Effects of Planting Density and Row Spacing on Grass Yield of Forage Sweet Sorghum(Sorghum bicolor [L.]Moench)

[Objective] The aim was to explore high-yielding cultivation techniques for forage sweet sorghum. [Method[ The effects of planting density and row spacing on plant productivity and grass yield of forage sweet sorghum （Sorghum bicolor （L.） Moench） were compared using split-plot design and LSD method of IBMSPSSStatis- ticsv22. [Result]The planting density and row spacing had important influence on the plant productivity and yield of forage sweet sorghum. The optimum planting density- row spacing combination for plant productivity of forage sweet sorghum was A1B,, i. e., planting density of 75 000 plants/hm2 and row spacing of 40 cm, and the opti- mum combination for yield of forage sweet sorghum was A2B,, i.e., planting density of 225 000 plants/hm2 and row spacing of 40 cm. [Conclusion] This study will pro- vide theoretical basis and technical support for the production practice of forage sweet sorghum.

Mulch Grasses Planting and Management Techniques in Orchards of Southern China Based on Different Utilization Purposes

Planting mulch grasses in orchards,as a technique to build ecological orchards,can be one of the strategic approaches for rural revitalization.This study sorted out the common varieties of mulch grasses and analyzed their application statuses in orchards of southern China.According to different utilization purposes of mulch grasses in orchards,scientific suggestions were given from aspects of grass selection,cultivation techniques,management methods and use modes.The study will provide reference for the construction of ecological orchards in southern China.

Preparation and Water Retention Properties of Clay-based Sand-fixing and Grass-planting Materials

Targeting the problem of available water conservation in sand fixation, the sand-fixing and grass-planting materials were prepared with clay modified by emulsifying vegetable waxes and octylphenol polyoxyethylene ether （OP4）. The water retention property was studied in simulating desertification environmental climate and the materials were characterized by means of UV-Vis, SEM, FTIR, XRD and TGA measurements. The experimental result showed that the materials had excellent water retention properties, due to that vegetable waxes adhered evenly to clay particle surfaces, made the clay pores changing from hydrophilic to hydrophobic and so inhibited the water evaporation. Grass-planting experiment showed that, with reasonable mass ratio of clay, vegetable waxes and surfactant, the materials not only inhibited water evaporation but also maintained sound air permeability so shat the germination rate and survival rate of grass were significantly improved.

Application Research of Water-saving and Drought-resistant Landscape Plants:A Case Study of Inner Mongolia Drought-resistant Mongolian Grasses

Construction of "water-saving landscape architecture" is a crucial content of building "conservation-minded society'',an important approach of ensuring the sustainable development of landscaping industry.It targets at exploring a reasonable means of using the nature,so as to improve ecological conditions and environment,save resources and energies,and promote the harmonious coexistence of man and nature.Landscape plant is a significant component of landscape architecture,it is a key section to choose proper drought-resistant plant species for the landscape construction.

Relationship between Plant Species Diversity and Plant Biomass of Orchard Grass and Lucerne Sown in Different Ratios in the Province of Salamanca, Spain

A field experiment was carried out at the CSIC Mu&#241ovela farm belonging to the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) in order to evaluate the effect of sowing orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata var. Trerano) and lucerne (Medicago sativa var. Aragon) in monoculture and in combination. The experiment was based on a randomized block designed with a factorial arrangement (5 × 2). Experimental units were 40 plots distributed in four blocks. The phosphorus fertilization (P) factor included two types of conditions: basal fertilization without phosphorus (-P) and basal fertilization with phosphorus (+P), and the vegetation cover factor (T) included five conditions depending on the grass (G) and the legume (L). Above-ground biomass showed statistically significant differences among seasons and years (P Lolium perenne L. and Poa pratensis L. throughout the three years indicated that both species significantly increased their presence over time regardless of the treatments applied. The analysis performed for the other plant species (those other than grasses and legumes) allowed us to determine that the T1 and T5 treatments, which correspond to single species not treated with the application of phosphorus, influenced the presence of 70% of other species planted. Our specific aim was to explore how changing plant biotic diversity affects productivity under a given set of conditions. We manipulated plant species richness as an experimental factor to determine if productivity would be affected by changes in the ratios of plants sown.

