Sedimentary Environment and Mineralization of the Black Shale Polymetallic Layer in the Early Cambrian,SW China:Constraints from in situ LA-ICP-MS Analysis of Pyrite

A polymetallic layer is usually developed at the bottom of the early Cambrian black shale in Guizhou Province.The mineral that makes up the polymetallic layer is related to the sedimentary facies.To analyze the differentiation mechanism between polymetallic deposits(Ni-Mo and V),the Zhijin Gezhongwu profile located in the outer shelf and the Sansui Haishan V deposit located in the lower slope are selected to study the in situ sulfur isotopes and trace elements of pyrite.The results show that δ^(34)S values of pyrite vary widely from−7.8‰to 28‰in the Gezhongwu profile,while the δ^(34)S values are relatively uniform(from 27.8‰to 38.4‰)in the Haishan profile.The isotopic S composition is consistent with the transition that occurs in the sedimentary phase from the shelf to the deep sea on the transgressive Yangtze platform;this indicates that the δ^(34)SO_(4)^(2−)values in seawater must be differently distributed in depositional environments.The sulfur in the Ni-Mo layer is produced after the mixing of seawater and hydrothermal fluid,while the V layer mainly originates from seawater.Overall,the Ni-Mo and V deposits have been differentiated primarily on the basis of the combined effect of continental weathering and hydrothermal fluid.

Effect of the layer orientation on mechanics and energy evolution characteristics of shales under uniaxial loading

The uniaxial compression tests were conducted on the cylindrical shale specimens with bedding plane inclined at 0° and 90° to the axial loading direction, respectively. Effect of the bedding orientation on the mechanical property and energy evolution characteristics of shales was revealed. The failure mechanisms of the specimens with layers in 0° orientation showed splitting failure along weak bedding, while the specimens with layers in 90° orientation were failed by shearing sliding. The values of compressive strength, elastic modulus and shear modulus of samples at 0° were higher than those of samples at 90°and there was little difference of Poisson's ratio between samples at 0° and 90°. The analysis of the stress–strain energy and acoustic emission(AE) energy indicated that the growth rate of absorbed energy density and elastic energy density at 0° was significantly faster than that at 90°, hence their final values at 0°were relatively larger than the latter. Moreover, higher energy release was observed for specimens at 0°.The energy release and rapid growth of energy dissipation also appeared more early at 0°. The stress ratio63% was a critical point of energy distribution at which differences started to arise between samples at 0°and 90°. These results indicated that the failure of shale at 0° was more violent and devastative than the failure of shale at 90°.

Influence of layer orientation and interlayer bonding force on the mechanical behavior of shale under Brazilian test conditions

The mechanical behavior of inherently anisotropic shale rocks under Brazilian test conditions are investigated in this study based on experimental studies and numerical simulations. The effects of the weak lamination planes and interlayer bonding force of these layers on the failure strength and fracture patterns are studied systematically. Numerical simulations using particle flow code in two dimensions based on the discrete element method showed a good agreement with the experimental results in the failure strength and fracture patterns. The shale revealed strong anisotropic behavior with the failure strength perpendicular to the lamination plane greater than failure strength parallel to lamination plane. The failure strength of the different interlayer bonding force against the layer orientations changed significantly. Four types of fracture patterns were observed: curved fracture, broken-linear fracture, layeractivated fracture, and central-linear fracture. The observed fracture patterns are either or a combination of tensile and/or shear fractures. Increase in interlayer bonding strength decreased the quantity of micro cracks and this directly led to reduction in the anisotropic behavior. Overall the layer orientation and interlayer bonding force of the shale thus play a very important role in the anisotropic behavior of the shale.

