Analyzing spatiotemporal dynamics of land use and land cover over time is widely recognized as important to better understand and provide solutions for social, economic, and environmental problems, especially in ecolo...Analyzing spatiotemporal dynamics of land use and land cover over time is widely recognized as important to better understand and provide solutions for social, economic, and environmental problems, especially in ecologically fragile region. In this paper, a case study was taken in Zhenlai County, which is a part of farming-pastoral ecotone of Northeast China. This study seeks to use multi-temporal satellite images and other data from various sources to analyze spatiotemporal changes from 1932 to 2005, and applied a quantitative methodology named intensity analysis in the time scale of decades at three levels: time interval, category, and transition. The findings of the case study are as follows: 1) the interval level of intensity analysis revealed that the annual rate of overall change was relatively fast in 1932–1954 and 1954–1976 time intervals. 2) The category level showed that arable land experienced less intensively gains and losses if the overall change was to have been distributed uniformly across the landscape while the gains and losses of forest land, grassland, water, settlement, wetland and other unused land were not consistent and stationary across the four time intervals. 3) The transition level illustrated that arable land expanded at the expense of grassland before 2000 while it gained intensively from wetland from 2000 to 2005. Settlement targets arable land and avoids grassland, water, wetland and other unused land. Besides, the loss of grassland was intensively targeted by arable land, forest land and wetland in the study period while the loss of wetland was targeted by water except for the time interval of 1976–2000. 4) During the early reclamation period, land use change of the study area was mainly affected by the policy, institutional and political factors, followed by the natural disasters.展开更多
Sahel zone has been reported as one of the most vulnerable regions to climate change, so serious attention must be paid to this zone by researchers and development actors who are interested in environmental-human dyna...Sahel zone has been reported as one of the most vulnerable regions to climate change, so serious attention must be paid to this zone by researchers and development actors who are interested in environmental-human dynamics and interactions. The aim of this study was to bring more insight into the impact of actions aiming at reducing land degradation, regreening the Sahel, stopping population migration and reducing the pressure on land in the Sahelian zone. The study focused on farmland dynamic in Ouahigouya municipality based on remote sensing data from 1986 to 2016 using intensity analysis. The annual time interval change was 0.77% and 2.46% for 1986-2001 and 2001-2016, respectively. Farmlands gained from mixt vegetation, water bodies and from bar lands. Mixed vegetation and water bodies were both active during both intervals while the other land use such as woodland and bar land were dormant. Combining land use land cover analysis and intensity analysis was found to be effective for assessing the differentiated impact of the various land restoration actions.展开更多
In this paper, the initiatives of reforestation of the national forests of the North of the Côte d’Ivoire were examined using geomatics and the analysis of change of intensity by taking the case of the prot...In this paper, the initiatives of reforestation of the national forests of the North of the Côte d’Ivoire were examined using geomatics and the analysis of change of intensity by taking the case of the protected Forest of Badénou (PFB). A spatial analysis based on multi-spectral and multi-temporal Landsat imagery was carried out to assess land cover changes in the (PFB) over the past two decades and determine whether patterns of change in terms of the intensity of gains/losses of each of the land cover classes were active or dormant between the period before (2000-2013) and after (2013-2019) the reforestation initiative. Five main classes were identified: forest (dry deciduous and gallery forests), tree savannah, shrub/grassy savannah (including agricultural lands), bare lands (bare soils and degraded land areas), and water course. All classes were satisfactorily classified, with an excellent producer’s and user’s and overall accuracies and very good Kappa coefficients. The results showed that between 2000 and 2019, the forest cover in the PFB increased from 7778 ha to 5054 ha, a decrease was marked between 2000 and 2013 of approximately 60% compared to its size in 2000, while a slight increase between 2013 and 2019 (4645 ha to 5054 ha) i.e. around 9%) certainly due to the reforestation since 2016. As for the annual intensities of change for each class in both study periods, changes (gain or loss) in forest and tree savanna were relatively dormant after reforestation, while annual bare land gain was relatively active and marked, indicating that degradation of forests remains a threat to the sustainability of the PFB. Forest degradation has occurred mainly in the eastern parts of the PFB, while the central parts have regained more tree cover. These results can help identify conservation and restoration priorities and improve the overall management of the PFB.展开更多