The Effect of Water and Salt Stress on Paspalum dilatatum,a Constituent of Pampas Natural Grasslands

The effects of the salt stress on plant growth are usually increased by the water stress.We studied the impact of both stresses in simultaneous pulses of drought and salinity on Paspalum dilatatum.This forage species is native to South America,spread in grasslands in many tropical,subtropical,and temperate areas of the world,and very common in grasslands of the Flooding Pampas of Argentina.Mimicking what happens in nature.We compared a pot experiment,a non-stressed control against water stress for a month(midpoint between field capacity and wilting point),and two saline stresses(moderate,6 d·Sm^(−1)and strong,12 d·Sm^(−1)),also for a month.Aerial biomass(green leaf;non-leaf green material,and dry material)and roots were harvested,weighed,and analyzed for nitrogen,phosphorus,and cations.The biomass of all components significantly decreased when both stresses were applied.Water plus strong saline stress reduced by half the total biomasses,compared to the control.The proportion of aerial biomass/root biomass ratio as well as aerial green component/dry materials ratio tend to decrease when subjected to both stresses.Nitrogen concentration in plants was not significantly affected,but phosphorus concentration increased in aerial biomass components,from 0.10 to 0.18 mg·kg^(−1)between the extreme treatments,but did not change in roots.Sodium concentration in plants increased(i.e.,in green leave sodium(Na)increased from 0.27 to 2.01 mg·kg^(−1)between the extreme treatments),whereas other cations either did not change or decreased,affecting the ratios between them.Sodium performance allows us to infer that the Na accumulation of P.dilatatum behaves in an intermediate range,compared to very tolerant to salts or non-salt tolerant species of the Paspalum genus.In agreement,when salts were applied in the form of a pulse,P.dilatatum tolerated higher salinity than that found by other authors for the same species,using continuous salinity.

Study on Plant Landscaping Methods in Garden Landscape Construction

Garden landscape is a beautiful complex formed by space and time complementing each other and acting together.Garden plants are the core landscaping elements in garden landscape construction.It is necessary to flexibly use a variety of plant landscaping methods to create a richer and more vivid natural landscape,and promote the improvement of the quality of the living environment and the harmonious coexistence between man and nature.

生态治理模式对公路边坡植物多样性与土壤特性的影响

为探讨公路边坡不同生态治理模式的植被恢复效果,以福建福州已建设完成1.5、8.0 a的2条公路的3种不同生态治理模式边坡[液压喷播植草护坡(Ⅰ)、锚索框架地梁内植草护坡(Ⅱ)、人字形骨架植草护坡(Ⅲ)]为研究对象,比较不同生态治理模式下的植物多样性与土壤特性,分析公路边坡植物多样性与土壤特性之间的关系。结果表明:(1)不同生态治理模式的边坡植被群落主要由豆科、菊科和禾本科植物组成。不同恢复时间下,Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、Pielou指数均表现为生态治理模式Ⅱ>Ⅲ>Ⅰ,而Margalef指数则表现为生态治理模式Ⅲ>Ⅱ>Ⅰ。3种不同生态治理模式公路边坡的植被覆盖度均为恢复8.0 a大于恢复1.5 a。(2)恢复1.5 a的3种生态治理模式公路边坡的土壤理化性质之间差异较小且不显著,而恢复8.0 a的土壤理化性质之间差异较大,尤其土壤pH值、有机质和速效钾含量呈显著差异(P<0.05)。生态治理模式Ⅲ的土壤团聚体水稳性、土壤抗冲性最佳。3种生态治理模式下,公路边坡土壤团聚体水稳性及土壤抗冲性均表现为恢复1.5 a大于恢复8.0 a。(3)Margalef指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、Pielou指数、植被覆盖度均与全钾含量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01);除Pielou指数外,其余3个植物多样性指数均与土壤全氮、全磷含量呈显著负相关(P<0.05),与土壤抗冲指数呈显著正相关(P<0.05);边坡坡长与植物多样性指数呈显著负相关(P<0.05),坡度与土壤抗冲性、土壤团聚体水稳性呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。综合比较,生态治理模式Ⅲ为公路边坡生态治理效果较佳的模式。

