Integrins and their potential roles in mammalian pregnancy

Integrins are a highly complex family of receptors that, when expressed on the surface of cells, can mediate reciprocal cell-to-cell and cell-to-extracellular matrix(ECM) interactions leading to assembly of integrin adhesion complexes(IACs) that initiate many signaling functions both at the membrane and deeper within the cytoplasm to coordinate processes including cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, survival, differentiation, and metabolism. All metazoan organisms possess integrins, and it is generally agreed that integrins were associated with the evolution of multicellularity, being essential for the association of cells with their neighbors and surroundings, during embryonic development and many aspects of cellular and molecular biology. Integrins have important roles in many aspects of embryonic development, normal physiology, and disease processes with a multitude of functions discovered and elucidated for integrins that directly influence many areas of biology and medicine, including mammalian pregnancy, in particular implantation of the blastocyst to the uterine wall, subsequent placentation and conceptus(embryo/fetus and associated placental membranes) development. This review provides a succinct overview of integrin structure, ligand binding, and signaling followed with a concise overview of embryonic development, implantation, and early placentation in pigs, sheep, humans, and mice as an example for rodents. A brief timeline of the initial localization of integrin subunits to the uterine luminal epithelium(LE) and conceptus trophoblast is then presented, followed by sequential summaries of integrin expression and function during gestation in pigs, sheep, humans, and rodents. As appropriate for this journal, summaries of integrin expression and function during gestation in pigs and sheep are in depth, whereas summaries for humans and rodents are brief. Because similar models to those illustrated in Fig. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 are present throughout the scientific literature, the illustrations in this manuscript are drafted as Viking imagery for entertainment purposes.

电针联合阿仑膦酸钠对骨质疏松大鼠Integrinα2/FAK/Runx2通路的影响

目的探讨电针联合阿仑膦酸钠对去卵巢大鼠骨质疏松症的改善作用及对Integrinα2/FAK/Runx2通路调节作用。方法选取30只大鼠随机分为假手术组(6只)及造模组(24只),采用手术切除卵巢法建立骨质疏松症大鼠模型。将造模后的大鼠随机分为骨质疏松模型组、电针治疗组、阿仑膦酸钠组及联合治疗组,每组6只。电针治疗组、阿仑膦酸钠组及联合治疗组分别按照相应干预方法干预8周。通过酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)试剂盒测定大鼠血清碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、骨钙素(BGP)、抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRACP)-5b、Ⅰ型胶原羧基末端肽(ICIP)、I型胶原氨基端延长肽(PINP)水平;双能X射线测定大鼠股骨骨密度及骨矿物含量;骨生物力学测定仪测定大鼠骨生物力学指标;苏木精-伊红(HE)染色法检查股骨组织病理学变化;实时定量聚合酶链式反应(RT-qPCR)测定股骨组织Integrinα2、FAK及Runx2 mRNA水平;免疫印记法(Western blot)测定股骨组织Integrinα2、FAK及Runx2蛋白水平。结果与假手术组比较,骨质疏松模型组血清ALP、BGP、TRACP-5b、ICIP、PINP水平显著升高(P<0.05),骨密度、骨矿物含量、最大载荷、最大应力、刚度,股骨组织Integrinα2、FAK及Runx2 mRNA及蛋白水平显著降低(P<0.05);与骨质疏松模型组比较,电针治疗组、阿仑膦酸钠组及联合治疗组血清ALP、BGP、TRACP-5b、ICIP、PINP水平显著降低(P<0.05),骨密度、骨矿物含量、最大载荷、最大应力、刚度,股骨组织Integrinα2、FAK及Runx2 mRNA及蛋白水平显著升高(P<0.05);与电针治疗组及阿仑膦酸钠组比较,联合治疗组血清ALP、BGP、TRACP-5b、ICIP、PINP水平显著降低(P<0.05),骨密度、骨矿物含量、最大载荷、最大应力、刚度,股骨组织Integrinα2、FAK及Runx2 mRNA及蛋白水平显著升高(P<0.05)。结论电针联合阿仑膦酸钠能够显著提高绝经后骨质疏松症大鼠骨密度,抑制骨质疏松病理进展,改善大鼠骨代谢及骨生物力学改变,其机制可能与调节Integrinα2/FAK/Runx2通路有关。

