The Effect of Price Discount on Time-Cost Trade-off Problem Using Genetic Algorithm

Time-cost trade off problem (TCTP), known in the literature as project crashing problem (PCP) and project speeding up problem (PSP) is a part of project management in planning phase. In this problem, determining the optimal levels of activity durations and activity costs which satisfy the project goal(s), leads to a balance between the project completion time and the project total cost. A large amount of literature has studied this problem under various behavior of cost function. But, in all of them, influence of discount has not been in-vestigated. Hence, in this paper, TCTP would be studied considering the influence of discount on the re-source price, using genetic algorithm (GA). The performance of proposed idea has been tested on a medium scale test problem and several computational experiments have been conducted to investigate the appropriate levels of proposed GA considering accuracy and computational time.

Trade Benefits and Environmental Costs of GVCS: A Case Study of the BRICS

As the international trading system has developed with the division of Global value Chains (GVCS), the export trade of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS) has grown rapidly. The resulting growth of carbon emissions has drawn wide attention from the international community, necessitating the comparison of the trade benefits and environmental costs of the BRICS participation in GVCS. Based on the Eora database, this paper constructs a decomposition framework for the calculation of export value-added and embodied carbon, based on a multi-region input-output (MRIO) model. The trade benefits and environmental costs paid by the BRICS’ total exports from 1990 to 2015 were measured and the imbalance was analyzed, along with the causes. The results show that the main value-added and carbon embodied in the BRICS’ exports originate from their own countries, and the domestic value-added content of the BRICS’ exports decreased while the foreign value-added content increased.

Research on the Logistics Cost and Enterprise Operation Efficiency with the Influences on International Trade

In this paper, we conduct research on the logistics cost and enterprise operation efficiency with the influences on international trade. With the deepening of the reform of the market economic system in our country, and the advancement of the reform of state-owned enterprises and government function transformation, the company is out of the shackles of the planned economy as the main body of market competition, at the same time, government regulators and investors in a state-owned capital market, all kinds of financial intermediaries and the information intermediary organizations, as well as the associated with the interests of closely linked to the enterprise value creation main body, including business owners and operators have yet to establish a timely to adapt to the market economy system. With this guidance, we propose the novel international trade paradigm for the companies that will enhance the efficiency of the general management.

Cyberattack Ramifications, The Hidden Cost of a Security Breach

In this in-depth exploration, I delve into the complex implications and costs of cybersecurity breaches. Venturing beyond just the immediate repercussions, the research unearths both the overt and concealed long-term consequences that businesses encounter. This study integrates findings from various research, including quantitative reports, drawing upon real-world incidents faced by both small and large enterprises. This investigation emphasizes the profound intangible costs, such as trade name devaluation and potential damage to brand reputation, which can persist long after the breach. By collating insights from industry experts and a myriad of research, the study provides a comprehensive perspective on the profound, multi-dimensional impacts of cybersecurity incidents. The overarching aim is to underscore the often-underestimated scope and depth of these breaches, emphasizing the entire timeline post-incident and the urgent need for fortified preventative and reactive measures in the digital domain.

多项目环境下time-cost置换问题建模与求解

针对多项目环境下的time-cost置换问题,以活动资源为决策变量,建立了以各项目总延迟最小与总成本最小的双目标time-cost置换模型。在总结前人对于多目标优化求解方法的基础上,针对多项目的特点,提出了基于NSGA-II非劣排序的局部直接搜索改进遗传算法,并考虑资源为连续与离散两种情况进行求解。与NSGA-II相比,算法可以较快地收敛到最优解,并且具有较好的离散变量搜索能力,与ZDT系列测试函数的比较也体现了算法的优越性。

碳交易计划对低碳居住建筑经济影响研究

随着我国碳市场的全面开启,低碳居住建筑增量成本过高、资金回笼期太长的现况或将被打破。以北京市一栋居住建筑为例,利用机器学习、工程经济学等相关理论方法,运用PKPM软件建模进行碳排放计算,以静态投资回收期作为评价指标,分析碳交易计划对低碳居住建筑全生命周期的经济影响。结果表明:碳交易计划可为新建低碳居住建筑整体带来10.92%的额外收益,其中运行阶段碳收益占比7.03%。本研究可为房地产开发商开发房屋类型选择提供参考。

CGE model-based analysis of the neutralized hybrid carbon policy and its decomposed effects on economic growth,carbon reduction,and energy utilization costs