Land use/land cover(LULC) is an important part of exploring the interaction between natural environment and human activities and achieving regional sustainable development. Based on the data of LULC types(cropland, fo...Land use/land cover(LULC) is an important part of exploring the interaction between natural environment and human activities and achieving regional sustainable development. Based on the data of LULC types(cropland, forest land, grassland, built-up land, and unused land) from 1990 to 2015, we analysed the intensity and driving factors of land use/cover change(LUCC) in the Yarlung Zangbo River,Nyang Qu River, and Lhasa River(YNL) region, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China, using intensity analysis method, cross-linking table method, and spatial econometric model. The results showed that LUCC in the YNL region was nonstationary from 1990 to 2015, showing a change pattern with "fast-slow-fast" and "U-shaped". Built-up land showed a steady increase pattern, while cropland showed a steady decrease pattern. The gain of built-up land mainly came from the loss of cropland. The transition pattern of LUCC in the YNL region was relatively single and stable during 1990–2015. The transition pattern from cropland and forest land to built-up land was a systematic change process of tendency and the transition pattern from grassland and unused land to cropland was a systematic change process of avoidance. The transition process of LUCC was the result of the combined effect of natural environment and social economic development in the YNL region. This study reveals the impact of ecological environment problems caused by human activities on the land resource system and provides scientific support for the study of ecological environment change and sustainable development of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.展开更多
Through the matching relationship between land use types and carbon emission items, this paper estimated carbon emissions of different land use types in Nanjing City, China and analyzed the influencing factors of carb...Through the matching relationship between land use types and carbon emission items, this paper estimated carbon emissions of different land use types in Nanjing City, China and analyzed the influencing factors of carbon emissions by Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index(LMDI) model. The main conclusions are as follows: 1) Total anthropogenic carbon emission of Nanjing increased from 1.22928 ×10^7 t in 2000 to 3.06939 × 10^7 t in 2009, in which the carbon emission of Inhabitation, mining & manufacturing land accounted for 93% of the total. 2) The average land use carbon emission intensity of Nanjing in 2009 was 46.63 t/ha, in which carbon emission intensity of Inhabitation, mining & manufacturing land was the highest(200.52 t/ha), which was much higher than that of other land use types. 3) The average carbon source intensity in Nanjing was 16 times of the average carbon sink intensity(2.83 t/ha) in 2009, indicating that Nanjing was confronted with serious carbon deficit and huge carbon cycle pressure. 4) Land use area per unit GDP was an inhibitory factor for the increase of carbon emissions, while the other factors were all contributing factors. 5) Carbon emission effect evaluation should be introduced into land use activities to formulate low-carbon land use strategies in regional development.展开更多
National nature reserves are an important part of classification management on ecological protection in China. Taking the national nature reserves of Jilin Province as examples, this paper introduced the stability ind...National nature reserves are an important part of classification management on ecological protection in China. Taking the national nature reserves of Jilin Province as examples, this paper introduced the stability index by referring to the intensity model of landuse and land-cover change(LUCC), and analyzed the overall stability of land-use and land-cover(LULC) in the study area from the time interval level and land category level. The stability of LULC in different types of nature reserves was tracked and identified by extracting land-use change trajectory, and the land-use change trajectory was divided into three types: stable type, sub-stable type and unstable type. The impact of LUCC on regional ecosystem services was studied by using hotspot analysis and gravity center analysis. The results showed that: 1) The LULC in the study area was stable on the whole, and the proportion of stable land area reached 86.08%. The intensity of LUCC showed an increasing trend in recent 20 years, and the conversion of cultivated land and construction land was active in continuous time interval. 2) The stability of LULC in forest ecological reserves and wildlife reserves in the eastern part of Jilin Province was the highest, while that in inland wetland reserves and geological relic reserves in the central and western part of Jilin Province was lower.3) The LUCC in national nature reserves not only changed the value of its own ecosystem service function, but also affected the ecosystem service function of the whole region. The combination of intensity analysis and land-use change trajectory was used to identify the characteristics of stability of LULC in nature reserves, which was conducive to deeply understand the process of LUCC in national nature reserves and provided reasonable suggestions for regional ecological protection.展开更多
