China's exports experienced a rapid recovery after the outbreak of the 2019 COVID-19 pandemic.A primary engine was cross-border e-commerce(CBEC)trade,which bucked the downward export trend during the pandemic.By e...China's exports experienced a rapid recovery after the outbreak of the 2019 COVID-19 pandemic.A primary engine was cross-border e-commerce(CBEC)trade,which bucked the downward export trend during the pandemic.By exploring the variation in the number of CBEC comprehensive pilot zones across provinces,we identified the causal impact of CBEC on exports using monthly province-product-destination data for 2019 and 2020.We found strong and robust evidence that CBEC contributed to exports during the pandemic by promoting the expansion of incumbent exports(intensive margin)rather than through the expansion of product categories and exporting partners(extensive margin).Specifically,higher pandemic risk suppressed the role of CBEC at the intensive margin while enhancing it at the extensive margin.Exports to developed countries benefited more from CBEC,both intensively and extensively.Compared with final products,a larger number of intermediate products were exported through CBEC after the outbreak of the pandemic.展开更多
Based on data from the Chinese Industrial Enterprises Database, this paper investigates the effect of "Internet Plus" on the trade destination mix at the enterprise level The analysis extends the classic dual margin...Based on data from the Chinese Industrial Enterprises Database, this paper investigates the effect of "Internet Plus" on the trade destination mix at the enterprise level The analysis extends the classic dual margins to three dimensions: destination extensive, destination intensive and destination structural margins. The paper suggests that connecting to the internet not only raises Chinese firms'propensity to export, but also extends the destination extensive margin. In addition, Internet Plus could create a synergistic effect for internet-enabled enterprises, that is, the development of the destination country's internet access benefits domestic firms'export participation. Finally, the paper finds that lnternet Plus, rather than increasing the intensive or structural margins, leads to the transfer of exports to lower-middle-income countries and helps firms achieve competitiveness and thus increases their profit. The paper provides an explanatory mechanism and empirical evidence for firms 'use of the internet to optimize export space.展开更多
After the formation of the World Trade Organization(WTO)in 1995,most countries gradually reduced their import tariffs to a fairly low level.However,the reduced tariffs could not he simply read as a reduction in trade ...After the formation of the World Trade Organization(WTO)in 1995,most countries gradually reduced their import tariffs to a fairly low level.However,the reduced tariffs could not he simply read as a reduction in trade barriers.Indeed,many suspect that countries tend to use more non-tariff measures(NTMs),substituting them for tariff barriers,to protect their domestic economies.This paper uses newly compiled and detailed Chinese NTM data,together with highly disaggregated firm import data and manufacturing firm operational data,to investigate the impact of China s import-related NTMs on firm imports.The main empirical results show that,as in the case of tariff barriers,China s trade policy NTMs mainly inhibit firms'intermediate imports.In contrast,China s public policy NTMs significantly improve the intensive and extensive margins of firm s intermediate imports and raise the prices and quality of imported inputs.The greater the extent to which a firm engages in processing trade,the larger is the promoting effect of public policy NTMs on the firm s import margins far intermediate inputs,and the greater is the restricting ejfect on the prices and the quality of the firm's imported inputs.展开更多
China's penetration of the world market has been impressive. This paper uses highly disaggregated Korean import data (from 1992 to 2008) to examine China 's penetration of the Korean market in the context of the c...China's penetration of the world market has been impressive. This paper uses highly disaggregated Korean import data (from 1992 to 2008) to examine China 's penetration of the Korean market in the context of the composition of value (the extensive and intensive margins) and the product type (homogeneous and differentiated) in trade. The increase in Chinese imports has been attributed to the rapid increase in the import of new products (the extensive margin) and of existing products (the intensive margin). However, the growth rate of new products decelerated in the 2000s. The growth in the intensive margin was due to quantity, not price. Chinese imports to Korea did not improve over the period in terms of quality. Although Chinese products became cheaper, they were more differentiated over time. Welfare gains were realized through the expanded introduction of new products from China. However, much of the gains from Korea's Chinese product import boom were realized in earlier years (1992 -2000) because even though imported products became more differentiated, the increase in the extensive margin was lower in more recent years (2001- 2008).展开更多
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.72073095)East China University of Science and Technology's Exploratory Research Fund Project.Yan Zhang gratefully acknowledges support from the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2023110139)the Shanghai Planning Office of Philosophy and Social Science(No.2023BJB010).
