A COMPARISON OF SOME ELECTRONIC COUNTERMEASURES ON INVERSE SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR (ISAR)

Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar (ISAR) is an important means for target classification, recognition, identification and many other military applications. A simulation model of ISAR system is established after analyzing the principle of ISAR imaging, and then several ECM (Electronic Counter Measurement) techniques are studied. Simulation experiments are done on the basis of such research. The experimental result of the research can be used for ECM equipment.

Micro-motion effect in inverse synthetic aperture radar imaging of ballistic mid-course targets

For ballistic mid-course targets,in addition to constant orbital motion,the target or any structure on the target undergoes micro-motion dynamics,such as spin,precession and tumbling.The micro-motion characteristics of the ballistic mid-course targets were discussed.The target motion model and inverse synthetic aperture radar(ISAR) imaging model for this kind of targets were built.Then,the influence of micro-motion on ISAR imaging based on the established imaging model was presented.The computer simulation to get mid-course target echoes from static darkroom electromagnetic scattering data based on the established target motion model was realized.The imaging results of computer simulation show the validity of ISAR imaging analysis for micro-motion targets.

Inverse synthetic aperture radar range profile compensation of plasma-sheath-enveloped reentry object

The scattering points in a plasma sheath characterized with coupled velocities can cause pulse compression mismatching,which results in displacement and energy diffusion in the onedimension range profile.To solve this problem,we deduce the echo model of the plasma-sheathenveloped reentry object.By estimating the coupled velocities,we propose a compensation method to correct the defocus of an inverse synthetic aperture radar(ISAR)image in range dimension to improve the quality of the ISAR images.The simulation results suggest that the echoes from different regions of the surface of the reentry object have various coupling velocities,and the higher the coupled velocity,the more serious the displacement and energy diffusion in the range dimension.Our proposed method can correct the range dimension aberration.Two measurement metrics were used to evaluate the improvement of the compensation method.

Application of Interferometric Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar to Morphotectonic Research in the Bengcuo Area of Tibet

Using ERS1/2 radar satellite data, we generated a Digital Elevation Model by Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar, and the ERS1/2 DEM that we generated is obviously superior to both the 1/25 ten thousandscale DEM of the National Fundamental Geographic Information System of China and the 90m spatial resolution’s SRTM DEM that America published in 2004 when it showed the characteristics of tiny structure relief. By analyzing the relief characteristics of the Bengcuo fault zone based on ERS1/2 DEM, we find that the relief on the connection location of the Bengcuo and Pengcuo fault zones has complex characteristics. A structure relief that is similar to the Pengcuo fault zone crosses through the DaziDasha fault on the the Bengcuo fault zone, while the DaziDasha fault crosses through a gully at this place. This indicates that the DaziDasha fault has been active at this place recently. At the same time, the NakaNaduiduo fault is severed by the gully which was cut through by the DaziDasha fault. Therefore, the NakaNaduiduo fault was formed earlier than the DaziDasha fault.

Effect of digital elevation models on monitoring slope displacements in open-pit mine by differential interferometry synthetic aperture radar

Displacement monitoring in open-pit mines is one of the important tasks for safe management of mining processes.Differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar(DInSAR),mounted on an artificial satellite,has the potential to be a cost-effective method for monitoring surface displacements over extensive areas,such as open-pit mines.DInSAR requires the ground surface elevation data in the process of its analysis as a digital elevation model(DEM).However,since the topography of the ground surface in open-pit mines changes largely due to excavations,measurement errors can occur due to insufficient information on the elevation of mining areas.In this paper,effect of different elevation models on the accuracy of the displacement monitoring results by DInSAR is investigated at a limestone quarry.In addition,validity of the DInSAR results using an appropriate DEM is examined by comparing them with the results obtained by global positioning system(GPS)monitoring conducted for three years at the same limestone quarry.It is found that the uncertainty of DEMs induces large errors in the displacement monitoring results if the baseline length of the satellites between the master and the slave data is longer than a few hundred meters.Comparing the monitoring results of DInSAR and GPS,the root mean square error(RMSE)of the discrepancy between the two sets of results is less than 10 mm if an appropriate DEM,considering the excavation processes,is used.It is proven that DInSAR can be applied for monitoring the displacements of mine slopes with centimeter-level accuracy.

