Data as a Factor of Production Promoting the Deep Integration of the Digital Economy and the Real Economy:Theoretical Logic and Analysis Framework

Data is the primary factor of production in the digital economy,playing a role in promoting the deep integration of the digital economy and the real economy and smoothing the national economic cycle.After entering the circulation system of the real economy,data is rapidly integrated into production,circulation,consumption,distribution,and other links.It optimizes resource allocation,unblocks circulation channels,promotes accurate matching of supply and demand,stimulates emerging demand,and forms a virtuous circle of digital technology application,traditional physical enterprise transformation,and technological innovation.Integrated development is an important feature of the digital economy.Data promotes the integration of factors of production,products,enterprises,industries,and markets,which fosters a circular system with deep integration of the digital economy and the real economy.To promote the deep integration of the digital economy and the real economy,the government and business entities should take measures to improve the circular efficiency of the digital economy and the real economy.These measures include attaching importance to the role of data-driven development,improving data capacity,data development,and utilization in enterprises,exploring diverse circulation models of enterprise data,and creating typical application scenarios and industrial data spaces.

Research on the Impact and Opportunities of the Digital Economy Promoting the Development of Real Economy

The digital economy has infused vitality into the transformation and development of the real economy,urging enterprises to break through core technological barriers,address bottleneck issues,and improve their core competitiveness.It fosters the comprehensive digital transformation of agriculture,manufacturing,and service sectors,improving the dynamism of the real economy and fostering more consumption hotspots.Efforts are underway to enhance industrial supply chains and innovation chains,optimize regional resource allocation,and promote a virtuous cycle within the real economy.Initiatives are being undertaken to standardize the development of digital economic platforms,promote the high-quality development of regional economies,and leverage the advantages of the socialist market economy with Chinese characteristics.

Whether the digital economy will successfully encourage the integration of urban and rural development: A case study in China

The digital economy has become an important driver for stimulating economic growth.The digital economy has now widely penetrated the fields of economy and society,providing new opportunities for the develop‐ment of urban-rural integration.Based on panel data for 30 provinces in China from 2011 to 2020,this study constructed an index system for the integration of the digital economy and the development of urban-rural areas and conducted a systematic measurement analysis.Additionally,we used a two-step system of GMM estimation to analyze the impact of the digital economy on the development of urban-rural integra‐tion.The findings demonstrate the significant imbalance paradox of China’s digital economy development,which is shown in a gradient where the eastern region is higher than the center and the central region is higher than the west.Urban-rural integration levels in China fluctuate and display geographical variance,typically displaying high levels in the east and low levels in the west.Urban-rural integration is significantly encouraged by the digital economy,yet it varies in variability between different areas and dimensions.Addi‐tionally,rural human capital moderates the favorable effects of the digital economy on urban-rural integra‐tion.As a result,in order to achieve the integrated development of urban and rural areas,it is imperative to fully exploit the active role of the digital economy,better support the development of rural revitalization,bridge the“digital divide”between urban and rural development,and build a strong foundation for the for‐mation of a digital urban-rural integrated development pattern with urban and rural areas and common con‐struction and sharing.

Promoting the Real Economy by the Integration of Digital Technology and the Real Economy:On the Influence to Biased Technical Change

The deep integration of digital technology and the real economy is a vital engine for boosting high-quality growth of the real economy.As a result,it is necessary to investigate the effects of this integration on the real economy.This paper develops a two-sector model that incorporates the production sector and the technology research and development sector,taking into account both the factor attribute and the technical attribute of digital technology.Digital capital,general capital,skilled labor,and unskilled labor are considered as intermediate inputs in the model.Furthermore,this paper examines the effects of two integration modes,i.e.,factor-based integration and technology-based integration,on the development of the real economy and the biased technical change from a theoretical perspective.Empirical tests are conducted to support the analysis.The findings indicate that both factor-based integration and technology-based integration contribute positively to the development of the real economy,although technology-based integration exhibits diminishing marginal effects.Heterogeneity analysis reveals that factor-based integration plays a more significant role in promoting the development of the real economy in regions with geographical advantages,low levels of human resources,high marketization levels,or low market segmentation.On the other hand,technology-based integration assumes a greater role in facilitating the development of the real economy in regions with geographical disadvantages,low costs on human resources,low marketization levels,or high market segmentation.Further analysis demonstrates that the integration of digital technology and the real economy leads to digital capital-biased technical change and skilled labor-biased technical change.Therefore,it is imperative for the public sector to encourage the expansion of both factor-based integration and technology-based integration in the real economy.Additionally,it is also important to develop a reasonable industry layout plan and enhance the skill level of workers to address the rising demand for relevant factors resulting from changes in the biased technical change.

