率和低血糖发生率。结果治疗后,研究组空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖以及糖化血红蛋白水平低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05);研究组治疗后血糖达标时间更快,胰岛素用量低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05);与对照组相比,研究组降糖有效率高,低血糖发生率更低,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。结论围绝经期糖尿病采用短期强化胰岛素泵治疗,起效快、及早调节血糖代谢,合理设置胰岛素用量,加速胰岛功能恢复。

低分子量肝素钙联合胰岛素治疗高脂血症型急性胰腺炎的临床效果

目的分析低分子量肝素钙联合胰岛素治疗高脂血症型急性胰腺炎的临床效果。方法选取2018年6月至2023年6月山东颐养健康集团淄博医院消化内科收治的高脂血症型急性胰腺炎患者作为研究对象,按随机数字表法分为对照组(32例)与试验组(32例)。对照组给予非诺贝特降脂、生长抑素抑制胰酶分泌、补液、禁食等常规治疗措施,试验组在常规治疗基础上加用低分子量肝素钙联合胰岛素治疗,比较两组患者治疗第3、5、7天三酰甘油(TG)水平、白细胞计数(WBC)、超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)水平及临床治疗效果。结果试验组患者胃肠道功能恢复时间,腹胀、腹痛等症状的消失时间,血尿淀粉酶恢复正常时间均短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);试验组患者住院时间短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。试验组治疗第3天TG、hs-CRP、WBC水平均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);试验组治疗第5天TG、hs-CRP、WBC水平均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);试验组治疗第7天TG、hs-CRP、WBC水平均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论低分子量肝素钙联合胰岛素对高脂血症型急性胰腺炎的治疗效果显著,可应用于临床。

改善胰岛素抵抗类中药治疗机制研究进展

大多数2型糖尿病患者会出现胰岛素抵抗,中药具有多成分、多靶点、多通路、多生物途径综合作用的特点,能通过多种机制改善胰岛素抵抗,且无不良反应,但是机制研究不够深入。文章以胰岛素抵抗的发病机制以及中药改善胰岛素抵抗的作用机制为切入点,对近10年具有改善胰岛素抵抗作用的中药[包括单味中药、活性成分、复方(CCTM)]作用机制进行综述,发现胰岛素抵抗的发病机制涉及到因各种因素导致的胰岛素信号通路异常,在骨骼肌、肝脏、脂肪中主要与炎症、氧化应激引起的代谢紊乱有关,IRS-1/PI3K/Akt是以上途径的经典通路。无论中药单味药、中药有效成分、中药复方都能改善胰岛素抵抗,现有实验研究的治疗机制与改善胰岛素抵抗的经典发病机制有关,中药单味药、中药的有效成分研究是中药改善胰岛素抵抗的基础,随着研究的深入,未来中药复方在改善胰岛素抵抗的治疗方面有很大的潜力。

2型糖尿病性周围神经病合并胰岛素抵抗病案--仝小林院士教学查房实录

以广安门医院内分泌科中2型糖尿病性周围神经病合并胰岛素抵抗患者为例,邀请仝小林院士进行教学查房,对2型糖尿病性周围神经病合并胰岛素抵抗的中医辨治思路、疾病发展、诊疗要点进行阐述。仝院士在查房过程中强调辨别瘦型糖尿病和肥胖型糖尿病异同,把握疾病发展的不同趋势。糖尿病通常合并胰岛素抵抗,但瘦型糖尿病患者胰岛功能衰竭速度快,甚至初期便能表现出胰岛功能损伤,以脾虚为核心病机,在治疗中应注重补脾益气,从脾论治,运用态靶辨治体系,提高临床疗效。

长效胰岛素联合超短效胰岛素标准化治疗妊娠期糖尿病效果研究

目的:探究在长效胰岛素常规治疗基础上联合应用超短效胰岛素标准化治疗妊娠期糖尿病孕妇的效果。方法:随机选取2021年1月—2022年8月收治的72例妊娠期糖尿病患者,观察组(n=36),使用长效胰岛素(基础)+超短效胰岛素(饭前冲击)标准化联合治疗;对照组(n=36),使用长效胰岛素治疗妊娠期糖尿病。评估两组患者疗效指标差异。结果:治疗后,观察组患者空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2小时血糖(2hPG)、睡前血糖以及空腹胰岛素水平均较治疗前有所下降,其中FPG、2hPG下降较明显;观察组出现羊水过多、早产、妊高症以及新生儿血糖异常等状况例数少于对照组,且不良妊娠结局发生率(22.22%)明显低于对照组(44.44%),降幅接近50%。以上结果均P<0.05,具有统计学意义。结论:长效胰岛素联合超短效胰岛素标准化治疗方法,能够降低患者血糖水平,使其处于正常血糖范围,妊娠期糖尿病孕妇不良妊娠结局发生率也大大减少。