CD44v6、MMP_2和β_1integrins在CINⅡ-Ⅲ、宫颈鳞形细胞癌中的表达和意义

目的通过研究CD44v6、MMP2和β1integrins在CINⅡ-Ⅲ、宫颈鳞形细胞癌组织中的表达,探讨细胞外基质降解在宫颈鳞形细胞癌发生发展中的作用。方法收集宫颈鳞形细胞癌组织切片20例,CINⅡ-Ⅲ组织切片15例,正常宫颈组织切片10例,免疫组化法检测CD44v6、MMP2和β1integrins表达。结果CD44v6低表达与CINⅡ-Ⅲ病变有相关性(P<0.05),与宫颈鳞形上皮癌变有高度相关性(P<0.001);β1integrins低表达与CINⅡ-Ⅲ病变有高度相关性(P<0.001);MMP2高表达与宫颈鳞形上皮癌变有高度相关性(P<0.001),但与CINⅡ-Ⅲ病变无相关性(P>0.05)。结论CD44v6、β1integrins和MMP2的异常表达与宫颈鳞癌的发生发展有关,细胞外基质作用减弱有利于宫颈癌变的发生,其本身结构的破坏有利于宫颈癌的浸润。

力学刺激对大鼠成骨细胞Integrins α_2、β_1、β_3表达和细胞增殖、合成功能的影响

探讨在成骨细胞中 Integrins调节力学信号转导可能的分子机制和周期性双轴力学应变对成骨细胞增殖与合成功能的影响。将 3月龄雌性 SD大鼠颅顶骨分离的成骨细胞在含 10 %胎牛血清的 F- 12培养液中培养并接种在 Flexercell type I dish中。当细胞生长至亚融合状态 (Subconfluence) ,给细胞施加力学刺激 ,频率为 1Hz,力学刺激分别为 4 0 0、10 0 0、4 0 0 0 μ strain;作用时间分别为每天 30 m in,2 h,4 h,和 8h,共加载 2 d。以未受力学刺激的细胞为对照组 ,受力学刺激的细胞为实验组 ,并进行比较。采用流式细胞技术测定和分析 Integrinsα2 ,β1 ,β3在成骨细胞膜上的表达量、细胞周期分布与细胞增殖变化 ;采用同位素标记方法检测成骨细胞骨钙素、I型胶原 C端前肽 (PICP)和总蛋白的分泌量。结果表明 :(1)在 3月龄雌性 SD大鼠成骨细胞膜表面有 Integrinsα2 ,β1 ,β3的表达 ,β1的表达最高。 (2 )周期性双轴力学应变对 3月龄雌性 SD大鼠成骨细胞膜表面 Integrinsα2 ,β1 ,β3的表达量有明显上调作用 ,但不同强度、不同作用时间的力学应变对成骨细胞膜表面 Integrinsα2 ,β1 ,β3表达量上调的作用亦不相同 ,而 β3对力学刺激最敏感 ;在 4 0 0 0 μ strain力学刺激下 ,成骨细胞膜表面 Integrinsα2 。

miR-143-3p通过靶向integrinβ1抑制肝癌进展

目的探讨肝癌中miR-143-3p的表达及其对肝癌细胞恶性生物学行为的影响,并分析潜在的机制。方法收集肝癌组织,用RT-qPCR和Western blot法分别检测miR-143-3p和integrinβ1的表达。体外培养肝癌细胞,并用miR-143-3p mimics转染后,用XTT和EDU法检测过表达miR-143-3p对细胞增殖活力的影响,用Transwell法检测过表达miR-143-3p对细胞迁移与侵袭的影响,Western blot法检测过表达miR-143-3p对integrinβ1表达的影响。用荧光素酶活性法检测miR-143-3p与integrinβ1的靶向关系。用XTT、EdU和Transwell法检测过表达integrinβ1对已转染miR-143-3p mimics的肝癌细胞增殖、迁移与侵袭的影响。结果与癌旁正常组织比较,肝癌组织中miR-143-3p表达降低,integrinβ1表达升高,且二者均随疾病分期进展进一步降低或增高。过表达miR-143-3p能抑制肝癌细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭,并能下调integrinβ1表达。过表达integrinβ1能逆转miR-143-3p对肝癌细胞的抑制作用。integrinβ1为miR-143-3p的靶点。结论miR-143-3p在肝癌中表达下调,而上调miR-143-3p能通过靶向integrinβ1抑制肝癌细胞增殖、迁移与侵袭。