Formation of inter-salt overpressure fractures and their significances to shale oil and gas: A case study of the third member of Paleogene Shahejie Formation in Dongpu sag, Bohai Bay Basin

Taking the inter-salt organic-rich shales in the third member of Paleogene Shahejie Formation(Es3)of Dongpu sag in Bohai Bay Basin as an example,the origin of overpressure,development characteristics,formation and evolution mechanism,formation stages and geological significance on shale oil and gas of overpressure fractures in the inter-salt shale reservoir were investigated by means of thin section identification,scanning electron microscopy observation,analysis of fluid inclusions,logging data analysis,and formation pressure inversion.The results show that overpressure is universal in the salt-lake basin of Dongpu sag,and under-compaction caused by the sealing of salt-gypsum layer,pressurization due to hydrocarbon generation,transformation and dehydration of clay minerals,and fault sealing are the 4 main factors leading to the occurrence of overpressure.The overpressure fractures are small in scale,with an average length of 356.2μm and an average underground opening of 11.6μm.But they are densely developed,with an average surface density of 0.76 cm/cm2.Moreover,they are often accompanied by oil and gas charging,and thus high in effectiveness.Overpressure fractures were mainly formed during two periods of large-scale oil and gas charging,approximately 25-30 Ma ago and 0-5 Ma ago.Inter-salt overpressure fractures play dual roles as the storage space and migration paths of shale oil and gas.They contribute 22.3%to the porosity of shale reservoir and 51.4%to the permeability.They can connect fracture systems of multiple scales,greatly improving the quality of shale reservoir.During the development of shale oil and gas,inter-salt overpressure fractures can affect the extension and morphology of hydraulic fractures,giving rise to complex and highly permeable volumetric fracture networks,improving hydraulic fracturing effect and enhancing shale oil and gas productivity.

Shale oil enrichment evaluation and production law in Gulong Sag,Songliao Basin,NE China

Based on the results of drilling,tests and simulation experiments,the shales of the Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation in the Gulong Sag of the Songliao Basin are discussed with respect to hydrocarbon generation evolution,shale oil occurrence,and pore/fracture evolution mechanism.In conjunction with a substantial amount of oil testing and production data,the Gulong shale oil enrichment layers are evaluated and the production behaviors and decline law are analyzed.The results are drawn in four aspects.First,the Gulong shales are in the stage of extensive hydrocarbon expulsion when R_(0) is 1.0%-1.2%,with the peak hydrocarbon expulsion efficiency of 49.5%approximately.In the low-medium maturity stage,shale oil migrates from kerogen to rocks and organic pores/fractures.In the medium-high maturity stage,shale oil transforms from adsorbed state to free state.Second,the clay mineral intergranular pores/fractures,dissolution pores,and organic pores make up the majority of the pore structure.During the transformation,clay minerals undergo significant intergranular pore/fracture development between the minerals such as illite and illite/smectite mixed layer.A network of pores/fractures is formed by organic matter cracking.Third,free hydrocarbon content,effective porosity,total porosity,and brittle mineral content are the core indicators for the evaluation of shale oil enrichment layers.Class-I layers are defined as free hydrocarbon content equal or greater than 6.0 mg/g,effective porosity equal or greater than 3.5%,total porosity equal or greater than 8.0%,and brittle mineral content equal or greater than 50%.It is believed that the favourable oil layers are Q2-Q3 and Q8-Q9.Fourth,the horizontal wells in the core area of the light oil zone exhibit a high cumulative production in the first year,and present a hyperbolic production decline pattern,with the decline index of 0.85-0.95,the first-year decline rate of 14.5%-26.5%,and the single-well estimated ultimate recovery(EUR)greater than 2.0×10^(4)t.In practical exploration and production,more efforts will be devoted to the clarification of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion mechanisms,accurate testing of porosity and hydrocarbon content/phase of shale under formation conditions,precise delineation of the boundary of enrichment area,relationship between mechanical properties and stimulated reservoir volume,and enhanced oil recovery,in order to improve the EUR and achieve a large-scale,efficient development of shale oil.