The hybrid policy is a flexible policy tool that combines features of carbon trading and carbon taxation.Its economic and environmental effects under China's background are still not studied in detail.Given the exogenous carbon reduction targets,carbon prices,and carbon tax-rates,by computable general equilibrium modeling methods and factor decomposition methods,this article investigates direct and cascaded effects of the hybrid policy on economic growth,energy utilization,and carbon emission on the national level and the sector level,with China's national input-output data-set.Stepwisely,policy scenarios with irrational estimated results are selectively excluded based on comprehensive evaluation among economic,carbon reduction and other policy targets.As a result,against national economic conditions in 2007,the hybrid policy,with a carbon reduction target of -10%,a carbon tax-rate of around $10,and a ceiling carbon price of $40,is highly recommended,because of its significant lower economic loss,lower energy utilization cost,and practical robustness against fluctuation of energy market and carbon market.Furthermore,by decomposition analysis,carbon reduction-related costs are decomposed into a direct part that includes carbon allowance price and carbon tax,and an indirect part as the energy price incremental induced by direct carbon costs.Gross carbon reduction may be decomposed into three parts such as energy intensity,economic scale,and technical progress.And,carbon taxation is the main policy tool that stimulates to improve the energy efficiency.

The Analysis of Carbon Trade Economics and Its Policy Implication to Mitigate Climate Change in Tanzania

Tanzania is participating in the United Nations (UN) climate change mitigation strategy of reduction in Greenhouse Gases (GHGs). The strategy is implemented through both Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) and Clean Development Mechanisms (CDM) initiatives. In implementing programmes, the country developed pilot projects whereby there are preliminary findings that can be used to analyse the progress of the establishments. This study uses the findings from these pilot areas to draw policy implications on how carbon trade in the country can be enhanced to meet the UN set objectives as required by the Kyoto protocol. The findings suggest that for the sustainable carbon trade enhancement the country needs to set the institutional environment for carbon trade right. Such undertakings are not costless and that the transaction costs that would be incurred for the process need to be institutionalised to reduce the private costs in the carbon market. Moreover the policy process should be informed that at the market level there are multiple objectives that should be understood to avoid what is termed as optimization in standard economic theory, instead there should be clear definition of the specific objectives for various stakeholders involved in the carbon trade. Besides, within the carbon market framework not all stakeholders incur the same costs since natural resource transactions involve externalities. These externalities need to be identified and internalised to equally distribute the costs and benefits among the stakeholders.

Daily rolling estimation of carbon emission cost of coal-fired units considering long-cycle interactive operation simulation of carbon-electricity market

The high overlap of participants in the carbon emissions trading and electricity markets couples the operations of the two markets.The carbon emission cost(CEC)of coal-fired units becomes part of the power generation cost through market coupling.The accuracy of CEC calculation affects the clearing capacity of coal-fired units in the electric power market.Study of carbon–electricity market interaction and CEC calculations is still in its initial stages.This study analyzes the impact of carbon emissions trading and compliance on the operation of the electric power market and defines the cost transmission mode between the carbon emissions trading and electric power markets.A long-period interactive operation simulation mechanism for the carbon–electricity market is established,and operation and trading models of the carbon emissions trading market and electric power market are established.A daily rolling estimation method for the CEC of coal-fired units is proposed,along with the CEC per unit electric quantity of the coal-fired units.The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method are verified through an example simulation,and the factors influencing the CEC are analyzed.

我国跨境电商发展水平及影响因素研究

从发展实力和发展潜力维度,测度我国内地31个省份跨境电商发展水平,探讨价格机制、扶持机制和竞合机制对我国跨境电商发展的作用程度。结果表明:(1)2013—2022年我国跨境电商发展水平呈小幅增长趋势,其规模增长在一定程度上改变了我国传统对外贸易形式,但并未从根本上实现我国对外贸易的新突破。(2)与跨境电商发展实力相比,我国跨境电商发展潜力在全球经济下行压力、中美贸易摩擦以及新冠疫情背景下仍平稳增长,地区差距缩小,但信息化、科技化发展的省际差距在短期内难以弥补。(3)对跨境电商发展的影响程度由低到高依次是价格机制、竞合机制和扶持机制,经营成本、贸易摩擦负向显著影响跨境电商发展水平,政府政策对其正向影响程度偏弱,跨境电商政策效果尚未充分显现。

贸易自由化与中国出口农产品质量:基于双边贸易成本的研究

出口农产品质量直接关系农产品出口的长远发展。基于双边贸易成本的视角,利用中国与127个贸易伙伴847种农产品的数据,运用回归反推法测算了中国出口农产品的质量水平,并从理论和实证两个方面分析了贸易自由化对中国出口农产品质量的影响。研究发现,样本期间,中国出口农产品质量呈波动上升趋势,且贸易自由化总体上可显著促进中国出口农产品质量的提高,但对出口到不同收入组国家农产品质量的影响存在显著差异。具体而言,贸易自由化对中国出口到埃塞俄比亚等低收入组国家农产品质量的促进作用最为显著,对出口到孟加拉等中等偏低收入组和日本高收入组国家农产品质量的促进作用次之,对出口到印度尼西亚等中等偏高收入组国家的农产品质量反而具有阻碍作用。