The type B aortic dissection(TBAD)is a perilous disease with high morbidity and mortality rates.The hemodynamics of TBAD in different scenarios has been widely studied by computational fluid dynamics(CFD)research.Howe...The type B aortic dissection(TBAD)is a perilous disease with high morbidity and mortality rates.The hemodynamics of TBAD in different scenarios has been widely studied by computational fluid dynamics(CFD)research.However,the flow pattern and wave propagation characteristics in the cardiovascular system with TBAD are not yet clear,and the effect of the distal tear is still unknown.In this work,a onedimensional(1D)cardiovascular system model coupling with a zero-dimensional(0D)lumped-parameter model is introduced to study the hemodynamics and wave propagation in the cardiovascular system.The results show that the proposed 0D-1D method well captures the oscillation and retrograde characteristics for the flow in the false lumen(FL),and the smaller distal tear damps the retrograde flow.Besides,the distal tear should also be paid attention to,and the wave intensity(WI)can be used as an access mark of the degree of the aortic dissection(AD).展开更多
Summary:Interleukin 17A(IL 17A)is reported to be involved in many inflammatory processes,but its role in aortic valve diseases remains unknown.We examined the role of IL17A based on an ApoE^-/-mouse model with strateg...Summary:Interleukin 17A(IL 17A)is reported to be involved in many inflammatory processes,but its role in aortic valve diseases remains unknown.We examined the role of IL17A based on an ApoE^-/-mouse model with strategies as fed with high-fat diet or treated with ILI7A monoclonal antibody(mAb).12 weeks of high-fat diet feeding can elevate cytokines secretion,inflammatory cells infiltration and myofibroblastic transition of valvular interstitial cells(VICs)in aortic valve.Moreover,diet-induction accelerated interleukin 17 receptor A(IL17RA)activation in VICs.In an IL17A inhibition model,the treatment group was intra-peritoneally injected with anti-IL17A mAb while controls received irrelevant antibody.Functional blockade of IL17A markedly reduced cellular infiltration and transition in aortic valve.To investigate potential mechanisms,NF-kB was co-stained in IL17RA^+VICs and IL17RA macrophages,and further confirmed by Western blotting in VICs.High-fat diet could activate NF-kB nuclear translocation in IL17RA^+VICs and IL17RA^+macrophages and this process was depressed after IL17A mAb-treatment.In conclusion,high-fat diet can lead to IL17A upregulation,VICs myofibroblastic transition and inflammatory cells infiltration in the aortic value of ApoE^-/-mice.Blocking IL17A with IL17A mAb can alleviate aortic valve inflammatory states.展开更多
Based on measuring the cross-spectrum density of sound pressure between two hydrophones, the facility for underwater sound intensity measurement is investigated and designed. According to the principle of two-hydroph...Based on measuring the cross-spectrum density of sound pressure between two hydrophones, the facility for underwater sound intensity measurement is investigated and designed. According to the principle of two-hydrophone method for intensity measurement, the error analysis is carried out. Given the method of sound intensity measurement calibration for this underwater sound intensity measurement facility, the uncertainty of intensity measurement by this facility is evaluated. It is shown that the analysis and evaluation are agreeable to the experimental results.展开更多
The excimer laser has important applications in many fields. Because of its non-uniform intensity distribution there are some limits in applications. This paper introduces rotational lens array to improve intensity di...The excimer laser has important applications in many fields. Because of its non-uniform intensity distribution there are some limits in applications. This paper introduces rotational lens array to improve intensity distributions. The intensity variation is reduced to 1 percent by computer simulation.展开更多
Species richness is an important indicator of species diversity. Different sampling intensities will very likely produce different species richness values. Substantial efforts have already been made to explicitly quan...Species richness is an important indicator of species diversity. Different sampling intensities will very likely produce different species richness values. Substantial efforts have already been made to explicitly quantify the spatial variability of soil properties in different ecosystems. However, concerns still remain on how to characterize the effect of different sampling intensities on plant species richness within a given region. This study characterized the spatial variability of plant species richness and the species distribution pattern in a 25-hm2 sand dune plot in northeastern Inner Mongolia, China by using an intense sampling method(n=10,000). We also evaluated the overall effect of information loss associated with the spatial variability and distribution patterns of species richness under various scenarios of sampling intensities(n=10,000 to 289). Our results showed that semi-variograms of species richness were best described by the spherical and exponential models. As indicated by the nugget/sill ratio, species richness was different in terms of the strength of the spatial relationship. The different spatial metrics of species richness with increasing sampling intensities can represent different responses of the spatial patterns when compared with the reference set(n=10,000). This study indicated that an appropriate sampling intensity should be taken into account in field samplings for evaluating species biodiversity properly. A sampling intensity of n>2,500 for species richness yielded satisfactory results to resemble the spatial pattern of the above-quantified reference set(n=10,000) in this sand dune region of China.展开更多