“Rigid-elastic chimera” pore skeleton model and overpressure porosity measurement method for shale: A case study of the deep overpressure siliceous shale of Silurian Longmaxi Formation in southern Sichuan Basin, SW China

Based on analysis of pore features and pore skeleton composition of shale,a“rigid elastic chimeric”pore skeleton model of shale gas reservoir was built.Pore deformation mechanisms leading to increase of shale porosity due to the pore skeleton deformation under overpressure were sorted out through analysis of stress on the shale pore and skeleton.After reviewing the difficulties and defects of existent porosity measurement methods,a dynamic deformed porosity measurement method was worked out and used to measure the porosity of overpressure Silurian Longmaxi Formation shale under real formation conditions in southern Sichuan Basin.The results show:(1)The shale reservoir is a mixture of inorganic rock particles and organic matter,which contains inorganic pores supported by rigid skeleton particles and organic pores supported by elastic-plastic particles,and thus has a special“rigid elastic chimeric”pore structure.(2)Under the action of formation overpressure,the inorganic pores have tiny changes that can be assumed that they don’t change in porosity,while the organic pores may have large deformation due to skeleton compression,leading to the increase of radius,connectivity and ultimately porosity of these pores.(3)The“dynamic”deformation porosity measurement method combining high injection pressure helium porosity measurement and kerosene porosity measurement method under ultra-high variable pressure can accurately measure porosity of unconnected micro-pores under normal pressure conditions,and also the porosity increment caused by plastic skeleton compression deformation.(4)The pore deformation mechanism of shale may result in the"abnormal"phenomenon that the shale under formation conditions has higher porosity than that under normal pressure,so the overpressure shale reservoir is not necessarily“ultra-low in porosity”,and can have porosity over 10%.Application of this method in Well L210 in southern Sichuan has confirmed its practicality and reliability.

大庆油田裸眼井测井技术进展与展望

为了提高大庆油田裸眼井测井技术支撑能力和研究成果领先水平,全面回顾了大庆油田测井采集系列及解释技术的创新发展历程,系统总结了特高含水期剩余油解释、火山岩等复杂岩性测井评价、碎屑岩储量参数解释、非常规油气“甜点”分类、缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层测井评价等油田勘探开发测井评价技术。在客观分析大庆油田勘探开发测井解释评价需求和面临瓶颈问题的基础上,结合当前油田测井评价对象规模小、物性差、埋藏深、地层结构复杂、非均质性强的特点。指明了测井解释评价核心技术主攻方向。围绕新阶段测井采集及解释评价技术体系完善与建立,对高分辨率和成像测井采集、后油藏时期和非常规测井解释评价、新一代智能解释技术体系等未来发展进行了展望。

松辽盆地古龙凹陷青山口组页岩层系岩相类型及旋回模式

综合运用岩心观察、薄片鉴定、地球化学测试及马尔科夫链分析,对古龙凹陷青山口组页岩层系岩相类型及旋回模式进行了探讨。按照“有机质丰度-沉积构造-矿物组成-纹层密度-岩性”分类标准,将古龙凹陷青山口组页岩层系划分出7种岩相:高有机质高密度纹层黏土质页岩(A)、高有机质高密度纹层长英质页岩(B)、中有机质低密度纹层长英质页岩(C)、低有机质低密度纹层长英质页岩(D)、低有机质层状粉砂岩(E)、低有机质层状介屑灰岩(F)和低有机质层状白云岩(G)。依据岩相组合模式及其展布特征,划分为3种旋回模式:①静水旋回模式(A-B-C-A),主要发育在高水位体系域;②浊流旋回模式(A-B-C/D/E-A),主要发育于水进体系域和水退体系域;③白云岩旋回模式(A-B-C-D/G-A),在水进、高水位和水退体系域均有发育。古龙凹陷西侧主要发育浊流旋回,中央主要发育静水旋回,东侧三肇凹陷主要发育静水-白云岩旋回。旋回模式的分布主要受物源、古气候和古盐度的影响。