Analysis of the Model and Mechanism for Integrated Development of the Digital Economy and the Real Economy

Promoting integrated development of the digital economy and the real economy is a strategic endeavor for China to bolster the burgeoning driving force of the real economy,establish a modern industrial system,achieve high-quality economic growth,and elevate international competitiveness.The essence of integrated development of the digital economy and the real economy lies in the restructuring and upgrading of input factors and production and operational models within traditional enterprises,enabling traditional enterprises to undergo a digital intelligence transformation and upgrade.This transformation is achieved by harnessing data factors,digital technologies,and digitalized intelligent products provided by the digital economy sector.In practice,the integration of the digital economy and the real economy takes place by incorporating digital technologies into the production and operational nodes of traditional enterprises,leading to the implementation of diverse integration modes,each with its own unique level of efficiency.At present,it is imperative for China to establish a division of labor and cooperation mechanism characterized by an efficient market and a proactive government to further promote integrated development of the digital economy and the real economy.

Promoting the Deep Digital-Real Economy Integration:Theory and Practice

With the rapid development and widespread application of new-generation digital technologies,the digital economy is playing an increasingly important role in driving China's high-quality economic development.As economic growth drivers undergo transformation,studying how to promote the deep integration of the digital economy and the real economy(digital-real economy integration)holds significant strategic importance.In general,the digital-real economy integration of China has made impressive advancements,becoming an irreversible trend.Nonetheless,there persist challenges that necessitate attention,such as the imperative to strengthen underlying technology support and improve the quality of integration.By integrating specific application scenarios of digital technology with traditional enterprise theory,we can gain a comprehensive understanding of how the digital economy empowers innovation and development in traditional enterprises,thereby facilitating the exploration of practical paths for the deep digital-real economy integration.A thorough examination of the main forms and connotations of this deep integration allows us to analyze specific paths across three key dimensions:product layer,enterprise layer,and industry layer.By adopting this approach,a research framework that promotes the deep digital-real economy integration can be established.

Digital Economy: A Vision From The Future

The article shows that the foundation of the digital economy can be a new paradigm for predicting the future from the future,i.e.from the future in which the development goal has already been achieved.This allows to minimize all costs and completely avoid incorrect system solutions of the existing trial-and-error approach.Using the achievements of the technological revolution of Industry 4.0,an effective digital economy can be formed only when it is seen as an economy of coordinated interests between the state,business,society and the interests of each individual in real time at every local level.This will make it possible to solve the problem of ensuring the high quality of life not of citizens in general,but of each individual.

A Theory of Digital Economy Development:An Examination of the Practice of Chinese Platforms

Grasping the development trends and patterns of the digital economy and promoting the integrated development of the digital and the real economy is a strategic choice for China's construction of new competitive advantages.Based on case studies of the growth of e-commerce,this paper develops five microeconomic propositions about the following issues:the microeconomic features of data factor that differ from traditional production factors;optimal decision-making for digital enterprises;“data+platform”architecture,data transaction governance,and digital infrastructure supply.We apply these theoretical propositions to enterprise innovative practices in different application scenarios such as driverless vehicles and manufacturing digitalization.This paper provides a systematic and consistent theoretical framework for analyzing platform business model innovation and accurately identifying issues of institutional construction that promote the integrated development of the digital and the real economy.