Effects of Integrins and Integrin αvβ3 Inhibitor on Angiogenesis in Cerebral Ischemic Stroke

Summary： Integrins such as αvβ3, α5β31 play a key role in angiogenesis regulation, invasion and metastasis, inflammation, wound healing, etc. The up-regulation of integrin αvβ3 after cerebral ischemic stroke can promote angiogenesis, which in turn improves functional recovery. In addition, the integrin αvβ3 inhibitor can block the blood-brain barrier （BBB） leakage induced by vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF） and also can reduce inflammatory reaction, decrease the deposition of fibrinogen. Other studies showed that integrin αvβ3 is not essential in revascularization. Therefore, the effect of integrin αvβ3 in the whole process of brain function recovery merits further study.

CXCR4通过integrinαVβ3调控头颈部鳞癌细胞迁移的机制研究

目的:研究C-X-C型趋化因子受体4(CXCR4)-整合素αVβ3(integrinαVβ3)介导头颈部鳞癌细胞迁移的分子生物学机制。方法:应用头颈部鳞癌细胞株HN-5,采用慢病毒转染方法构建CXCR4过表达的细胞株,用荧光显微镜观察基因表达情况;采用脂质体法将CXCR4-siRNA、integrinαVβ3-siRNA分别转染至HN-5细胞和CXCR4过表达的HN-5细胞中,Transwell小室实验检测HN-5细胞迁移能力,Western blot实验检测CXCR4、integrinαVβ3、基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)、基质金属蛋白酶-2(MMP-2)和黏附斑激酶(FAK)-非受体型酪氨酸蛋白激酶(SRC)-细胞外信号调节激酶(ERK)信号通路相关蛋白的表达情况。结果:CXCR4过表达可上调HN-5细胞中integrinαVβ3表达水平,而抑制CXCR4表达可下调integrinαVβ3表达;CXCR4过表达可调控MMP-2和MMP-9促进癌细胞迁移,并激活FAK-SRC-ERK信号通路;而抑制integrinαVβ3表达可明显逆转CXCR4过表达对HN-5细胞的上述作用。结论:CXCR4过表达可通过integrinαVβ3促进头颈部鳞癌细胞迁移,其作用机制可能与激活FAK-SRC-ERK通路有关。

Calcitriol Suppressed Isoproterenol-induced Proliferation of Cardiac Fibroblasts via Integrinβ3/FAK/Akt Pathway

Objective Cardiac fibroblasts(CFs)proliferation and extracellular matrix deposition are important features of cardiac fibrosis.Various studies have indicated that vitamin D displays an anti-fibrotic property in chronic heart diseases.This study explored the role of vitamin D in the growth of CFs via an integrin signaling pathway.Methods MTT and 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine assays were performed to determine cell viability.Western blotting was performed to detect the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA)and integrin signaling pathway.The fibronectin was observed by ELISA.Immunohistochemical staining was employed to evaluate the expression of integrinβ3.Results The PCNA expression in the CFs was enhanced after isoproterenol(ISO)stimulation accompanied by an elevated expression of integrin beta-3(β3).The blockade of the integrinβ3 with a specific integrinβ3 antibody reduced the PCNA expression induced by the ISO.Decreasing the integrinβ3 by siRNA reduced the ISO-triggered phosphorylation of FAK and Akt.Both the FAK inhibitor and Akt inhibitor suppressed the PCNA expression induced by the ISO in the CFs.Calcitriol(CAL),an active form of vitamin D,attenuated the ISO-induced CFs proliferation by downregulating the integrinβ3 expression,and phosphorylation of FAK and Akt.Moreover,CAL reduced the increased levels of fibronectin and hydroxyproline in the CFs culture medium triggered by the ISO.The administration of calcitriol decreased the integrinβ3 expression in the ISO-induced myocardial injury model.Conclusion These findings revealed a novel role for CAL in suppressing the CFs growth by the downregulation of the integrinβ3/FAK/Akt pathway.