基金Under the auspices of National Youth Science Foundation of China(No.41601173)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2016M600954)
文摘Analyzing spatiotemporal dynamics of land use and land cover over time is widely recognized as important to better understand and provide solutions for social, economic, and environmental problems, especially in ecologically fragile region. In this paper, a case study was taken in Zhenlai County, which is a part of farming-pastoral ecotone of Northeast China. This study seeks to use multi-temporal satellite images and other data from various sources to analyze spatiotemporal changes from 1932 to 2005, and applied a quantitative methodology named intensity analysis in the time scale of decades at three levels: time interval, category, and transition. The findings of the case study are as follows: 1) the interval level of intensity analysis revealed that the annual rate of overall change was relatively fast in 1932–1954 and 1954–1976 time intervals. 2) The category level showed that arable land experienced less intensively gains and losses if the overall change was to have been distributed uniformly across the landscape while the gains and losses of forest land, grassland, water, settlement, wetland and other unused land were not consistent and stationary across the four time intervals. 3) The transition level illustrated that arable land expanded at the expense of grassland before 2000 while it gained intensively from wetland from 2000 to 2005. Settlement targets arable land and avoids grassland, water, wetland and other unused land. Besides, the loss of grassland was intensively targeted by arable land, forest land and wetland in the study period while the loss of wetland was targeted by water except for the time interval of 1976–2000. 4) During the early reclamation period, land use change of the study area was mainly affected by the policy, institutional and political factors, followed by the natural disasters.
文摘Sahel zone has been reported as one of the most vulnerable regions to climate change, so serious attention must be paid to this zone by researchers and development actors who are interested in environmental-human dynamics and interactions. The aim of this study was to bring more insight into the impact of actions aiming at reducing land degradation, regreening the Sahel, stopping population migration and reducing the pressure on land in the Sahelian zone. The study focused on farmland dynamic in Ouahigouya municipality based on remote sensing data from 1986 to 2016 using intensity analysis. The annual time interval change was 0.77% and 2.46% for 1986-2001 and 2001-2016, respectively. Farmlands gained from mixt vegetation, water bodies and from bar lands. Mixed vegetation and water bodies were both active during both intervals while the other land use such as woodland and bar land were dormant. Combining land use land cover analysis and intensity analysis was found to be effective for assessing the differentiated impact of the various land restoration actions.
文摘In this paper, the initiatives of reforestation of the national forests of the North of the Côte d’Ivoire were examined using geomatics and the analysis of change of intensity by taking the case of the protected Forest of Badénou (PFB). A spatial analysis based on multi-spectral and multi-temporal Landsat imagery was carried out to assess land cover changes in the (PFB) over the past two decades and determine whether patterns of change in terms of the intensity of gains/losses of each of the land cover classes were active or dormant between the period before (2000-2013) and after (2013-2019) the reforestation initiative. Five main classes were identified: forest (dry deciduous and gallery forests), tree savannah, shrub/grassy savannah (including agricultural lands), bare lands (bare soils and degraded land areas), and water course. All classes were satisfactorily classified, with an excellent producer’s and user’s and overall accuracies and very good Kappa coefficients. The results showed that between 2000 and 2019, the forest cover in the PFB increased from 7778 ha to 5054 ha, a decrease was marked between 2000 and 2013 of approximately 60% compared to its size in 2000, while a slight increase between 2013 and 2019 (4645 ha to 5054 ha) i.e. around 9%) certainly due to the reforestation since 2016. As for the annual intensities of change for each class in both study periods, changes (gain or loss) in forest and tree savanna were relatively dormant after reforestation, while annual bare land gain was relatively active and marked, indicating that degradation of forests remains a threat to the sustainability of the PFB. Forest degradation has occurred mainly in the eastern parts of the PFB, while the central parts have regained more tree cover. These results can help identify conservation and restoration priorities and improve the overall management of the PFB.