基于离散元模拟的超声波振动作用下层理状页岩损伤分析

为探究超声波振动辅助页岩储层改造的可行性,通过数值模拟方法建立层理状页岩的离散元模型,模拟不同层理倾角的层理状页岩在超声波振动下的损伤情况。结果表明:振动方向与层理面的夹角对超声波振动的传播有显著影响,振动方向与层理面夹角越小,生成微裂纹越多;裂纹主要集中在靠近振动源的地方,离振动源较远处生成的微裂纹数量较少;超声波振动对层理状页岩的强度影响明显,可在页岩内部诱生大量微裂纹,页岩微观结构和物理性质发生变化,单轴抗压强度和弹性模量会显著降低。该研究为利用超声波振动对层理状页岩进行储层改造提供了理论基础。

深层页岩气水平井双层靶体优选及效益评估

川南泸州地区五峰组—龙马溪组深层(>3500 m)页岩气富集,为保障页岩气增产稳产的开发目标,需要实现龙一1亚段页岩气的立体动用。利用岩芯、测井及生产等资料,对研究区深层页岩气地层开展了储层特征、储层品质定量化评价及压裂高度模拟等方面的研究,结合储层品质定量化评价和压裂高度模拟建立了一种深层页岩气水平井双层靶体智能优选及效益评估方法。研究结果表明:1)龙一_(1)亚段由深到浅整体物性变差,龙一_(1)^(1)—龙一_(1)^(3)小层以Ⅰ类甜点为主,龙一_(1)^(4)小层以Ⅱ类甜点为主,厚度达40余米。2)深层页岩气储层水平井靶体智能优选方法可快速得到两套靶体优选的深度、甜点品质、压裂高度和水平井靶体效益评估Q值等信息。3)第一套靶体效益评估的平面优势区域与目前产量高的井区相符合,结合龙一_(1)^(4)小层的靶体效益评估Q值和部分已建立第二套靶体水平井的实际产量,认为川南深层页岩气储层第二套靶体具有一定的开发价值和潜力,且明确了两套靶体平面上的优势区域,为深层页岩气储层双层靶体的规模化实现及产量预测提供了依据。

鄂尔多斯盆地吴起地区长7页岩油烃源岩特征及生排烃潜力

目前吴起地区开发的主力层位侏罗系延安组下组合(延7—延10层)和三叠系延长组上组合(长4+5层和长6层)已到中后期,亟需寻找新的接替层位和接替能源满足油田持续高效稳产的战略目标,三叠系延长组长7段页岩油作为吴起采油厂新的接替层位,具有较大的勘探开发价值。为探明长7页岩油烃源岩的特征及勘探潜力区,进行了岩心分析、测井曲线研究、岩石热解分析、镜检显微组分分析、镜体反射率(R_(o))测试和生排烃潜力计算。结果表明:长7烃源岩的丰度总体上较高,有机碳含量(TOC)主要分布在0.49%~41.02%。长7层有机质类型以Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型为主,生油能力强。烃源岩镜质组表明吴起地区处在成熟阶段,并且以生油为主,反射率R_(o)样品分布集中在0.50%~1.15%,长7段烃源岩生烃强度为(200~600)×10^(4)t/km^(2),排烃强度大多为(200~300)×10^(4)t/km^(2)。综合吴起地区烃源岩厚度和生排烃强度,将长7段页岩油勘探潜力区划分为Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类,吴页平1井勘探钻探试油结果证明,烃源岩勘探潜力区是有利的页岩油开发层系和接替层。该研究结果将为吴起地区页岩油下一步勘探开发指明方向。

海陆过渡相页岩储层合层开采数值模拟研究

由于沉积环境的不同,海陆过渡相页岩与海相页岩存在较大差异。基于鄂尔多斯盆地东缘海陆过渡相页岩储层的特点,建立了纵向多岩性叠置储层水平井产能数值模型,分析了不同岩性组合模式下的气井单段生产动态特征,研究了煤层渗透率、储层叠置关系等关键参数以及生产制度对生产特征的影响。研究结果表明:①富煤型页岩储层合层开采初期气水同产,采出气主要来自砂岩和页岩储层的游离气,采出水主要来自压裂液及煤层水。煤层的渗透率越高,合层开采的累计产气量越大,累计产水量也随之提升。②含煤叠置组合类型进行合层开采最理想的空间叠置顺序为页—砂—煤,在该叠置顺序下,煤层产水对合层开采干扰最小。③煤层产气量受应力敏感的影响最大。