基于碳排放总量约束的我国产业部门碳配额分配研究

制定合理的碳配额分配方案是实现我国“碳达峰”目标的重要内容。从产业部门视角出发,基于2025年投入产出数据,综合运用ZSG-DEA模型、熵值法等设计了基于公平、效率和综合原则的碳配额分配方案。在此基础上,在碳市场规制下,通过构建减排压力指数和减排成本模型对比分析了其减排效应。研究发现:与公平、效率原则相比,综合原则下的分配方案减排压力水平适中,平均边际减排成本较低,产生额外收益的产业部门最多,产业部门间减排差异较小,并且完善的市场机制产生了正向影响。在当前我国现实情况下,基于综合原则的分配方案充分平衡了能源消耗、碳排放水平差异,并且能够兼顾环境效率和经济效益,更容易为产业部门所接受,要优于其他两种方案。研究结论为我国相关部门在碳配额分配原则和方法选择、碳市场行业覆盖范围设定等方面提供了重要的政策参考。

农业全球价值链嵌入、贸易成本与增加值贸易

粮食安全是“国之大者”,农产品贸易是保障粮食安全的“稳压器”。农业全球价值链在农产品贸易过程中加速形成,参与全球价值链分工有助于改善对先进技术和知识的获取,推动农业向高附加值环节升级。文章运用双向固定效应模型,选择OECD AMNE 2023版数据库中76个经济体为样本,探究了农业全球价值链参与度和增加值贸易收益的相关性。研究发现:农业全球价值链前向和后向参与度均能促进农业增加值贸易收益增长;机制检验表明,全球价值链参与度可以通过降低贸易成本来促进增加值贸易收益增长;异质性检验表明,这一影响对发展中经济体尤为明显。为此,我国应积极融入农业全球价值链,进一步扩大农业开放、优化贸易环境和保障要素供给,以提高增加值贸易收益。

中国碳排放权交易机制与实践:基于微观企业股权资本成本的视角

碳排放权交易市场作为企业减排增效的重要机制,引发了资本市场投资者对企业碳排放问题的关注,进而可能影响投资者对企业的风险评估与价值判断。手工整理中国各试点碳市场的控排企业名录发现:碳排放权交易机制显著提升了控排企业的权益资本成本,主要机制为投资者碳风险关注,但该市场机制存在明显的效应边界。进一步发现,当碳市场的初始配额实施部分竞价拍卖和非履约主体交易更为活跃,产品市场竞争程度更高和企业所在城市空气污染更为严重,以及企业非财务绩效表现更好时,碳排放权交易机制对企业权益资本成本的提升作用更为明显。研究结论有助于更为全面的评估我国碳市场建设的经济后果,为该低碳环保政策的持续推广提供理论依据与经验参考。

考虑信贷和投资约束下贸易政策不确定性对企业融资成本影响的研究

融资成本是影响企业融资行为的重要因素,贸易政策不确定性通过金融不确定性信贷约束和企业不确定性投资约束抑制企业融资。随着中美贸易摩擦延续,贸易政策不确定性对企业融资成本的影响成为了学者关注的重要研究内容。基于此,本文以1999年至2020年沪市A股上市企业的财务数据为样本,检验了中国贸易政策不确定性对企业融资成本的影响。实证结果显示,中国贸易政策不确定性上升会显著增加企业的融资成本,金融不确定性信贷约束和企业不确定性投资约束是贸易政策不确定性作用于企业融资成本的中介变量,且不同行业对贸易政策不确定性的敏感性存在差异。在中美贸易摩擦延续背景下,本文为审视贸易政策不确定性对企业融资成本的影响提供了新的视角和证据,丰富了贸易政策不确定性和企业行为相关文献的研究成果。

产品关联对中国差异化产品出口影响研究:基于信息摩擦视角

本文运用反映信息摩擦的产品关联关键性指标,并结合社会网络分析方法,讨论了产品关联对中国差异化产品出口的影响效应。研究发现:①较高的产品关联度能够弱化信息摩擦,促进中国差异化产品出口;②在自由分类法下,基于产品关联的全球价值链活动有利于出口产品信息扩散与共享,在保守分类法下,产品分类的差异性将导致信息摩擦对中国出口的影响呈现“产品转移效应”;③在产品关联网络中,中间中心度对中国差异化产品出口更具促进作用,体现了更高的网络资源控制能力、更强的信息传递控制能力、更大的网络枢纽作用等越有利于产品出口;④传统引力模型中的地理距离与反映信息摩擦的产品关联均为影响当前国际贸易的重要因素。