文摘China's exports experienced a rapid recovery after the outbreak of the 2019 COVID-19 pandemic.A primary engine was cross-border e-commerce(CBEC)trade,which bucked the downward export trend during the pandemic.By exploring the variation in the number of CBEC comprehensive pilot zones across provinces,we identified the causal impact of CBEC on exports using monthly province-product-destination data for 2019 and 2020.We found strong and robust evidence that CBEC contributed to exports during the pandemic by promoting the expansion of incumbent exports(intensive margin)rather than through the expansion of product categories and exporting partners(extensive margin).Specifically,higher pandemic risk suppressed the role of CBEC at the intensive margin while enhancing it at the extensive margin.Exports to developed countries benefited more from CBEC,both intensively and extensively.Compared with final products,a larger number of intermediate products were exported through CBEC after the outbreak of the pandemic.
基金This research was funded by the Key Project of Zhejiang Province Social Science Plan (No. 18NDJC001Z), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation funded project (No. 2017M621898, No. 2018T110580), the Major Project of the National Social Science Foundation of China (No. 15ZDB 156), the Key Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 71433002) and Zhejiang University REOD (No. 201801). Song deeply appreciates the excellent comments provided by Jean-Louis Arcand, Pinghan Liang, Linhui Yu and Shiqi Guo during his studies as a visiting fellow at the Graduate Institute, Geneva.
文摘Based on data from the Chinese Industrial Enterprises Database, this paper investigates the effect of "Internet Plus" on the trade destination mix at the enterprise level The analysis extends the classic dual margins to three dimensions: destination extensive, destination intensive and destination structural margins. The paper suggests that connecting to the internet not only raises Chinese firms'propensity to export, but also extends the destination extensive margin. In addition, Internet Plus could create a synergistic effect for internet-enabled enterprises, that is, the development of the destination country's internet access benefits domestic firms'export participation. Finally, the paper finds that lnternet Plus, rather than increasing the intensive or structural margins, leads to the transfer of exports to lower-middle-income countries and helps firms achieve competitiveness and thus increases their profit. The paper provides an explanatory mechanism and empirical evidence for firms 'use of the internet to optimize export space.
基金The authors acknowledge financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.71903041)the Humanity and Social Science Youth Foundation(No.17YJC790142)+2 种基金Key Project of Ministry of Education of China(No.16JZD018)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(No.2021 Al515012018)the National Social Science Foundation(Nos.21AZD064 and 19BJL074)。
文摘After the formation of the World Trade Organization(WTO)in 1995,most countries gradually reduced their import tariffs to a fairly low level.However,the reduced tariffs could not he simply read as a reduction in trade barriers.Indeed,many suspect that countries tend to use more non-tariff measures(NTMs),substituting them for tariff barriers,to protect their domestic economies.This paper uses newly compiled and detailed Chinese NTM data,together with highly disaggregated firm import data and manufacturing firm operational data,to investigate the impact of China s import-related NTMs on firm imports.The main empirical results show that,as in the case of tariff barriers,China s trade policy NTMs mainly inhibit firms'intermediate imports.In contrast,China s public policy NTMs significantly improve the intensive and extensive margins of firm s intermediate imports and raise the prices and quality of imported inputs.The greater the extent to which a firm engages in processing trade,the larger is the promoting effect of public policy NTMs on the firm s import margins far intermediate inputs,and the greater is the restricting ejfect on the prices and the quality of the firm's imported inputs.
文摘China's penetration of the world market has been impressive. This paper uses highly disaggregated Korean import data (from 1992 to 2008) to examine China 's penetration of the Korean market in the context of the composition of value (the extensive and intensive margins) and the product type (homogeneous and differentiated) in trade. The increase in Chinese imports has been attributed to the rapid increase in the import of new products (the extensive margin) and of existing products (the intensive margin). However, the growth rate of new products decelerated in the 2000s. The growth in the intensive margin was due to quantity, not price. Chinese imports to Korea did not improve over the period in terms of quality. Although Chinese products became cheaper, they were more differentiated over time. Welfare gains were realized through the expanded introduction of new products from China. However, much of the gains from Korea's Chinese product import boom were realized in earlier years (1992 -2000) because even though imported products became more differentiated, the increase in the extensive margin was lower in more recent years (2001- 2008).