Roles for α_Vβ_3 and GP Ilb/Illa integrins in MDA-MB-231cell invasion and shear flow-induced mechanotransduction

Introduction Hematogenous metastasis is the mainly leading cause of death in breast carcinoma patients.A better understanding of the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms is crucial for the development of effective treatment for metastatic breast cancer[1].It has been well established that cell adhesion and invasion is mediated by a variety of transmembrane proteins,including integrins,cadherins,selectins,and intercellular adhesion molecules.Among these adhesion molecules,the integrins and their downstream signaling pathways have been extensively studied[2].On the other hand,the specific events determining tumor cell interactions with endo-

Platelet factor 4 induces bone loss by inhibiting the integrinα5-FAK-ERK pathway

Background:The effect of platelet factor 4(PF4)on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BMMSCs)and osteoporosis is poorly understood.Therefore,this study aimed to evaluate the effects of PF4-triggered bone destruction in mice and determine the underlying mechanism.Methods:First,in vitro cell proliferation and cell cycle of BMMSCs were assessed using a CCK8 assay and flow cytometry,respectively.Osteogenic differentiation was confirmed using staining and quantification of alkaline phosphatase and Alizarin Red S.Next,an osteoporotic mouse model was established by performing bilateral ovariectomy(OVX).Furthermore,the PF4 concentrations were obtained using enzymelinked immunosorbent assay.The bone microarchitecture of the femur was evaluated using microCT and histological analyses.Finally,the key regulators of osteogenesis and pathways were investigated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting.Results:Human PF4 widely and moderately decreased the cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation ability of BMMSCs.Furthermore,the levels of PF4 in the serum and bone marrow were generally increased,whereas bone microarchitecture deteriorated due to OVX.Moreover,in vivo mouse PF4 supplementation triggered bone deterioration of the femur.In addition,several key regulators of osteogenesis were downregulated,and the integrinα5-focal adhesion kinase-extracellular signalregulated kinase(ITGA5-FAK-ERK)pathway was inhibited due to PF4 supplementation.Conclusions:PF4 may be attributed to OVX-i nduced bone loss triggered by the suppression of bone formation in vivo and alleviate BMMSC osteogenic differentiation by inhibiting the ITGA5-FAK-ERK pathway.

Multi-scale molecular dynamics simulations and applications on mechanosensitive proteins of integrins

Molecular dynamics simulation(MDS)is a powerful technology for investigating evolution dynamics of target proteins,and it is used widely in various fields from materials to biology.This mini-review introduced the principles,main preforming procedures,and advances of MDS,as well as its applications on the studies of conformational and allosteric dynamics of proteins especially on that of the mechanosensitive integrins.Future perspectives were also proposed.This review could provide clues in understanding the potentiality of MD simulations in structure–function relationship investigation of biological proteins.

Changes of β_3 Integrins and Extracellular Matrix Proteins in the Endometrium of Unexplained Infertility

The purpose of this study was to investigate changes of β 3 integrins and extra cellular matrix proteins including fibronectin (FN), laminin (LN) and collagen type Ⅳ (CL typeⅣ) on the endometrium of secretory phase from 31 fertile women (fertility group)and 34 women with unexplained infertility (infertility group) by a histochemical method.The results were as follows:In glandular epithelium, β 3 integrin appeared in the mid secretory phase and continued to late secretory phase in the fertility group, but was not expressed during the secretory phase in the infertility group. Extracellular matrix proteins from the fertility group were expressed more strongly in mid secretory phase than that in the early secretory phase, and were weakest in the late secretory phase. Compared with the fertility group, the levels of extracellular matrix proteins in the infertility group were elevated in the secretory phase. In conclusion: our current study demonstrate that β 3 integrin and extracellular matrix proteins are expressed at different levels in the endometrium during the menstrual cycle. They are involved in endometrial changes during the menstrual cycle and during the implantation of the blastocyst. Their unusual expression result in the failure of implantation.

度洛西汀对神经病理性疼痛大鼠kindlin/integrin/RhoA通路及脊髓星形胶质细胞活化的影响

目的探讨度洛西汀对神经病理性疼痛大鼠脊髓星形胶质细胞活化的影响,以及与kindlin/整合素(integrin)/RhoA信号通路的关系。方法将60只SD大鼠随机分成5组:假手术组、模型组、度洛西汀低剂量组、度洛西汀中剂量组和度洛西汀高剂量组。除假手术组外,其余各组均采用慢性缩窄损伤诱导大鼠神经病理性疼痛。各组分别给予药物处理,检测机械撤退阈值(mechanical withdrawal threshold,MWT)和热撤退潜伏期(thermal withdrawal latency,TWL);采用免疫组织化学检测脊髓GFAP蛋白表达水平;采用ELISA法检测脊髓炎性因子白细胞介素1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)水平;采用Western blot法检测大鼠脊髓kindlin、integrin、RhoA蛋白表达水平。结果与假手术组相比,模型组大鼠MWT、TWL显著降低(P<0.05),炎性因子IL-1β和TNF-α水平、GFAP及kindlin-1、integrin、RhoA蛋白表达水平显著升高(P<0.05);与模型组相比,度洛西汀各剂量组大鼠MWT、TWL显著升高(P<0.05),炎性因子IL-1β和TNF-α水平、GFAP及kindlin-1、integrin、RhoA蛋白表达水平显著降低(P<0.05)。结论度洛西汀可抑制星形胶质细胞活化和炎症反应,减轻神经病理性疼痛,其机制可能与kindlin/integrin/RhoA信号通路有关。