妊娠糖尿病实施临床综合治疗方法的效果分析

目的 分析妊娠糖尿病采用临床综合治疗方法的疗效。方法 随机选取2020年4月—2022年12月漳州市第二中医院收治的222例妊娠糖尿病患者为研究对象,以随机数表法将患者分成参照组与观察组,各111例。参照组实施常规的药物治疗,观察组实施胰岛素注射治疗同时给予饮食治疗、运动治疗等综合治疗,比较两组患者的血糖指标改善情况、产妇分娩妊娠结局、新生儿妊娠结局。结果 观察组空腹血糖(Fasting Plasma Glucose, FPG)、餐后2 h血糖(Postprandial Plasma Glucose at 2 Hours, 2 hPG)和糖化血红蛋白(Glycosylated Hemoglobin A1c, HbA1c)比治疗前有明显改善,其下降幅度优于参照组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。观察组的自然分娩率(82.88%)高于参照组(61.26%),产后出血发生率(1.80%)低于参照组(8.11%),差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。观察组的不良新生儿妊娠结局发生率低于参照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 妊娠糖尿病患者开展综合治疗,能有效改善患者的妊娠结局,疗效明显,血糖得到良好控制,保障母婴健康与安全。

分析达格列净联合胰岛素强化治疗对2型糖尿病患者血糖指标造成的影响

目的研究将达格列净联合胰岛素强化治疗运用在2型糖尿病患者治疗中的成效。方法选取滕州市工人医院于2022年11月—2023年11月收治的88例2型糖尿病患者为研究对象,以硬币法划分为两组,各44例,单药组行胰岛素强化治疗,联合组行达格列净联合胰岛素强化治疗,比较两组治疗结果。结果治疗后,联合组血糖指标低于单药组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与单药组对比,治疗后联合组血糖波动情况更小,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与单药组对比,治疗后联合组胰岛素抵抗指数更低,胰岛β细胞功能指数和空腹胰岛素更高,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。结论将达格列净联合胰岛素强化治疗方案运用于2型糖尿病患者治疗中,可以获得理想效果,改善血糖指标。

Issues in Diagnosis and Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Childhood

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus remains one of the most complex chronic diseases in childhood. Although advances in knowledge and technology, as the use of insulin pumps or glucose sensors, have improved the quality of life of patients, the onset of the disease, as well as long-term treatment and diet, are pitfalls for families and clinicians. It is important to bear in mind that acute, life-threatening consequences of uncontrolled diabetes are hyperglycemia with ketoacidosis, both in new diagnosis and in patients already on treatment, and may be hidden by other symptoms. Moreover, treatment with insulin and diet should always be tailored on lifestyle habits and age of the patient. Aim of this work is to briefly summarise and comment what are the worst insidious aspects of Diabetes and what are the best strategies to improve the management of the disease in childhood.

急诊采用胰岛素一次性冲击治疗糖尿病酮症酸中毒的临床研究

目的 探究急诊采用胰岛素一次性冲击治疗糖尿病酮症酸中毒的临床效果。方法 选择2022年9月—2023年9月汕尾市陆河县人民医院急诊科收治的66例糖尿病酮症酸中毒患者,根据胰岛素给药方案不同分为对照组和观察组。对照组(n=33)采用小剂量胰岛素持续静滴,观察组(n=33)采用胰岛素一次性冲击治疗,比较两组治疗总有效率、病情缓解时间以及相关指标改善情况。结果 两组治疗总有效率对比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。观察组的血糖达标耗时(13.97±3.80)h、尿酮体转阴耗时(24.61±5.20)h、血pH值恢复正常耗时(12.48±1.73)h,明显短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(t=5.877、6.095、10.666,P均<0.05)。治疗后两组血β-羟丁酸、血乳酸水平较治疗前明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05),但组间对比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗2 d后观察组的肌酸激酶(20.66±2.52)U/L、肌酸激酶同工酶(68.30±4.37)U/L、谷草转氨酶(31.90±2.77)U/L优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(t=2.394、3.357、2.369,P均<0.05)。两组不良反应总发生率对比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 与小剂量胰岛素持续静滴相比,急诊予以胰岛素一次性冲击治疗糖尿病酮症酸中毒能够更快控制病情,缓解患者症状,且不会引起严重不良反应。