基金jointly supported by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research of China(2019QZKK0603)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA20040200)Reconstruction of Historical Cultivated Land and Human Activities around the North Slope of Everest Area of China(42061023)。
文摘Land use/land cover(LULC) is an important part of exploring the interaction between natural environment and human activities and achieving regional sustainable development. Based on the data of LULC types(cropland, forest land, grassland, built-up land, and unused land) from 1990 to 2015, we analysed the intensity and driving factors of land use/cover change(LUCC) in the Yarlung Zangbo River,Nyang Qu River, and Lhasa River(YNL) region, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China, using intensity analysis method, cross-linking table method, and spatial econometric model. The results showed that LUCC in the YNL region was nonstationary from 1990 to 2015, showing a change pattern with "fast-slow-fast" and "U-shaped". Built-up land showed a steady increase pattern, while cropland showed a steady decrease pattern. The gain of built-up land mainly came from the loss of cropland. The transition pattern of LUCC in the YNL region was relatively single and stable during 1990–2015. The transition pattern from cropland and forest land to built-up land was a systematic change process of tendency and the transition pattern from grassland and unused land to cropland was a systematic change process of avoidance. The transition process of LUCC was the result of the combined effect of natural environment and social economic development in the YNL region. This study reveals the impact of ecological environment problems caused by human activities on the land resource system and provides scientific support for the study of ecological environment change and sustainable development of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41301633)National Social Science Foundation of China(No.10ZD&030)+1 种基金Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China(No.2012M511243,2013T60518)Clean Development Mechanism Foundation of China(No.1214073,2012065)
文摘Through the matching relationship between land use types and carbon emission items, this paper estimated carbon emissions of different land use types in Nanjing City, China and analyzed the influencing factors of carbon emissions by Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index(LMDI) model. The main conclusions are as follows: 1) Total anthropogenic carbon emission of Nanjing increased from 1.22928 ×10^7 t in 2000 to 3.06939 × 10^7 t in 2009, in which the carbon emission of Inhabitation, mining & manufacturing land accounted for 93% of the total. 2) The average land use carbon emission intensity of Nanjing in 2009 was 46.63 t/ha, in which carbon emission intensity of Inhabitation, mining & manufacturing land was the highest(200.52 t/ha), which was much higher than that of other land use types. 3) The average carbon source intensity in Nanjing was 16 times of the average carbon sink intensity(2.83 t/ha) in 2009, indicating that Nanjing was confronted with serious carbon deficit and huge carbon cycle pressure. 4) Land use area per unit GDP was an inhibitory factor for the increase of carbon emissions, while the other factors were all contributing factors. 5) Carbon emission effect evaluation should be introduced into land use activities to formulate low-carbon land use strategies in regional development.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42071255)。
文摘National nature reserves are an important part of classification management on ecological protection in China. Taking the national nature reserves of Jilin Province as examples, this paper introduced the stability index by referring to the intensity model of landuse and land-cover change(LUCC), and analyzed the overall stability of land-use and land-cover(LULC) in the study area from the time interval level and land category level. The stability of LULC in different types of nature reserves was tracked and identified by extracting land-use change trajectory, and the land-use change trajectory was divided into three types: stable type, sub-stable type and unstable type. The impact of LUCC on regional ecosystem services was studied by using hotspot analysis and gravity center analysis. The results showed that: 1) The LULC in the study area was stable on the whole, and the proportion of stable land area reached 86.08%. The intensity of LUCC showed an increasing trend in recent 20 years, and the conversion of cultivated land and construction land was active in continuous time interval. 2) The stability of LULC in forest ecological reserves and wildlife reserves in the eastern part of Jilin Province was the highest, while that in inland wetland reserves and geological relic reserves in the central and western part of Jilin Province was lower.3) The LUCC in national nature reserves not only changed the value of its own ecosystem service function, but also affected the ecosystem service function of the whole region. The combination of intensity analysis and land-use change trajectory was used to identify the characteristics of stability of LULC in nature reserves, which was conducive to deeply understand the process of LUCC in national nature reserves and provided reasonable suggestions for regional ecological protection.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51976026)the Fundamental Research Funds of Central Universities of China(Nos.DUT22YG206 and DUT21JC25)。
文摘The type B aortic dissection(TBAD)is a perilous disease with high morbidity and mortality rates.The hemodynamics of TBAD in different scenarios has been widely studied by computational fluid dynamics(CFD)research.However,the flow pattern and wave propagation characteristics in the cardiovascular system with TBAD are not yet clear,and the effect of the distal tear is still unknown.In this work,a onedimensional(1D)cardiovascular system model coupling with a zero-dimensional(0D)lumped-parameter model is introduced to study the hemodynamics and wave propagation in the cardiovascular system.The results show that the proposed 0D-1D method well captures the oscillation and retrograde characteristics for the flow in the false lumen(FL),and the smaller distal tear damps the retrograde flow.Besides,the distal tear should also be paid attention to,and the wave intensity(WI)can be used as an access mark of the degree of the aortic dissection(AD).