Mechanochemistry of catch bonds between integrins and ligands

Integrins are a large family of adhesion molecules broadly expressed on the surface of a wide variety of cells as heterodimers.Binding of integrins to ligands provides anchorage and signals for the cell,making them prime candidates for mechanosensing molecules.To elucidate how force regulates integrin/ligand dissociation,we used molecular mechanics experiments

Integrin binding peptides facilitate growth and interconnected vascular-like network formation of rat primary cortical vascular endothelial cells in vitro

Neovascularization and angiogenesis in the brain are important physiological processes for normal brain development and repair/regeneration following insults. Integrins are cell surface adhesion receptors mediating important function of cells such as survival, growth and development during tissue organization, differentiation and organogenesis. In this study, we used an integrin-binding array platform to identify the important types of integrins and their binding peptides that facilitate adhesion, growth, development, and vascular-like network formation of rat primary brain microvascular endothelial cells. Brain microvascular endothelial cells were isolated from rat brain on post-natal day 7. Cells were cultured in a custom-designed integrin array system containing short synthetic peptides binding to 16 types of integrins commonly expressed on cells in vertebrates. After 7 days of culture, the brain microvascular endothelial cells were processed for immunostaining with markers for endothelial cells including von Willibrand factor and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule. 5-Bromo-2′-dexoyuridine was added to the culture at 48 hours prior to fixation to assess cell proliferation. Among 16 integrins tested, we found that α5β1, αvβ5 and αvβ8 greatly promoted proliferation of endothelial cells in culture. To investigate the effect of integrin-binding peptides in promoting neovascularization and angiogenesis, the binding peptides to the above three types of integrins were immobilized to our custom-designed hydrogel in three-dimensional(3 D) culture of brain microvascular endothelial cells with the addition of vascular endothelial growth factor. Following a 7-day 3 D culture, the culture was fixed and processed for double labeling of phalloidin with von Willibrand factor or platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule and assessed under confocal microscopy. In the 3 D culture in hydrogels conjugated with the integrin-binding peptide, brain microvascular endothelial cells formed interconnected vascular-like network with clearly discernable lumens, which is reminiscent of brain microvascular network in vivo. With the novel integrin-binding array system, we identified the specific types of integrins on brain microvascular endothelial cells that mediate cell adhesion and growth followed by functionalizing a 3 D hydrogel culture system using the binding peptides that specifically bind to the identified integrins, leading to robust growth and lumenized microvascular-like network formation of brain microvascular endothelial cells in 3 D culture. This technology can be used for in vitro and in vivo vascularization of transplants or brain lesions to promote brain tissue regeneration following neurological insults.

Exosomes promote the invasion and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells via an integrin-dependent manner in the spleen-deficient state

Background:To investigate the detailed mechanism underlying the pro-metastatic effect of spleen deficiency(SD)syndrome on hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).Methods:In the present study,our model was established based on an HCC mouse model induced by diethylnitrosamine using reserpine to induce SD.Exosomes were isolated and purified from mouse plasma samples using an exosome isolation kit.Subsequently,we verified the pro-metastatic effects of exosomes from the HCC mice with SD on HCC cells by transwell assays,wound healing assays,phalloidin staining in vitro,and lung metastasis assay of mice in vivo.Finally,we further explored the detailed mechanism underlying the pro-metastatic effect of exosomes from the HCC mice with SD on HCC cells.Results:We found that SD promoted the malignant progression of HCC in mice.Exosomes from HCC mice with SD enhanced the invasion and metastasis of HCC cells in vitro and in vivo.Mechanistically,upregulation of integrinα1,integrinβ1,and integrinβ5 seemed to play a key role in mediating the pro-metastatic effect of exosomes isolated from the HCC mice with SD,which was largely abrogated upon co-treatment with a broad-spectrum integrin inhibitor.Conclusion:Our findings demonstrated that exosomes promote the invasion and metastasis of HCC cells via an integrin-dependent manner in the spleen-deficient state that would contribute to our better understanding of the role of SD in HCC progression in traditional Chinese medicine,and thus management of the disease.