A Review on Applications of Imaging Synthetic Aperture Radar with a Special Focus on Cryospheric Studies

The cryosphere is the frozen part of the Earth’s system. Snow and ice are the main constituents of the cryosphere and may be found in different states, such as snow, freshwater ice, sea ice, perma-frost, and continental ice masses in the form of glaciers and ice sheets. The present review mainly deals with state-of-the-art applications of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) with a special emphasize on cryospheric information extraction. SAR is the most important active microwave remote sensing (RS) instrument for ice monitoring, which provides high-resolution images of the Earth’s surface. SAR is an ideal sensor in RS technology, which works in all-weather and day and night conditions to provide useful unprecedented information, especially in the cryospheric regions which are almost inaccessible areas on Earth. This paper addresses the technological evolution of SAR and its applications in studying the various components of the cryosphere. The arrival of SAR radically changed the capabilities of information extraction related to ice type, new ice formation, and ice thickness. SAR applications can be divided into two broad classes-polarimetric applications and interferometric applications. Polarimetric SAR has been effectively used for mapping calving fronts, crevasses, surface structures, sea ice, detection of icebergs, etc. The paper also summarizes both the operational and climate change research by using SAR for sea ice parameter detection. Digital elevation model (DEM) generation and glacier velocity mapping are the two most important applications used in cryosphere using SAR interferometry or interferometric SAR (InSAR). Space-borne InSAR techniques for measuring ice flow velocity and topography have developed rapidly over the last decade. InSAR is capable of measuring ice motion that has radically changed the science of glaciers and ice sheets. Measurement of temperate glacier velocities and surface characteristics by using airborne and space-borne interferometric satellite images have been the significant application in glaciology and cryospheric studies. Space-borne InSAR has contributed to major evolution in many research areas of glaciological study by measuring ice-stream flow velocity, improving understanding of ice-shelf processes, yielding velocity for flux-gate based mass-balance assessment, and mapping flow of mountain glaciers. The present review summarizes the salient development of SAR applications in cryosphere and glaciology.

Multi-static InISAR imaging for ships under sparse aperture

This paper concentrates on super-resolution imaging of the ship target under the sparse aperture situation.Firstly,a multi-static configuration is utilized to solve the coherent processing interval(CPI)problem caused by the slow-speed motion of ship targets.Then,we realize signal restoration and image reconstruction with the alternating direction method of multipliers(ADMM).Furthermore,we adopt the interferometric technique to produce the three-dimensional(3D)images of ship targets,namely interferometric inverse synthetic aperture radar(InISAR)imaging.Experiments based on the simulated data are utilized to verify the validity of the proposed method.

微波视觉与SAR图像智能解译

高分辨率雷达成像技术和人工智能、大数据技术的快速发展,有力促进了雷达图像智能解译技术的进步。由于雷达传感器本身的特殊性和电磁散射成像物理的复杂性,雷达图像的解译缺乏光学图像的直观性,准确迅速识别分类的需求对雷达图像解译提出了迫切的挑战。在借鉴人脑光视觉感知机理和计算机视觉图像处理相关技术基础上,进一步融合电磁散射物理规律及其雷达成像机理,我们提出发展微波域雷达图像解译的“微波视觉”的新交叉领域研究。该文介绍微波视觉的概念与内涵,提出微波视觉认知模型,阐述其基础理论问题与技术路线,最后介绍了作者团队在相关问题上的初步研究进展。

MCJ-UNet:一种双/多通道联合InSAR相位解缠网络

干涉合成孔径雷达(InSAR)可实现地表高程的高效获取,在地形测绘中应用广泛。双/多通道InSAR技术可借助不同通道(基线、频点)的高程模糊度差异,解决相位欠采样问题,完成高程陡变区域的干涉相位解缠,实现InSAR技术在测绘困难区域的有效应用。该文即面向高效高精度相位解缠需求,利用深度学习这一有力工具,结合不同通道的相位特征及相互约束关系,提出了一种双/多通道联合干涉相位解缠网络:Multi-Channel-Joint-UNet(MCJ-UNet)。该网络的构建以双通道(双频、双基线)InSAR为基本观测构型,并可实现向多通道构型的扩展,其构建的核心思路主要包括3点:首先,将干涉相位解缠中的模糊数估计问题转化为语义分割问题,并采用UNet网络完成分割处理;其次,引入挤压激励模块(SE)动态调整信息权重,以增强网络不同通道对其所需信息的感知能力;最后,利用多通道联合约束下的相位残差优化损失函数,实现网络调谐。此外,为避免语义分割结果的边缘细节误差对解缠效果的影响,该文还提出了一种基于多通道联合约束的解缠误差自修正方法,以保证解缠质量。模拟地形仿真数据、真实地形仿真数据以及TerraSAR-X实测数据验证了所提方法的有效性。