Data-Empowered High-Quality Economic Development: Mechanisms and Pathways

To achieve high-quality economic development,it is imperative to prioritize the real economy and foster new factors for economic growth.Data,as a new factor of production,plays a pivotal role in facilitating the seamless integration between digital technology and the real economy.It possesses inherent attributes and techno-economic characteristics that enable the extraction of value across various processes,including production,transaction,consumption,and regulatory supervision.The integration with digital technology enhances the productivity and efficiency of the real economy by facilitating service sector digitalization,accelerating the growth of the new real economy,and supporting the virtual economy in its role of serving the real economy.At present,unleashing the value of data is hindered by inadequate fundamental systems for the data,a lack of activity in the transaction market,and the underutilization of the data as a factor of production by enterprises in the real economy.Therefore,it is advised that data be fully utilized to develop the real economy through the four-pronged approach of“enhancing support for the high-quality provision of the data,expediting the integration of the data into the real economy,promoting the high-quality development of the real economy,and enhancing public service and governance systems”.

数实融合背景下平台经济优化乡村产业链的机制

促进数实融合是顺应经济高质量发展新趋势、发掘经济增长新动能的战略选择。数实融合以平台为中枢,有效整合技术与数据并在不同场景应用,实现价值增值。由平台发展衍生而来的平台经济,已经成为数字经济时代主要的经济组织形态和市场运行模式,具有典型的网络效应、普惠效应、创新效应、价值创造效应,通过提质、增效、扩容为传统产业转型升级构筑新动能。当前,我国乡村产业链面临现代生产要素缺失、产业创新驱动不足、产业链条过短、产业协同能力不足、产业链数字化综合运营能力有待提升等问题。平台经济基于自身特性,能够通过优化乡村产业链要素投入结构、打造纵向延伸与横向拓展的双向一体化,助力乡村产业链全链路数字化升级,实现对乡村产业链的补链、延链、强链作用。促进平台经济与乡村产业链深度融合、释放新发展动能是一项系统工程,需要政府、平台企业、社会多方协同,围绕乡村产业链,部署创新链,提升价值链,推动产业主体、产业结构与产业模式同步创新,以乡村产业链升级助力现代农业农村经济体系构建。

数字金融创新有助于促进实体经济高质量发展吗?——基于金融服务效率的机制分析与空间计量

中央金融工作会议强调,坚持把金融服务实体经济作为根本宗旨。数字金融作为数字技术与金融业态融合创新的产物,对提升金融服务效率,支持实体经济高质量发展具有重要意义。基于2011-2021年中国31个省级行政区的平衡面板数据,通过构建实体经济高质量发展指标体系和嵌套空间权重矩阵,运用空间计量模型、动态杜宾模型和中介效应检验方法,实证研究数字金融创新对实体经济高质量发展的直接影响、溢出效应和作用机制,得出:数字金融创新不仅能直接促进本地区实体经济的高质量发展,而且具有正向空间溢出效应,对邻近地区实体经济高质量发展呈现渐进、动态的长期影响。中介效应检验结果表明,提升金融服务效率是数字金融创新促进实体经济高质量发展的主要作用机制。在金融科技创新监管试点地区,数字金融创新对实体经济高质量发展的直接影响、溢出效应和中介效应均明显高于非试点地区。因此,要稳步推进金融科技创新监管试点,优化数字金融业态空间布局,畅通数字金融促进实体经济高质量发展的传导机制。

数字经济与实体经济融合的制度安排

数字经济与实体经济融合是建设现代化产业体系的现实需要,也是推动实体经济高质量发展的内在要求。然而,数据产权、交易、分配和治理制度不健全、核心技术存在短板、数字技术与传统产业脱节、寡头垄断平台“一家独大”、数字基础设施供求不匹配、数字鸿沟较大为数字经济与实体经济融合带来了现实挑战。数据要素制度、数字技术制度、数字产业制度、数字平台制度、数字基础设施制度可为数字经济与实体经济融合发展提供关键内核、强劲动能、生态体系、中介载体和坚实底座。因此,数字经济与实体经济走向深度融合需要加强相关的制度安排,未来应完善以“数据二十条”为核心的数据要素制度、“卡脖子”技术攻关制度、数字产业融合制度、数字平台治理制度、数字基础设施共投共建共享制度和数字鸿沟弥合制度。