高寒地区不同人工牧草种类对土壤酶活性及酶化学计量比的影响

[目的]探究青藏高原高寒草甸区不同人工牧草土壤酶活性及其化学计量特征,为深入认识高寒地区土壤养分状况及草地生态系统功能提供科学依据。[方法]以冷地早熟禾(Poa crymophila)、无芒披碱草(Elymus submuticus)、短芒披碱草(Elymus breviaristatus)、垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)、星星草(Puccinellia tenuiflora)、同德老芒麦(Elymus sibiricus)、贫花鹅观草(Roegneria pauciflora)7种人工牧草种植地土壤为研究对象,并以邻近的天然温带草原土壤作为对照(CK),探讨与土壤碳、氮和磷循环有关酶活性及其化学计量学特征。[结果](1)不同牧草种植地土壤酶活性差异较大〔(3~496 nmol/(g·h)〕,7种牧草土壤酶的活性均明显低于CK(13~506 nmol/(g·h))。(2)土壤碳氮酶活性比(E_(C∶N))在各样地之间无显著差异,冷地早熟禾样地的碳磷酶活性比(E_(C∶P))和氮磷酶活性比(E_(N∶P))最大(0.82,0.94);7种牧草土壤酶活性矢量角度均大于45°,表明牧区土壤微生物受到P元素限制。(3)土壤酶活性及其化学计量主要受土壤SOC,TN,W,MBC和MBN的影响,与MBC∶MBN,SOC∶TP和TN∶TP也显著相关。[结论]人工牧草的种植改变了土壤养分结构从而影响土壤酶的分泌,不同牧草种类种植地土壤酶活性及其化学计量存在显著差异。未来结合土壤微生物群落组成以及功能特征可进一步揭示青藏高原高寒草甸土壤养分循环及草地生态系统功能的影响机制。

隧道洞门区水土流失机理分析与水土保持技术

本文以某隧道工程为例,探究了隧道洞门区的水土流失机理,并提出了水土保持措施。结合现场调查情况,分析认为隧道洞门区水土流失主要与水力侵蚀和重力侵蚀有关。在此基础上基于永临结合、重点治理与全局治理结合原则提出了水土保持方案。该方案共包含三部分,工程措施方面采取了设置坡顶截水沟、表土剥离和覆土整理措施;植物措施方面采取了客土喷播植草技术;临时措施方面设置了临时排水沟、临时沉砂池和临时挡土墙。通过综合采取水土保持技术,切实提高了隧道洞门区的蓄水保土能力。

Landscaping and performance of some aesthetic plant species in hot, arid conditions of India

Establishment of ornamental and aesthetic plants in hot, arid conditions of India is difficult due to the prevailing climatic, edaphic and biotic factors. Effect of turfgrass on the growth of ornamental plants in hot arid conditions has not been studied so far anywhere in the world. A study was conducted on the campus of Arid Forest Research Institute, Jodhpur, India to assess the performance of a few ornamental plant spe- cies in combination with turfgrass and without turfgrass with respect to different soil tilling intervals. Growth of plants was better with turfgrass than without turfgrass. We suggest adopting a soil tilling interval of 30 days to achieve optimum growth of ornamental plant species in terms of height and crown diameter. Our results can help reduce labor costs and achieving better landscapes in fewer days in hot urban conditions of Indian sub continent.