一种天基双基地InSAR系统的相位同步方法及验证情况

以德国的TanDEM-X双星编队干涉合成孔径雷达(InSAR)卫星系统为背景,提出了基于点频连续波同步信号双向对传,实现编队卫星InSAR系统相位同步的方法。文中给出了该同步方法实现的框架,对该相位同步方法的原理进行了理论推导,得出了补偿相位差的表达式,并对影响同步精度的因素进行了初步的分析。该方法可用于天基双/多基地合成孔径雷达系统相位同步链路的设计,仿真分析的结果验证了该方法的理论可行性。此外,通过搭建实物系统对系统的工程可实现精度进行了验证,结果表明获取的载波频率相位同步精度与倍频器件的频率精度和一致性密切相关。该相位同步方法为与TanDEM-X相近InSAR系统的设计提供参考。

基于InSAR技术的大跨桥梁温度变形监测研究

以国内某高速铁路钢拱桥为研究对象,选取2017—2018年期间59幅C波段Senti⁃nel-1号雷达卫星影像,利用PS-InSAR技术处理影像获得桥梁的视线向(Line of Sight,LOS)位移,根据SAR成像空间几何关系解算出支座的纵向位移.研究结果表明:支座纵向位移的时空特性与实际桥梁结构相符合,验证了PS-InSAR技术观测桥梁结构位移的可行性.建立支座纵向位移与温度的线性相关模型,并与结构健康监测系统的实测结果进行对比.两者吻合良好,相对误差控制在10%以内,验证了PS-InSAR测量桥梁结构位移的可靠性.利用有限元模拟温度作用下桥梁支座的位移变化,并与PS-InSAR位移时间序列进行对比.两者趋势基本一致,LOS向位移误差在[-10,10]mm,验证了PS-InSAR测量桥梁结构位移的准确性.

基于最大对比度的联合相位误差校正方法

针对高分辨率逆合成孔径雷达(ISAR)成像过程中,因目标转动所引入的转动相位误差无法被忽略,以及由于转动相位误差使得传统平动相位误差校正方法性能严重下降的问题,提出了一种基于最大对比度的联合相位误差校正的方法,可同时校正残余的平动相位误差和转动相位误差,进一步提高成像的质量。首先利用传统的运动补偿方法对回波信号进行处理,其次根据最大对比度准则,将相位误差校正问题转化为最大对比度优化问题,最后利用改进的拟牛顿算法进行求解。该方法能使高分辨率ISAR进行精准成像,且所得图像聚焦效果良好。通过对仿真数据和实测数据的处理,验证了文中方法的有效性。

采空区地表InSAR形变监测与安全稳定性评价

为探明河南省平顶山市某变电站拟建场地的安全稳定性,避免采空区地表沉降或倾斜给变电站造成安全隐患,采用永久散射体(PS)合成孔径雷达干涉测量(InSAR)研究平顶山市2015—2022年间的45景Sentinel-1A数据,精细化分析拟建场地的9个代表位置的时序形变特征,进而建立基于InSAR监测的采空区地表场地安全稳定性评价机制,完成对场地的安全稳定性评价。研究结果表明:基于模糊数据集的模糊PS选点法可克服PS点密度低的弊端,有效增加分析可用数据,提升监测结果的准确性;依据基准点校正拟建区内代表点的时序形变后发现,拟建场地整体形变较小且逐渐呈现趋于稳定的趋势,最大沉降量为13.05 mm,最大沉降速度为5.73 mm/a,最大倾斜为0.070 mm/m。基于安全稳定性评价机制分析可知:采空区地表场地移动变形处于稳定状态,变电站地基基础处于安全状态,采空区地表沉降对拟建变电站的影响程度小,综合3种评价指标进行分析,采空区地表场地安全稳定性等级为高,具备建设变电站的可行性。

2023年积石山Ms6.2级地震InSAR同震形变探测与断层滑动分布反演

2023年12月18日,甘肃省临夏回族自治州积石山县发生了Ms6.2级地震,地震灾害损失显著高于同震级地震,查明其同震形变场与断层滑动分布特征,有助于揭示此次地震灾害损失严重的原因。利用Sentinel-1卫星升、降轨雷达影像,采用合成孔径雷达干涉技术获取了本次地震的同震形变场,进而基于Okada弹性位错模型,确定了本次地震的震源参数,并基于分布式滑动模型反演了本次地震断层面上的滑动分布。结果表明,积石山地震为逆冲型地震,升、降轨同震形变场沿视线向最大形变量分别为7.1 cm和7.8 cm,断层最大滑动量为0.31 m,主要集中在地下0~8 km。与2019年6月17日四川长宁Ms 6.0级地震对比发现,长宁地震地表最大形变量为8 cm,断层最大滑动量为0.38 m,均大于积石山地震,推测积石山地震灾害损失严重的主要原因为震区居民房屋相对集中、房屋抗震性能差和黄土区场地地震波放大效应等。