妊娠期糖尿病患者应用维生素D联合胰岛素治疗效果及对血糖变异性的影响

目的探讨妊娠期糖尿病患者应用维生素D联合胰岛素治疗效果及对血糖变异性的影响。方法选取90例妊娠期糖尿病患者,采用双盲法分为两组,每组45例。对照组应用门冬胰岛素联合地特胰岛素治疗,观察组在对照组基础上加用维生素D治疗。对比两组血糖水平、血糖变异性指标、胰岛素相关指标及不良妊娠结局。结果观察组患者血糖控制效果、血糖变异性指标、胰岛素相关指标均优于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组患者治疗后不良妊娠结局发生率6.7%明显低于对照组的17.8%(P<0.05)结论维生素D联合门冬胰岛素、地特胰岛素治疗妊娠期糖尿病患者能够提高血糖控制效果,调节血糖变异性指标,减轻胰岛素抵抗,降低不良妊娠结局发生率。

短期胰岛素泵强化治疗对难治性2型糖尿病的血糖控制效果研究

目的探讨短期胰岛素泵强化治疗在难治性2型糖尿病中控制血糖的意义。方法选取2021年1月—2023年12月南通市通州区中医院收治的76例难治性2型糖尿病患者为研究对象,根据不同治疗方案分为两组。对照组(38例)在三餐前及睡前接受胰岛素皮下注射治疗;观察组(38例)接受短期胰岛素泵强化治疗。对比两组血糖、胰岛素功能及不良反应。结果治疗前,两组血糖及胰岛功能对比,差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05);治疗后,观察组血糖和胰岛功能改善程度优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。观察组不良反应发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论短期胰岛素泵强化治疗方案不仅可以降低难治性2型糖尿病的血糖水平,还能改善患者胰岛素功能,效果显著。

胰岛素联合医学营养治疗在妊娠期糖尿病患者中的应用效果评价

目的探讨胰岛素联合医学营养治疗在妊娠期糖尿病患者中的应用效果。方法选择2022年1月—2023年12月南靖县总医院收治的76例妊娠期糖尿病患者为研究对象,通过双盲法分为观察组与参照组,各38例,参照组予以三餐前门冬胰岛素和睡前加用地特长效胰岛素治疗。观察组在这一基础上联合医学营养治疗,比较两组患者治疗前后血糖指标、脂肪因子水平、不良妊娠结局发生率、血清因子指标。结果治疗前,两组患者的血糖指标、脂肪因子水平对比,差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05);治疗后,观察组患者的血糖指标、内脂素水平低于参照组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05);观察组患者的脂联素、网膜素水平高于参照组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。观察组的妊娠不良结局总发生率为2.63%,低于参照组的21.05%,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=6.176,P=0.013)。治疗后,观察组各项血清因子指标均优于参照组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。结论在妊娠期糖尿病患者中予以胰岛素联合医学营养治疗是一种比较好的联合治疗方案,能改善患者的血糖指标与脂肪因子,降低不良妊娠结局发生率。

Molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance in chronic hepatitis C

It is now widely recognized that chronic hepatitis C (CHC)is associated with insulin resistance(IR)and type 2 diabetes,so can be considered a metabolic disease.IR is most strongly associated with hepatitis C virus(HCV)genotype 1,in contrast to hepatic steatosis, which is associated with genotype 3 infection.Apart from the well-described complications of diabetes,IR in CHC predicts faster progression to fibrosis and cirrhosis that may culminate in liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma.More recently,it has been recognized that IR in CHC predicts a poor response to antiviral therapy. The molecular mechanisms for the association between IR and HCV infection are not well defined.This review will elaborate on the clinical associations between CHC and IR and summarize current knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms that potentially mediate HCV-associated IR.

