Automated decision support for Hallux Valgus treatment options using anteroposterior foot radiographs

BACKGROUND Assessment of the potential utility of deep learning with subsequent image analysis to automate the measurement of hallux valgus and intermetatarsal angles from radiographs to serve as a preoperative aid in establishing hallux valgus severity for clinical decision-making.AIM To investigate the accuracy of automated measurements of angles of hallux valgus from radiographs for further integration with the preoperative planning process.METHODS The data comprises 265 consecutive digital anteroposterior weightbearing foot radiographs.181 radiographs were utilized for training(161)and validating(20)a U-Net neural network to achieve a mean Sørensen–Dice index>97%on bone segmentation.84 test radiographs were used for manual(computer assisted)and automated measurements of hallux valgus severity determined by hallux valgus(HVA)and intermetatarsal angles(IMA).The reliability of manual and computerbased measurements was calculated using the interclass correlation coefficient(ICC)and standard error of measurement(SEM).Inter-and intraobserver reliability coefficients were also compared.An operative treatment recommendation was then applied to compare results between automated and manual angle measurements.RESULTS Very high reliability was achieved for HVA and IMA between the manual measurements of three independent clinicians.For HVA,the ICC between manual measurements was 0.96-0.99.For IMA,ICC was 0.78-0.95.Comparing manual against automated computer measurement,the reliability was high as well.For HVA,absolute agreement ICC and consistency ICC were 0.97,and SEM was 0.32.For IMA,absolute agreement ICC was 0.75,consistency ICC was 0.89,and SEM was 0.21.Additionally,a strong correlation(0.80)was observed between our approach and traditional clinical adjudication for preoperative planning of hallux valgus,according to an operative treatment algorithm proposed by EFORT.CONCLUSION The proposed automated,artificial intelligence assisted determination of hallux valgus angles based on deep learning holds great potential as an accurate and efficient tool,with comparable accuracy to manual measurements by expert clinicians.Our approach can be effectively implemented in clinical practice to determine the angles of hallux valgus from radiographs,classify the deformity severity,streamline preoperative decision-making prior to corrective surgery.

Automated patellar height assessment on high-resolution radiographs with a novel deep learning-based approach

BACKGROUND Artificial intelligence and deep learning have shown promising results in medical imaging and interpreting radiographs.Moreover,medical community shows a gaining interest in automating routine diagnostics issues and orthopedic measurements.AIM To verify the accuracy of automated patellar height assessment using deep learning-based bone segmentation and detection approach on high resolution radiographs.METHODS 218 Lateral knee radiographs were included in the analysis.82 radiographs were utilized for training and 10 other radiographs for validation of a U-Net neural network to achieve required Dice score.92 other radiographs were used for automatic(U-Net)and manual measurements of the patellar height,quantified by Caton-Deschamps(CD)and Blackburne-Peel(BP)indexes.The detection of required bones regions on high-resolution images was done using a You Only Look Once(YOLO)neural network.The agreement between manual and automatic measurements was calculated using the interclass correlation coefficient(ICC)and the standard error for single measurement(SEM).To check U-Net's generalization the segmentation accuracy on the test set was also calculated.RESULTS Proximal tibia and patella was segmented with accuracy 95.9%(Dice score)by U-Net neural network on lateral knee subimages automatically detected by the YOLO network(mean Average Precision mAP greater than 0.96).The mean values of CD and BP indexes calculated by orthopedic surgeons(R#1 and R#2)was 0.93(±0.19)and 0.89(±0.19)for CD and 0.80(±0.17)and 0.78(±0.17)for BP.Automatic measurements performed by our algorithm for CD and BP indexes were 0.92(±0.21)and 0.75(±0.19),respectively.Excellent agreement between the orthopedic surgeons’measurements and results of the algorithm has been achieved(ICC>0.75,SEM<0.014).CONCLUSION Automatic patellar height assessment can be achieved on high-resolution radiographs with the required accuracy.Determining patellar end-points and the joint line-fitting to the proximal tibia joint surface allows for accurate CD and BP index calculations.The obtained results indicate that this approach can be valuable tool in a medical practice.