数字贸易规则对“一带一路”国家ICT产品出口的影响研究

数字贸易规则是驱动“一带一路”国家ICT产品出口的关键力量。本文利用2000~2023年间123个国家的双边数据,结合社会网络分析法,揭示了数字贸易规则网络结构的变化,并构建了衡量其广度和深度的指标。研究发现,在考虑内生性问题并进行稳健性检验后,数字贸易规则广度和深度的提升显著促进了“一带一路”国家ICT产品出口,主要通过缩小境内监管质量差异、降低境外贸易成本等渠道改善数字贸易环境。异质性分析表明,在规则特征层面,贸易方式数字化规则效应更为显著;在贸易关系层面,签署数字贸易规则对贸易关系疏远国家尤为有利;在网络节点结构权力层面,缔约国度数中心度强化了数字贸易规则的积极效应。进一步研究还发现,数字贸易规则的影响呈现出非线性特征,随着缔约国数字基础设施差异扩大,其效应呈现出“强促进-弱促进-牵制”的轨迹。本文丰富了“把规则标准‘软联通’作为共建‘一带一路’重要支撑”思想的理论研究,对发展中国家如何开展数字贸易规则谈判、加快ICT产品发展提供了实证参考和政策启示。

计及电力现货机会成本的构网型储能电站调频辅助服务竞价出清双层博弈模型

构网型储能是保障新型电力系统安全稳定运行的重要灵活性资源,作为独立市场主体提供调频辅助服务,对解决系统调频能力短缺问题具有现实意义。该文通过构建双层博弈模型,研究构网型储能在调频辅助市场中的竞价交易行为和市场出清过程。首先,明确构网型储能参与调频辅助市场的整体架构。然后,将构网型储能电站作为独立的竞价主体,建立计及电力现货机会成本的构网型储能电站调频辅助服务双层博弈模型,调度中心作为上层领导者追求购电成本最小化,构网型储能电站作为下层跟随者则以实现自身收益最大为目标,双方形成主从博弈关系。最后,通过算例验证所提出模型的合理性与有效性,并探讨构网型储能电站申报及市场出清参数对结果的具体影响,为构网型储能的市场运行提供模型支持。

“一带一路”倡议的农产品贸易成本效应

文章实证研究了“一带一路”倡议对中国与沿线国家间双边农产品贸易成本的影响及作用机制。首先,应用NOVY引力模型的贸易成本测算结果表明,2002—2021年,中国与“一带一路”沿线国家的农产品贸易成本下降了42%,降幅远超过非沿线国家。其次,基于双重差分模型,文章验证了“一带一路”倡议在降低中国与沿线国家农产品贸易成本中发挥了重要作用。同时研究发现,相较于沿线发展中国家和距离中国较近的国家和地区,“一带一路”倡议的农产品贸易成本效应在发达国家和距离中国较远的国家和地区更为明显。最后,机制检验表明,“一带一路”倡议主要通过扩大贸易开放、促进政策沟通和推动基础设施建设降低双边农产品贸易成本。上述研究为“一带一路”倡议的政策效应研究增添了重要的实证证据,也为进一步提出降低农产品贸易成本的政策启示提供经验依据,有利于促进和深化中国与“一带一路”沿线国家的农业合作,实现互利共赢。

技术溢出、贸易成本与经济地理新均衡——克鲁格曼中心-外围模型新拓展

发展的新经济地理学模型认为固定成本不再是外生变量,而是与技术溢出有关的内生变量,企业会因为技术溢出的正向外部性减小固定生产成本而获得更多收益。发展的新经济地理学模型是对克鲁格曼中心-外围模型的新拓展,与原始中心-外围模型相比,得出有特色的研究结论主要有本地技术溢出效应增强会促进产业的集聚,而跨界技术溢出效应的增强会促使产业空间分布趋向分散。与原始中心-外围模型相比,技术溢出导致对称结构稳定均衡的贸易自由度范围更窄,而中心-外围结构稳定均衡的贸易自由度范围更宽;当贸易自由度较大、本地技术溢出效应较大或跨界技术溢出效应较小时,市场拥挤效应可能不存在,此时市场拥挤效应转化为促进产业集聚的动力;突破点既可以小于持续点也可以等于持续点或大于持续点,由此,随着贸易自由度的变化,产业空间结构的演化不仅可以表现为突变的特征,也可以表现出渐变的特征。驼峰状集聚租金曲线是存在的,即使在完全贸易自由度条件下,集聚租金也不会消失。