当阳复向斜页岩气探测区地壳结构及其构造暗示

本文采用接收函数H-κ叠加、多频接收函数和面波联合反演方法,获得了扬子克拉通当阳复向斜区21个密集流动地震台下方的地壳厚度、V_(p)/V_(s)比和S波速度.结果表明,该区平均地壳厚度和V_(p)/V_(s)比值分别为33.8 km和1.75,推测当阳复向斜经历过下地壳减薄但地壳整体尚保持典型克拉通结构特征.研究区绝大部分台站都在3~4 km深度存在1~2 km厚的低S波速度层,推测可能与该深度范围内富集高孔隙度和低密度的页岩气层有关.本研究表明,基于密集流动地震台阵被动源数据资料,可为油气资源勘探提供有价值的参考.

中国海油油气勘探新进展与下步勘探方向

地质认识创新为油气勘探发现提供理论指导和科学依据。2023年,中国海油在隐蔽型潜山成圈机制、深水超浅层天然气富集模式等方面取得一系列地质新认识,指导渤海浅层岩性和隐蔽型潜山原油、珠江口盆地深水深层原油、琼东南盆地深水超浅层天然气、北部湾盆地涠西南凹陷页岩油、陆上鄂尔多斯盆地深煤层气等10个领域获重大发现,落实了4个亿吨级油田和1个千亿方气区。未来面对勘探领域日趋复杂、用海矛盾日益突出及海外勘探领域单一等诸多挑战,中国海油将加大风险勘探与甩开勘探力度,全力推动国内勘探和海外勘探协同发展,为油气增储上产提供坚实储量基础。

Investigating microstructure of Longmaxi shale in Shizhu area,Sichuan Basin, by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and micro-computed tomography

Microstructure of shale formation is the key to understanding its petrophysical and chemical properties.Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and micro-computed tomography(μ-CT) have been combined for characterization of microstructure of Longmaxi(LMX)shale from Shizhu area, Sichan Basin. The results indicate that laminated LMX shale consists of mineral matrix-rich layers and organic matter(OM)-rich layers at micrometer scale in two and three dimensions. Mineral matrix layers,mainly consisting of interparticle pores and intraplatelet pores, are approximately parallel to the bedding plane.Pyrite-rich layer, mainly containing intercrystalline pores,shows a strong preferred orientation parallel to the bedding plane. OM-rich layer, mainly containing OM pores, seems to be discontinuous. In addition, intercrystalline pores are enriched in some layers, while OM pores are distributed irregularly in matrix layers. This vertical heterogeneity of pore microscopic structures in LMX shale is of great importance to understand its petrophysical and chemical properties.

渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷高产页岩油井BYP5页岩地质特征

济阳坳陷高产页岩油井BYP5古近系沙河街组三段下亚段(沙三下亚段)页岩为高成熟、富碳酸盐页岩典型代表,研究其地质特征对相似页岩勘探具有借鉴意义。从矿物组成、薄层结构、生烃条件、烃类流体性质、储集空间特征等方面剖析了该页岩基本特点。基于地化参数异常分析了页岩油微运移调整、富集机制,确定了页岩油可动的油饱和度指数(OSI)、总有机碳含量(TOC)及孔隙度下限。研究了有利于页岩油高产的地质条件。研究表明:BYP5井沙三下亚段页岩以碳酸盐质页岩为主,具有明显的薄层结构特征,薄层类型主要包括泥质薄层和泥晶方解石薄层。TOC为0.58%~7.98%,平均4.52%,以Ⅰ型有机质为主,处于生轻质油-凝析气阶段。孔隙度为2.2%~6.9%,平均3.22%,储集空间包括基质孔、层间缝以及穿层缝,其中基质孔是主要储集空间类型。可动页岩油的OSI下限值低于50 mg/g,TOC下限值为1%,孔隙度下限为2.2%。利于高产的地质条件是:①较高的有机质丰度和生烃潜力,为石油富集及流动奠定坚实物质基础;②油气具有较好的流动性,可大大降低有效储集物性下限;③异常高压为石油产出提供了充足的天然能量;④页岩的纹层状/层状结构特征决定了其具有较高的生-储-渗效率;⑤层间缝和穿层缝等多种裂缝发育,可有效沟通裂缝两侧的基质孔隙,有利于基质孔中石油产出。