Native Aquatic Plant Establishment Efforts in a High-Herbivore, Central Texas Reservoir

Maintaining beneficial, native plant structure and diversity while reducing invasive, nuisance species dominance is an important management domain for natural resource managers. One such vegetation component in North American lakes and reservoirs is submerged aquatic vegetation—a valuable aquatic resource which serves as productive habitat for fish, aquatic macroinvertebrates, and other wildlife. Reservoirs in the southern parts of the United States have experienced varying aquatic plant dominance dynamics due to historical water resource management actions, including drawdowns and introduction of herbivorous fish for the purpose of controlling invasive aquatic vegetation. Some of these management options have also been detrimental to native submerged aquatic vegetation. This paper explores an adaptive management research effort by installing herbivore-protected, fenced-pen submerged aquatic vegetation sites in a high-herbivore reservoir to determine effectiveness of protecting habitat and serving as founder colony sources for propagule spread. Four experimental sites with three management treatments each were planted with American eelgrass. Each site utilized one un-fenced treatment and two treatments with varying mesh sizes for protective fencing-pens. Site integrity, species survival and spread, and grazing were documented. One additional site was installed and planted with other native submerged aquatic vegetation species for nominal species performance descriptions. No plants survived unprotected in the high-herbivore system and plants, in general, performed consistently better within the smaller mesh size. These test planting results were ultimately used to inform adaptive management decision making for plant installation and expansion designs for managing reservoirs invested with Hydrilla, considered one of the most serious invasive aquatic plants in the United States.

Impacts of Sward Renewal Method with Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne) on Dry Matter Yield, Tiller Density and Nitrate Leaching

The objective of this study was to evaluate alternative methods of grassland renewal (reseeding) with perennial ryegrass and quantify their effects on subsequent DM yield, tiller density and nitrate leaching. Two experiments were carried out;the first focused on quantifying the influence of Autumn reseeding (August cultivation), and the second, on Spring reseeding (May cultivation) on sward establishment and grass DM production. The study incorporated six treatments namely: direct drill (DD), disc plus power harrow (DPH), power harrow (PH), conventional-plough, till and sow (PLO), and the chemical application of diquat to suppress the existing sward followed by direct drilling (DIQ), represented a rejuvenation method as opposed to full renewal (Spring trial only). All treatments were compared against a control (old permanent pasture). Reseeded swards produced more seasonal (P < 0.05) and total (P < 0.01 Autumn only) DM yield than the control sward. All reseeding methods increased the perennial ryegrass tiller density of the sward compared to the old permanent pasture (P < 0.05 Autumn trial, P < 0.001 Spring trial). All sward renewal methods evaluated were equally as effective as the conventional method of grassland reseeding with the DIQ rejuvenation method intermediate as measured in terms of DM yield and PRG tiller density. The results of the study show no significant difference in the level of nitrate lost in leachate following reseeding regardless of method used or indeed any difference between reseeded swards and old permanent pasture.

降雨作用下抗滑桩与三维土工网垫植草护坡坡体的稳定分析

针对抗滑桩与三维土工网垫植草护坡在降雨作用下的稳定性问题,采用有限元强度折减法,利用ABAQUS建立抗滑桩与三维土工网垫植草护坡坡体的三维有限元模型,以坡底水平位移突变情况作为边坡失稳的判断标准,分别比较了不同工况下护坡安全系数随降雨时长的变化规律,以及降雨作用下抗滑桩桩位、桩长对抗滑桩与三维土工网垫植草护坡坡体的稳定性影响,并与未考虑降雨时的影响规律进行对比。结果表明:降雨时长对三维土工网垫植草工况的边坡稳定性影响较为明显;抗滑桩桩长对边坡稳定性影响较大,桩长宜取8 m;无降雨作用下将桩位置于坡中时边坡整体获得最大安全系数,降雨作用下将抗滑桩置于相对位置(L 0.4=4.8 m)时能够起到更好的抗滑效果;抗滑桩与三维土工网垫植草在降雨作用时加固护坡的效果比无降雨时更好,且优于原边坡。