Importance of hepatitis C virus-associated insulin resistance:Therapeutic strategies for insulin sensitization

Insulin resistance is one of the pathological features in patients with hepatitis C virus(HCV) infection.Generally,persistence of insulin resistance leads to an increase in the risk of life-threatening complications such as cardiovascular diseases.However,these complications are not major causes of death in patients with HCV-associated insulin resistance.Indeed,insulin resistance plays a crucial role in the development of various complications and events associated with HCV infection.Mounting evidence indicates that HCV-associated insulin resistance may cause(1) hepatic steatosis;(2) resistance to anti-viral treatment;(3) hepatic f ibrosis and esophageal varices;(4) hepatocarcinogenesis and proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma;and(5) extrahepatic manifestations.Thus,HCV-associated insulin resistance is a therapeutic target at any stage of HCV infection.Although the risk of insulin resistance in HCV-infected patients has been documented,therapeutic guidelines for preventing the distinctive complications of HCV-associated insulin resistance have not yet been established.In addition,mechanisms for the development of HCV-associated insulin resistance differ from lifestyle-associated insulin resistance.In order to ameliorate HCV-associated insulin resistance and its complications,the eff icacy of the following interventions is discussed:a late evening snack,coffee consumption,dietary iron restriction,phlebotomy,and zinc supplements.Little is known regarding the effect of anti-diabetic agents on HCV infection,however,a possible association between use of exogenous insulin or a sulfonylurea agent and the development of HCC has recently been reported.On the other hand,insulin-sensitizing agents are reported to improve sustained virologic response rates.In this review,we summarize distinctive complications of,and therapeutic strategies for,HCVassociated insulin resistance.Furthermore,we discuss supplementation with branched-chain amino acids as a unique insulin-sensitizing strategy for patients with HCVassociated insulin resistance.

Diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance and hepatitis C virus infection: A contemporary review

AIM To summarise the literature data on hepatitis C virus(HCV)-infected patients concerning the prevalence of glucose abnormalities and associated risk.METHODS We conducted a PubM ed search and selected all studies found with the key words "HCV" or "hepatitis C virus" and "diabetes" or "insulin resistance". We included only comparative studies written in English or in French, published from January 2000 to April 2015. We collected the literature data on HCV-infected patients concerning the prevalence of glucose abnormalities [diabetes mellitus (DM) and insulin resistance (IR)] and associated risk [i.e., severe liver fibrosis, response to antivirals, and the occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)]. RESULTS HCV infection is significantly associated with DM/IR compared with healthy volunteers and patients with hepatitis B virus infection. Glucose abnormalities were associated with advanced liver fibrosis, lack of sustained virologic response to interferon alfa-based treatment and with a higher risk of HCC development. As new antiviral therapies may offer a cure for HCV infection, such data should be taken into account, from a therapeutic and preventive point of view, for liver and non-liver consequences of HCV disease. The efficacy of antidiabetic treatment in improving the response toantiviral treatment and in decreasing the risk of HCC has been reported by some studies but not by others. Thus, the effects of glucose abnormalities correction in reducing liver events need further studies.CONCLUSION Glucose abnormalities are strongly associated with HCV infection and show a negative impact on the main liver related outcomes.

Conventional insulin vs insulin infusion therapy in acute coronary syndrome diabetic patients

AIM:To evaluate the impact on glucose variability(GLUCV)of an nurse-implemented insulin infusion protocol when compared with a conventional insulin treatment during the day-to-day clinical activity.METHODS:We enrolled 44 type 2 diabetic patients(n=32 males;n=12 females)with acute coronary syndrome(ACS)and randomy assigned to standard a subcutaneous insulin treatment(n=23)or a nurse-implemented continuous intravenous insulin infusion protocol(n=21).We utilized some parameters of GLUCV representing well-known surrogate markers of prognosis,i.e.,glucose standard deviation(SD),the mean dailyδglucose(mean of daily difference between maximum and minimum glucose),and the coefficient of variation(CV)of glucose,expressed as percent glucose(SD)/glu-cose(mean).RESULTS:At the admission,first fasting blood glucose,pharmacological treatments(insulin and/or anti-diabetic drugs)prior to entering the study and basal glycated hemoglobin(HbA1c)were observed in the two groups treated with subcutaneous or intravenous insulin infusion,respectively.When compared with patients submitted to standard therapy,insulin-infused patients showed both increased first 24-h(median 6.9 mmol/L vs 5.7mmol/L P<0.045)and overall hospitalizationδglucose(median 10.9 mmol/L vs 9.3 mmol/L,P<0.028),with a tendency to a significant increase in first 24-h glycaemic CV(23.1%vs 19.6%,P<0.053).Severe hypoglycaemia was rare(14.3%),and it was observed only in 3 patients receiving insulin infusion therapy.HbA1c values measured during hospitalization and 3 mo after discharge did not differ in the two groups of treatment.CONCLUSION:Our pilot data suggest that no real benefit in terms of GLUCV is observed when routinely managing blood glucose by insulin infusion therapy in type 2 diabetic ACS hospitalized patients in respect to conventional insulin