页岩“刚-弹嵌合”孔隙骨架模型及超压状态孔隙度测量方法——以四川盆地南部志留系龙马溪组深层超压硅质页岩为例

基于页岩孔隙特点、孔隙骨架组成并结合超压状态下孔隙、骨架应力分析,建立页岩储集层“刚-弹嵌合”孔隙骨架模型,解析弹塑性骨架超压变形引起孔隙度增大的孔隙变形机制,提出1种“动态”变形孔隙度测量方法,并对四川盆地南部(简称川南)志留系龙马溪组超压状态真实地层条件孔隙度进行测算。结果表明:(1)页岩储集层是无机岩石颗粒与有机质的混合体,构成了刚性骨架支撑的无机质孔隙和弹塑性骨架支撑的有机质孔隙“刚-弹嵌合”特殊孔隙结构,有机质孔、无机质孔混杂共生。(2)在地层超压作用下,无机质孔隙变化相对很小以至可以假设其孔隙度保持不变,而有机质孔隙由于骨架压缩可发生较大形变,导致孔隙半径增大,连通性增强,孔隙度增加。(3)通过高注入压力氦气法孔隙度测量及超高压煤油法变孔隙压力孔隙度测量相结合,建立的“动态”变形孔隙度测量方法既能测量到常压条件不连通的微孔孔隙度,又能测量到有机质骨架压缩变形导致的孔隙度增量。(4)页岩孔隙变形机制会产生地层条件孔隙度高于常压孔隙度的“反常”现象,超压页岩并非真正的“超低孔”储集层,孔隙度甚至可以大于10%。通过川南地区L210井实例测量,验证了该方法的实用性和可靠性。

中国湖盆细粒重力流沉积作用及其对页岩油“甜点段”发育的影响

通过分析中国陆相湖盆细粒重力流沉积作用的地质条件和过程,建立湖盆细粒重力流沉积模式,揭示细粒沉积和源储发育规律,识别页岩油“甜点段”。研究表明:细粒重力流是深湖环境中重要的沉积作用之一,能把浅水细粒碎屑和有机质搬运到深湖,有利于形成优质烃源岩和页岩油的“甜点段”。中国湖盆深水环境发育的细粒重力流沉积主要是细粒浓缩密度流、细粒浊流(包括浪涌状浊流和细粒异重流)、细粒黏性流(包括细粒碎屑流和泥流)和细粒过渡流沉积。温暖湿润的气候条件下,湖平面升降、洪泛事件和湖底古地貌控制欠补偿型湖盆细粒重力流的沉积分布。湖平面上升期,洪水引发的细粒异重流在湖盆地形平坦的深湖区形成“细粒水道—堤岸—朵叶”体系。湖平面下降期,坳陷湖盆的挠曲坡折及沉积斜坡部位、断陷湖盆的陡坡带发育非限定水道为主的湖底扇体系,断陷湖盆的缓坡及轴向发育限定或非限定水道湖底扇体系,湖底扇扇缘可发育细粒重力流沉积。湖盆四级沉积层序水进可形成富有机质页岩和细粒异重流的沉积,水退可引起细粒浓缩密度流、浪涌状浊流、细粒碎屑流、泥流和细粒过渡流沉积。二叠纪以来中国湖盆页岩层系多个四级层序水进-水退旋回形成了多套源储组合,中国湖盆多样的细粒重力流沉积作用形成了由细粒浓缩密度流、细粒异重流、浪涌状浊流沉积形成的薄层粉砂岩“甜点段”,由细粒过渡流形成的泥岩与粉砂互层的“甜点段”,由细粒碎屑流、泥流沉积等形成的含粉砂屑和泥屑的水平层理泥页岩“甜点段”。湖盆细粒重力流沉积模式的建立,对科学评价页岩油“甜点段”和优质烃源岩具重要意义。