数字新质生产力与实体经济高质量发展:理论分析与实证检验

扎实推进实体经济高质量发展是当前及未来一段时间内中国经济发展的重要命题。作为一种新型生产力,数字新质生产力对实体经济高质量发展的重要作用日渐凸显。文章在测度实体经济高质量发展水平的基础上,借助固定效应模型探究数字新质生产力与实体经济高质量发展之间的关系。结果表明,数字新质生产力能够有效促进实体经济高质量发展。机制检验结果表明,技术创新扩散与产业结构升级是数字新质生产力影响实体经济的重要渠道。异质性检验结果证实,数字新质生产力对实体经济高质量发展的赋能作用在东部地区更为显著。

全球数字经济浪潮下中国式现代化发展基础的多维转变

中国式现代化是具有中国特色、符合中国国情的现代化道路。新发展阶段数字经济的蓬勃发展为中国式现代化提供了新的发展思路。在全球数字经济浪潮的冲击下,推动中国式现代化的高质量发展,就要推动中国式现代化的生产力基础实现从传统生产力向新质生产力的转变,物质基础实现从实体经济基础向数实融合的经济基础的转变,产业基础实现从工业产业体系向数字化产业体系的转变,技术基础实现从工业技术创新向工业技术创新与数字技术创新结合转变,以及在制度基础方面实现数据要素市场的完善和治理体系的现代化。在全球数字经济浪潮下要最大程度发挥数字经济的发展优势,促进中国式现代化经济技术基础的转变,进一步促进产业创新,实现我国产业基础高级化和产业链现代化,培育新时期中国式现代化发展的新优势。

数据要素市场化配置对数实融合的影响研究——基于数据交易平台设立的准自然实验

数字经济与实体经济深度融合将推动全国统一大市场建设和双循环新发展格局的构建,成为经济增长的新动能。基于数据交易平台设立的准自然实验,采用耦合评价模型测度2010—2021年全国280个地级市的数字经济与实体经济融合水平,以多期双重差分法实证检验以数据交易平台设立为表征的数据要素市场化配置对数实融合的影响。研究发现:数据要素市场化配置显著促进了数字经济与实体经济的融合,该结论经一系列稳健性检验依旧成立;机制分析表明,数据要素市场化配置通过成本效应、要素配置效应、技术创新效应等路径影响数字经济与实体经济的融合;异质性分析表明,数据要素市场化配置对数实融合的提升效应在产权保护程度较高、行政等级较高及市场化程度较高的城市表现更为明显;拓展性分析发现,数据要素市场化配置对数字经济与实体经济融合的影响存在空间溢出效应。因而应加强数据交易平台建设,多维度探索数实融合路径,挖掘试点政策潜力,加强区域主体的交流协作,优化数据要素市场化配置,更好推动数字经济与实体经济的融合发展。

数字金融、创业效应与实体经济高质量发展

基于2011—2021年中国省域面板数据,从五个维度对实体经济高质量发展指标体系进行构建,利用空间杜宾模型检验数字金融对实体经济高质量发展的影响。结果显示:第一,数字金融能显著促进实体经济高质量发展且存在正向空间溢出效应,发展数字金融对本省份和邻近省份实体经济高质量发展均有推动作用。第二,创业效应在数字金融助力实体经济高质量发展的过程中存在显著的传导作用,提升创业效应水平是数字金融赋能实体经济高质量发展的重要机制。第三,门槛模型检验发现,数字金融对实体经济高质量发展的积极影响呈现“边际效应递增”的非线性特点,且创业效应在其中发挥调节作用,能够增强数字金融对实体经济高质量发展的影响效果。据此提出全面建设中国数字金融体系,加强数字金融对企业创业创新活动的引导扶持,充分重视并利用数字金融的空间外溢效应,深度赋能实体经济高质量发展等政策建议。