边坡雷达在重大突发性滑坡应急监测中的应用研究

西南地区突发性重大地质灾害常发生于深切河谷区,在应急抢险过程中,存在人员难到达、地面调查与监测困难、灾害持续变形破坏造成的危害大等问题。以西藏自治区江达县白格滑坡和四川丹巴县阿娘寨滑坡应急抢险为例,应用边坡雷达对白格滑坡残留体和阿娘寨滑坡复活体进行应急监测和变形特征研究。结果表明:通过边坡雷达获取各测点的累计视向变形量、变形速率、变形加速度等监测数据绘制监测区变形云图和监测曲线,判识滑坡区变形破坏及发展趋势、研判各变形区所处的变形演化阶段,快速对临滑破坏区进行识别与预报。边坡雷达能对突发性重大地质灾害开展非接触式全天候实时监测,既能实时掌握灾害变形特征,也保证了监测人员安全,对今后类似的突发性地质灾害应急监测和预警预报具有参考借鉴意义。

星载分布式SAR双频乒乓模式测高精度分析

星载分布式合成孔径雷达(SAR)系统用于干涉测绘,凭借其基线灵活、时间去相关很小的特点得到了快速发展。与传统模式相比,双频乒乓模式能够同时得到两种频率的多幅SAR图像,可以实现更高精度的高程测量。本文首先简单介绍了双频乒乓模式的工作原理,然后深入研究了该模式下SAR干涉对的相位比例关系和相关性,理论上分析了其干涉相位估计精度和对应的测高精度,从而为系统设计和干涉处理方法研究提供理论依据。最后仿真分析结果直观展示了双频乒乓模式相较于传统模式的优越性,由于该模式增加了不同频率的干涉相位数据,干涉相位估计精度和测高精度均显著提升。

一种基于相位校正的InISAR图像配准新方法

针对InISAR三维成像中的图像配准问题进行研究,从理论上推导了同一基线上两干涉天线之间图像失配准的原因,并定量分析了图像失配准量对后续干涉处理的影响。研究表明,初始时刻同一基线上两干涉天线间的波程差引起两幅ISAR图像距离方向的亚像素级失配,而成像积累时间内两干涉天线波程差的变化量则引起两幅ISAR图像多普勒方向的像素级失配。针对干涉天线图像间的二维失配问题,提出了一种基于相位校正的图像配准新方法。该方法从参考距离选取的角度出发,对辅助接收天线的回波信号进行相位校正,补偿了由干涉天线间的位置差异引起的两幅ISAR图像之间的失配准量,完成两幅图像间的精确配准,得到反映目标真实尺寸的三维像。

基于InISAR技术的三维成像

建立了在目标与天线电轴间存在较大斜角情况下的干涉式逆合成孔径雷达(InISAR)三维成像模型.研究了目标运动补偿误差对干涉测量的影响,并给出运动补偿的详细步骤.由于相位差以2π为周期,所以运动补偿误差对测量结果的影响也是周期性的,这可能造成目标像的横向折叠,本方法首先估计出目标像重心相位,然后将目标像重心作为目标的基准点对相位差进行补偿以校正目标的偏移.测量得到的目标三维坐标并不是在直角坐标系下得到的,给出了坐标转换的公式.最后用仿真结果验证了此方法的有效性.

星载InSAR基线构型测量误差模型与灵敏度分析

为避免双天线InSAR系统基线测量动态监测过程中引入误差,影响基线测量精度,对基线长度与角度测量过程中的可能误差进行定性与定量分析。采用坐标变换法建立系统误差数学模型,明确测量系统的误差来源。提出误差灵敏度概念,对误差项进行定量计算,并对每一自由度的误差源进行灵敏度分析,进一步形成综合误差定量合成结果。根据误差灵敏度系数给出一组精度反演误差分配案例。最后,依据蒙特卡洛法在MATLAB平台闭环验证精度量化分配方法的可行性与稳定性。仿真分析结果表明,激光视觉三轴位置的测量精度要求为300μm(3σ),三轴角度的测量精度要求为50″(3σ),即可满足基线长度精度1 mm(1.6σ),基线角度精度2″(1.6σ)。通过本方法可由测量环境条件输入直接获得基线测量的精度,根据灵敏度系数对误差分配进行反演可以得到系统最优布局,其结果可为测量系统的方案设计与精度分解提供有效指导。

正交长基线毫米波InISAR运动目标三维成像

提出了一种基于差频测角定位、等效去平地相位和模糊数估计相结合的相位解缠方法.根据波束指向信息在差频下干涉测角,对目标进行粗定位;然后借鉴干涉合成孔径雷达(InSAR)中的去平地相位技术,实现等效去平地相位,缓解相位解缠压力;最后对模糊数进行统计估计,完成相位解缠.实际数据处理结果表明,该方法不仅解决了目标尺寸较大引起的相对相位缠绕问题,而且可以获得目标的绝对相位,实现了对运动目标的三维定位与三维成像.