中国海相页岩气资源潜力及未来勘探方向

以中国南方上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统龙马溪组页岩气为代表的海相页岩气是国内页岩气勘探开发的主战场。近年来,海相页岩气勘探开发不断面临着新的问题和挑战,开拓页岩气资源新领域和提高页岩气产量仍是重中之重。在梳理前人研究成果的基础上,分析总结国内海相层系页岩气分布特征与资源潜力,并进行有利区预测。四川盆地及其周缘五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气地质资源量和可采资源量分别为(17.50~33.19)×10^(12)m^(3)和(3.50~6.14)×10^(12)m^(3),其中深层页岩气资源占比超过50%,主要分布在川东高陡构造带和川南低陡构造带;二叠系吴家坪组页岩气地质资源量和可采资源量分别为(8.7~24.6)×10^(12)m^(3)和(1.3~3.7)×10^(12)m^(3),在川东开江—梁平、龙驹坝、建南及三星等地区具有勘探潜力;寒武系筇竹寺组页岩气地质资源量和可采资源量分别为(5.69~12.71)×10^(12)m^(3)和(0.89~1.06)×10^(12)m^(3),其有利区主要分布在川西南井研—犍为—威远—资阳、川北南江及中扬子宜昌等地区;震旦系陡山沱组、蓟县系洪水庄组和青白口系下马岭组等海相古老层系具有一定的页岩气资源潜力,是潜在的页岩气资源接续,陡山沱组页岩气有利区主要分布在湘鄂西和渝东南地区,洪水庄组页岩气有利区主要分布在河北承德—宽城一带,下马岭组页岩气有利区主要分布在河北涿州—北京房山—门头沟—昌平一带和兰旗营子一带。基于此,进一步对海相页岩气未来勘探方向提出3点建议:一是聚焦深层—超深层、常压页岩气,走向新区新层系,拓宽页岩气勘探领域;二是深化深层—超深层、完善常压及丰富新区新层系页岩气勘探理论;三是着眼深层—超深层页岩气钻完井和开采技术与配套装备改进与创新,降低常压页岩气单井钻采成本。

陆相页岩储层水力裂缝穿层扩展规律

陆相页岩储层垂向非均质性强,层间岩性与应力差异大,层间弱界面发育,水力裂缝穿层扩展困难,导致压裂改造效果不佳。基于有限元+黏聚力单元法建立了陆相页岩水力裂缝穿层扩展流固耦合模型,与解析解和室内实验结果对比验证了模型的准确性。基于此模型,采用单因素和正交实验分析法开展算例研究,揭示了各项地质与工程参数对陆相页岩储层水力裂缝穿层扩展行为的控制机理与影响规律。研究结果表明,层间界面剪切滑移改变水力裂缝垂向扩展路径,限制缝高增长;水力裂缝宽度较大,削弱缝高扩展能力。高层间界面胶结强度、高垂向应力差、低层间应力差、低抗拉强度差、低弹性模量差、高压裂液黏度、高注入排量,有利于水力裂缝实现穿层扩展,各因素影响程度的主次顺序为层间界面胶结强度>层间应力差/抗拉强度差>压裂液黏度/注入排量>垂向应力差>弹性模量差。研究成果进一步完善了陆相页岩储层水力压裂穿层扩展基础理论,为陆相页岩储层水力压裂选井、选层和施工方案优化设计提供了理论依据。