以数实融合推动新型工业化的阶段性特征、战略定位与路径选择

新型工业化是我国高质量发展在工业化发展战略中的集中体现。在高质量发展阶段我国新型工业化发展的环境条件发生了深刻变化,既有数字经济背景下数字技术更迭带来的诸多新机遇和新挑战,也有国际分工结构调整与全球竞争加剧和国内过去工业发展模式的弊病逐渐显现。以数实融合推动新型工业化具有创新驱动、“四化”互通、高效集约、内外联动、供需协同的阶段性特征。以数实融合推动新型工业化,在目标要求定位上,要稳步迈进数字制造强国行列、筑牢新型工业化物质根基、营造利于新型工业化发展的外部环境;在主要内容定位上,要以质量变革、效率变革、动力变革持续推进我国新型工业化进程。因此,以数实融合推动新型工业化在实现路径上要着力提升产业链供应链韧性和安全水平,加快提升产业创新能力和人才综合素质,持续推动工业结构优化升级和工业企业“智改数转”,大力推动数字技术与实体经济深度融合。

数实融合培育和壮大制造业产业集群的理论逻辑与实施路径

数字经济与实体经济融合发展已经成为中国提升产业竞争力的重要手段,在培育和壮大产业集群发展中具有重要的推动作用。本文从农村电商这一数字经济与实体经济融合的典型形式入手,以电商大县山东曹县的服饰产业为例,探究数实融合在培育和壮大制造业产业集群中的理论逻辑和实施路径,为深化数实融合促进产业集群发展提供新思路。数实融合带来的销售模式创新促使销售实体的市场容量跃升,为产业集聚发展提供动力支撑;数实融合改善制造业产业集群内部的资源配置水平和创新能力,线上集聚极大突破产业集群区域的发展资源禀赋限制,进而提升产业集群的竞争力水平。推动电商高质量发展、加强数字基础设施建设、推进生产企业的数字化转型和引导产业线上集聚,是以数实融合推动制造业集群发展的重要路径。

数实深度融合推动新型工业化的战略重点、战略任务与路径选择

数实深度融合推动新型工业化是通过数实融合为实体经济提供技术支持、内需支持、政策创新支持来实现新型工业化。在中国数字经济发展的新阶段数实深度融合推动我国新型工业化的战略重点在于以数实深度融合创新力提高实体经济的产业基础能力,以数实深度融合培育实体经济产业链的现代化水平,以产业价值链整体水平提高完善新型工业化的价值链支撑,消除数实深度融合区域差异弥合制约新型工业化的数字鸿沟,以数实深度融合制度体系的完善构建新型工业化的制度基础。在数字经济新发展阶段中数实深度融合推动新型工业化的战略任务在于以数实深度融合培育实体经济的新动能和新优势,培育创新型人才优化数实深度融合推动新型工业化的人才链,以企业的数字化转型培育数实深度融合推动新型工业化的微观主体,以服务业的数字化转型构建数实深度融合推动新型工业化的服务体系。在我国数字经济新发展阶段数实深度融合推动新型工业化的路径选择在于:以产业数字化和数字产业化的结合、供给侧结构性改革、消费转型升级和数字基础设施建设深化数实融合,进而推动新型工业化。

数字经济与实体经济深度融合:联动机制与政策优化

以数据作为关键生产要素的数字经济正在引领高质量发展。实体经济的数字化正朝着数字经济运行的模式转变。文章阐述了数字经济与实体经济融合的联动机制,即传统实体产业的数字化转型拓展了数字经济的发展空间,与此同时,数字经济的发展促进传统实体产业平台化、网络化、数字化运行和效率提升。数字经济的发展催生了规模巨大的新的市场需求,刺激了实体经济的进一步发展,减缓了空间对经济活动的约束,扩大了资源配置的空间范围,实体经济将数字空间里数据驱动的资源配置在现实的地理空间中实现,这表明数字经济与实体经济具有互补性。文章丰富了数字经济与实体经济深度融合机制的研究,也拓展了数字经济运行模式的研究,为推进数字中国战略提供了理论启示。