14种青藏高原草本植物的萌发特征对不同温度与水势的响应

随着全球气候不断变暖,青藏高原地区生态环境十分脆弱。研究这一区域温度和水分条件对野生牧草草种萌发活动的影响并以此为依据筛选适宜作为生态恢复的草种是稳定和恢复生态屏障功能的基础条件。通过PEG-6000调节渗透势模拟土壤干旱情况同时用10和20℃分别模拟青藏高原春季和夏季温度,研究14种青藏高原乡土草本植物在不同温度和水势下的萌发行为。结果表明:供试植物萌发策略具有多样化,大部分植物在不同温度和水势下萌发策略表现在发芽率增减的同时伴随萌发时间和萌发速率指数的变化且变化程度不一。有50%的植物(7种)在萌发时间上变化显著(P<0.05),在发芽率和萌发速率指数上呈弱响应,28.6%的植物(4种)三者的变幅都较大。个别植物表现不同,木根香青(Anaphalis xylorhiza)显著表现在发芽率和萌发时间上,劲直黄耆(Astragalus strictus)三者都呈弱响应,藏西蝇子草(Silene moorcroftiana)表现为发芽率和萌发时间较敏感。整体上植物种子在20℃时发芽率和萌发速率明显升高,随水势的增高而有所提高,较水势而言温度对萌发率的作用更显著,12种植物种子20℃萌发时间显著缩短8~10 d。不同科植物对水热变化响应不同,供试植物中菊科、石竹科植物萌发表现较好。多数植物可在青藏高原地区夏季水分条件较好时作为建植草种进行生态恢复工作,藏沙嵩(Artemisia wellbyi)也可在夏季建植,藏西蝇子草、矮火绒草(Leontopodium nanum)、木根香青可在春季作为建植草种。

单播和混播禾草对土壤理化性质和微生物生物量的影响

为探究不同播种方式对退化高寒草地的影响,本试验研究了垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)单播,垂穗披碱草与草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis)混播,以及垂穗披碱草、草地早熟禾、多叶老芒麦(Elymus sibircus)混播下高寒草地的恢复效果。结果显示,垂穗披碱草+草地早熟禾人工草地的植物生物量、土壤速效养分含量和含水率最高;垂穗披碱草+草地早熟禾+多叶老芒麦人工草地的土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷含量最高,且土壤pH值为6.91,有利于植物生长,在该混播人工草地中,微生物生物量碳氮磷含量最高;相关分析和冗余分析表明,微生物生物量与土壤含水率和全钾含量呈负相关关系,与其他土壤理化性质呈正相关关系。综上,本研究认为在退化高寒草地进行禾草混播时,垂穗披碱草+草地早熟禾+多叶老芒麦的混播方式可能是最佳选择。然而,为了得出更准确的结论需要进行更长时间的观测和研究。

行间生草对霞多丽葡萄及葡萄酒品质的影响研究

为探索适宜的酿酒葡萄生态栽培管理模式,以清耕葡萄园为对照,研究行间种植湖南稷子、箭筈豌豆、黑麦草和红豆草对霞多丽葡萄果实及葡萄酒品质的影响。结果表明,相较于对照,行间生草处理提高了土壤全氮、全磷、有机质、速效磷和碱解氮含量,降低了土壤pH值。4种生草处理的总糖含量显著高于对照,其中湖南稷子处理的葡萄总糖含量最高,较对照高出11.77%;4种生草处理的总酸含量显著高于对照、pH值显著低于对照,其中箭筈豌豆总酸含量最高、pH值最低,分别为5.47 g·L^(-1)和3.55;4种生草处理葡萄总酚及总黄烷酮含量较对照有显著提高,其中箭筈豌豆、湖南稷子处理果皮和果籽的总酚含量分别较对照提高32.10%、48.20%和22.32%、25.18%。在葡萄酒中共检测出47种香气成分,其中酯类物质含量最多,共22种,醇类物质15种,脂肪酸类物质5种;4种生草处理的香气物质总量均高于对照,主要表现为重要酯类物质含量的增加,其中湖南稷子处理香气物质总量最高。综上,行间生草提高了贺兰山东麓葡萄园的土壤养分含量,对产区土壤具有一定的改良作用;湖南稷子和箭筈豌豆两种草种对霞多丽葡萄与葡萄酒品质的提升效果较好,适宜在贺兰山东麓葡萄园推广。本研究结果为葡萄园生草模式和种类选择提供了理论依据。