Integrin beta 3-overexpressing mesenchymal stromal cells display enhanced homing and can reduce atherosclerotic plaque

BACKGROUND Umbilical cord(UC)mesenchymal stem cell(MSC)transplantation is a potential therapeutic intervention for atherosclerotic vascular disease.Integrin beta 3(ITGB3)promotes cell migration in several cell types.However,whether ITGBmodified MSCs can migrate to plaque sites in vivo and play an anti-atherosclerotic role remains unclear.AIM To investigate whether ITGB3-overexpressing MSCs(MSCs^(ITGB3))would exhibit improved homing efficacy in atherosclerosis.METHODS UC MSCs were isolated and expanded.Lentiviral vectors encoding ITGB3 or green fluorescent protein(GFP)as control were transfected into MSCs.Sixty male apolipoprotein E-/-mice were acquired from Beijing Vital River Lab Animal Technology Co.,Ltd and fed with a high-fat diet(HFD)for 12 wk to induce the formation of atherosclerotic lesions.These HFD-fed mice were randomly separated into three clusters.GFP-labeled MSCs(MSCs^(GFP))or MSCs^(ITGB3)were transplanted into the mice intravenously via the tail vein.Immunofluorescence staining,Oil red O staining,histological analyses,western blotting,enzymelinked immunosorbent assay,and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction were used for the analyses.RESULTS ITGB3 modified MSCs successfully differentiated into the“osteocyte”and“adipocyte”phenotypes and were characterized by positive expression(>91.3%)of CD29,CD73,and CD105 and negative expression(<1.35%)of CD34 and Human Leukocyte Antigen-DR.In a transwell assay,MSCs^(ITGB3)showed significantly faster migration than MSCsGFP.ITGB3 overexpression had no effects on MSC viability,differentiation,and secretion.Immunofluorescence staining revealed that ITGB3 overexpression substantially enhanced the homing of MSCs to plaque sites.Oil red O staining and histological analyses further confirmed the therapeutic effects of MSCs^(ITGB3),significantly reducing the plaque area.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed that MSC^(ITGB3)transplantation considerably decreased the inflammatory response in pathological tissues by improving the dynamic equilibrium of pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines.CONCLUSION These results showed that ITGB3 overexpression enhanced the MSC homing ability,providing a potential approach for MSC delivery to plaque sites,thereby optimizing their therapeutic effects.

Integrins mediating bone signal transduction

Integrin-mediated adhesions play critical roles in diverse cell functions. Integrins offers a platform on which mechanical stimuli, cytoskeletal organization, biochemical signals can concentrate. Mechanical stimuli transmitted by integrins influence the cytoskeleton, in turn, the cytoskeleton influences cell adhesion via integrins, then cell adhesion results in a series of signal transduction cascades. In skeleton, integrins also have a key role for bone resoption by osteoclasts and reformation by osteoblasts. In present review, the proteins involved in integrin signal transduction and integrin signal transduction pathways were discussed, mainly on the basic mechanisms of integrin signaling and the roles of integrins in bone signal transduction, which may give insight into new therapeutic agents to all kinds of skeletal diseases and new strategies for bone tissue engineering.

整合素β3基因多态性蛋白质变异及其与疾病关系研究进展

整合素(ITG)β3基因位于17号染色体长臂2区1号3带(17q21.3),基因区间在47253827~47313743,全长59917 kb,编码区间在47253862~47310204,全长56343 kb,有15个外显子、14个内含子;编码1648个氨基酸残基,分子量为105 kDa。ITGβ3蛋白是一种二价离子依赖性细胞黏附分子,广泛存在于细胞膜中。其主要功能是介导细胞之间,细胞和细胞外基质之间的识别、连接和黏附,主导细胞内外跨膜接头蛋白连接的作用。近年来,关于ITG在细胞识别与黏附、细胞活化与分化、免疫反应、细胞信号传导、炎症反应、创伤修复与愈合、凝血与血栓形成、肿瘤形成与转移等方面发挥重要作用的研究取得许多进展,本文综述如下。