Impress of intergenerational emotional support on the depression in non-cohabiting parents

BACKGROUND Mental health is one of the important dimensions of health,while depression is an important indicator of mental health evaluation.AIM To investigate the association between intergenerational emotional support and depression of non-cohabiting parents(≥45 years old)in China.METHODS We used the fourth wave data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study(2015).The data was made up of ten main modules,the associated two datasets,and five constructed datasets.The first step is to select the corresponding module data according to the purpose of this study.Moreover,the data of the six modules are integrated by the unique ID code and we choose depression and non-cohabiting items as the selection conditions.4810 samples were selected,which mainly included data on intergenerational emotional support and the individual scores on depressive symptoms.RESULTS The average age of 4810 respondents was(60.56±14.613)years old.Females were accounted for more than half of the samples(52.6%).74.0%respondents from rural areas and approximately 63.3%of the participants had a chronic disease.The mean value of the CESD-10 score was 13.06(SD5.225).Both faces to face and phone contacts were protective factors on depression symptoms in the mid-aged and seniors in China(P<0.05).In terms of the frequency of face to face contact,the more frequently you met your parents,the lower your parents'depressive score was.Also,phone contact variable results are displayed as a positive correlation completely between inter-generational contacts from children and depressive symptoms in non-cohabiting parents in China.Children’s education level and income level were also reducing the risk of depression in noncohabiting parents.However,gender,children’s numerous,chronic disease and chronic disease number were the risk factors.CONCLUSION Intergenerational emotional support is associated with depressive symptoms in non-cohabiting parents in China.However,the relationship was also affected by other variables.

Suicide in Immigrants: An Overview

Globalization in the Internet era has rendered job mobility and migration frequent and important social phenomena, with implications at several different levels of societies. In addition, migration, either voluntary or forced, is accompanied by significant changes in suicide ideation, frequency of suicide attempts and rates of suicide of people that migrate compared to the host country. However, several different peculiarities render the interpretation of the interaction of migration-suicidality as quite complex. This article provides an overview of the most significant aspects that contribute to this complexity, in order to provide the reader with a road map for better orientation in a world of rapidly changing landscapes.

The Half-industrial and Half-agricultural Working Structure in Rural China

The half-industrial and half-agricultural working structure in rural China is a key phenomenon supporting China's industrialization and urbanization. Based on inter-generational division of labor, the current half-industrial and half-agricultural working structure has given birth to the elderly agriculture and mainstay agriculture, the latter of which has gone out of agricultural involution and to some extent changed the management philosophy of traditional agriculture, becoming a key direction of China's agricultural development. Such a structure has also shaped the "new three-generation family" and facilitated the expansion of middle-income rural groups. While supporting long-term farmers in rural China, it also paves the way for China's urbanization. This structure plays a significant role in the economic, political and social development of rural China. Therefore, this structure is a rural economic structure which concerns farmers' income structure and livelihood patterns. Meanwhile, it is also a rural political structure, village structure and family structure. Through development and refinement, the half-industrial and halfagricultural working structure in rural China has far extended the scope of a descriptive concept. As a dominant variable, the structure, along with its derivatives, through permutation and combination, can establish logical relationships and an interpretation chain among a variety of major economic, political and social phenomena in rural China. Therefore, it can expect to be constructed into an analyticity-oriented mid-level concept.

Security Analysis and Improvement of a Tag Encoding Authentication Scheme for Network Coding

A tag encoding authentication scheme for network coding proposed by Wu et al was claimed to defend pollution attacks efficiently. However, we find that the scheme easily incurs multi-generation pollution attacks, where an adversary may be able to recover the main secret key of the source with high probability during multi-generation transmitting, and the scheme also cannot resist against inter-generation pollution attacks. Using a dynamic source secret key technology that the key can be updated with the change of generation identifier, an improved scheme is then presented, which can counteract these security defects without any efficiency compromise.