丛枝菌根真菌对3种水土保持草本植物生长和土壤团聚体的影响

【目的】筛选出红壤区最优水土保持草本植物与丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)组合,提升红壤侵蚀区坡面水土流失治理水平。【方法】选择优良水土保持植物白三叶(Trifo-lium repens)、百喜草(Paspalum notatum)和雀稗(Paspalum thunbergii)在温室进行盆栽试验,设接种摩西管柄囊霉(Funneliformis mosseae)、根内根孢囊霉(Rhizophagus intraradices)及不接种(对照)3种处理,测定3种植物的AMF侵染率、地上、地下生长指标及土壤团聚体情况。【结果】接种AMF可显著促进3种植物的地上部生长,对百喜草和白三叶的促生效果显著(P<0.05);接种AMF可显著增加白三叶根长、根体积、根系分叉和根冠比数等,促进其根系生长发育;白三叶对AMF根冠比的生长响应及菌根依赖度优于另外2种植物;接种AMF显著提高了白三叶土壤水稳性团聚体含量。【结论】白三叶具有较高菌根侵染率,能与AMF共生,获得更加发达的根系和良好的长势,有效促进植被-土壤相互作用,增强调控坡面侵蚀的能力。

铁源和生草种类对猕猴桃植株缺铁黄化矫治效果的影响

以‘脐红’猕猴桃组培苗为试材,采用盆栽法研究了重碳酸盐诱发缺铁条件下2种铁源(Fe-EDTA和Fe-EDDHA)和5个草种(高丹草、紫羊茅、鼠茅草、黑麦草和毛苕子)对猕猴桃缺铁黄化矫治效果的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,诱发缺铁处理植株新叶全铁含量下降,根中活性铁含量升高且氢离子外排减弱,这可能与诱发缺铁处理提高了根际基质pH和电导率但降低了DTPA铁含量有关。较之对照,EDTA铁源的诱发缺铁处理植株叶片SPAD值和Fv/Fm、根体积、茎中全铁和新叶活性铁分配率均下降;而EDDHA铁源的诱发缺铁植株茎全铁含量则升高,有利于地上部积累更多的铁来防止叶片缺铁黄化。在以EDTA为铁源的诱发缺铁基础上,播种高丹草和紫羊茅能够提高叶片SPAD值,但会降低根际基质pH和电导率。播种高丹草还提高了植株根和新叶活性铁及根中全铁含量、新叶活性铁分配率,但降低了植株新叶数、新叶和茎干重、老叶活性铁分配率;而播种紫羊茅则提高了叶片Fv/Fm值和根中活性铁含量。这些结果说明,在重碳酸盐诱发缺铁条件下,施用Fe-EDDHA或播种高丹草和紫羊茅均可有效缓解猕猴桃植株缺铁黄化,这为石灰性土壤上猕猴桃缺铁绿色高效防控提供了科学依据。

重庆市级重大项目菖蒲盖景区农旅融合亚高山草场修复与养护

介绍重庆市酉阳县菖蒲盖亚高山草场概况,以及草场存在的水土流失、植被退化、景观效果不佳等问题。藉此提出清杂、整地、灌溉排水、土壤改造、植草等对草场加以生态修复的技术措施,以及相应的草场维护和景观养护措施。通过实施生态修复,认为初步取得了预期效果。