基金This project was supported by grants from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2016YFA0101100)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81700339 and No.31330029)Scientific Research Training Program for Young Talents sponsored by Union Hospital,Tongji Medical College,Huazhong University of Science and Technology。
文摘Summary:Interleukin 17A(IL 17A)is reported to be involved in many inflammatory processes,but its role in aortic valve diseases remains unknown.We examined the role of IL17A based on an ApoE^-/-mouse model with strategies as fed with high-fat diet or treated with ILI7A monoclonal antibody(mAb).12 weeks of high-fat diet feeding can elevate cytokines secretion,inflammatory cells infiltration and myofibroblastic transition of valvular interstitial cells(VICs)in aortic valve.Moreover,diet-induction accelerated interleukin 17 receptor A(IL17RA)activation in VICs.In an IL17A inhibition model,the treatment group was intra-peritoneally injected with anti-IL17A mAb while controls received irrelevant antibody.Functional blockade of IL17A markedly reduced cellular infiltration and transition in aortic valve.To investigate potential mechanisms,NF-kB was co-stained in IL17RA^+VICs and IL17RA macrophages,and further confirmed by Western blotting in VICs.High-fat diet could activate NF-kB nuclear translocation in IL17RA^+VICs and IL17RA^+macrophages and this process was depressed after IL17A mAb-treatment.In conclusion,high-fat diet can lead to IL17A upregulation,VICs myofibroblastic transition and inflammatory cells infiltration in the aortic value of ApoE^-/-mice.Blocking IL17A with IL17A mAb can alleviate aortic valve inflammatory states.
文摘Based on measuring the cross-spectrum density of sound pressure between two hydrophones, the facility for underwater sound intensity measurement is investigated and designed. According to the principle of two-hydrophone method for intensity measurement, the error analysis is carried out. Given the method of sound intensity measurement calibration for this underwater sound intensity measurement facility, the uncertainty of intensity measurement by this facility is evaluated. It is shown that the analysis and evaluation are agreeable to the experimental results.
文摘The excimer laser has important applications in many fields. Because of its non-uniform intensity distribution there are some limits in applications. This paper introduces rotational lens array to improve intensity distributions. The intensity variation is reduced to 1 percent by computer simulation.
基金funded by the National Basic Research Program of China (2013CB429903)
文摘Species richness is an important indicator of species diversity. Different sampling intensities will very likely produce different species richness values. Substantial efforts have already been made to explicitly quantify the spatial variability of soil properties in different ecosystems. However, concerns still remain on how to characterize the effect of different sampling intensities on plant species richness within a given region. This study characterized the spatial variability of plant species richness and the species distribution pattern in a 25-hm2 sand dune plot in northeastern Inner Mongolia, China by using an intense sampling method(n=10,000). We also evaluated the overall effect of information loss associated with the spatial variability and distribution patterns of species richness under various scenarios of sampling intensities(n=10,000 to 289). Our results showed that semi-variograms of species richness were best described by the spherical and exponential models. As indicated by the nugget/sill ratio, species richness was different in terms of the strength of the spatial relationship. The different spatial metrics of species richness with increasing sampling intensities can represent different responses of the spatial patterns when compared with the reference set(n=10,000). This study indicated that an appropriate sampling intensity should be taken into account in field samplings for evaluating species biodiversity properly. A sampling intensity of n>2,500 for species richness yielded satisfactory results to resemble the spatial pattern of the above-quantified reference set(n=10,000) in this sand dune region of China.