Construction, expression and characterization of human interferon α2b-(G4S)n-thymosin α1 fusion proteins in Pichia pastoris

AIM:Interferon α2b (IFNα2b) and thymosin α1 (Tα1) exhibit synergic effects in the treatment of hepatitis B and hepatitis C when used together. For developing a fusion protein drug, fusion proteins of IFNα2b and Ta1 linked by different lengths of (G4S)n(n = 1-3) were constructed and expressed in Pichia pastoris. METHODS: Using PCR and molecular clone techniques, the fusion genes of IFNα2b-(G4S)n-Tα1 (n = 1-3) were constructed and subcloned into the eukaryotic expression vector pPIC9. After transformation of these plasmids into P. pastoris, the expressed fusion proteins IFNα2b-(G4S) n-Tα1 (n = 1-3) were obtained. These proteins were purified through diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) affinity chromatography and Superdex?75 gel filtration and analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot. Antiviral and E-rosette assays were used to investigate the bioactivities of these fusion proteins. RESULTS: DNA sequencing confirmed that the fusion genes of IFNa2b-(G4S)n-Tα1 (n= 1-3) were correctly cloned to the pPIC9 vector. The recombinant IFNα2b-(G4S)n-Tα1 (n = 1-3) fusion proteins expressed in P. pastoris were purified with DEAE and Superdex?75 gel filtration chromatography. The fusion proteins could be observed on sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with molecular weight (MW) of 23.2, 22.9, and 22.6 ku, respectively, and reacted to the IFNa2b monoclonal antibody and Tal polyclonal antibody. The purified fusion proteins exhibit antiviral activity and can enhance the percentage of E-rosette-forming-cell in E-rosette assay. CONCLUSION: The recombinant IFNa2b-(G4S)n-Tα1 (n = 1-3) fusion proteins were successfully expressed in P. pastoris. Purified fusion proteins exhibit both antiviral activity of IFNa2b and immunomodulatory activity of Tal in vitro. These results will be the basis for further evaluation of the fusion proteins' function in vivo.

Effects of recombinant human interferon α 2b atomization on serum cytokines and peripheral blood immune cells in children with HFMD

Objective:To study the effects of recombinant human interferon 2b atomization on serum cytokines and peripheral blood immune cells in children with HFMD.Methods: Children who were diagnosed with hand-foot-and-mouth disease in Tongji Hospital? Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science & Technology between June 2014 and August 2017 were selected as the research subjects and randomly divided into the interferonα2b group who accepted human recombinant interferonα2b atomization combined with conventional symptomatic treatment and the control group who accepted conventional symptomatic treatment. The contents of cytokines in serum and the contents of immune cells in peripheral blood were determined before treatment as well as 3 days and 5 days after treatment. Results: 3 days and 5 days after treatment, IL-6, IL-13, TNF-α, CRP, MCP-1, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 contents in serum as well as CD19+CD24highCD27+B cell contents in peripheral blood of both groups of children were greatly lower than those before treatment whereas CD3+CD4+T cell, CD3+CD8+T cell and CD16+CD56+NK cell contents in peripheral blood were higher than those before treatment, and IL-6, IL-13, TNF-α, CRP, MCP-1, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 contents in serum as well as CD19+CD24highCD27+B cell contents in peripheral blood of interferonα2b group were significantly lower than those of control group whereas CD3+CD4+T cell, CD3+CD8+T cell and CD16+CD56+NK cell contents in peripheral blood were higher than those of control group.Conclusion: Recombinant human interferonα2b atomization treatment of HFMD can reduce the inflammatory response and improve the immune response.

Bell’s palsy and choreiform movements during peginterferon α and ribavirin therapy

Neuropsychiatric side effects of long-term recombinant interferon-α therapy consist of a large spectrum of symptoms. In the literature, cranial neuropathy, especially Bell's palsy, and movement disorders, have been reported much less often than other neurotoxic effects. We report a case of Bell's palsy in a patient with chronic hepatitis C during peginterferon-α and ribavirin therapy. The patient subsequently developed clinically inapparent facial nerve involvement on the contralateral side and showed an increase in choreic movements related to Huntington's disease during treatment.

Liver Histopathological Features Influencing HBeAg Seroconversion in Patients with HBeAg-positive Chronic Hepatitis B Treated with Pegylated Interferon α

Objective To investigate the efficiency of pegylated interferon α therapy for patients with HBe Ag-positive chronic hepatitis B(CHB) and explore whether liver histopathological features and other factors might influence HBe Ag seroconversion.Methods Total of 80 HBe Ag-positive CHB patients who received liver puncture were treated with pegylated interferon α once a week for 48 weeks. The rate of HBe Ag seroconversion was determined after therapy, and the factors influencing HBe Ag seroconversion were analyzed.Results The rate of HBe Ag seroconversion was 30.00% at the end of treatment. The rate of HBe Ag seroconversion gradually increased with the elevation of liver inflammatory activity(χ2 = 9.170, P = 0.027). But liver fibrosis has little correlation with the rate of HBeA g seroconversion(χ2 = 5.917, P = 0.116). Except HBeA g, other baseline indexes including gender, age, serum ALT and serum HBV DNA 1evels had no statistical difference between the patients with HBe Ag seroconversion and the patients without HBe Ag seroconversion. By binary logistic regression analysis, liver inflammation and HBeA g were influencing factors for HBeA g seroconversion. Conclusions Pegylated interferon α therapy induces a higher rate of HBeA g seroconversion in HBeA g-positive chronic hepatitis B patients with severe liver inflammation, so the liver biopsies should be performed in time.

SYNERGIC CYTOTOXICITY TO GASTRIC CANCER CELLS BY COMBINED USE OF TRICHOSANTHIN ANDRECOMBINANT INTERFERON α-2B

Objective To investigate a new approach of the combined use of trichosanthin (TCS) andrecombinant interferon alpha - 2b (rIFN α- 2b) against digestive system cancer cells. Methods Detect separatelythe cytotoxicity of TCS, rIFN α- 2b and their combination against digestive system cancer cell SGC- 7901.Results In the experiment in vitro, TCS, rIFN α- 2b both had direct, dose dependent cytotoxicity againstSGC - 7901. Their combined use demonstrated a toxicity signijicantly higher than that of the two drugs used alone,showing a signilicant synergic effect. This synergic cytotoxicity was confirmed in the animal experiment.Conclusion Combined use of TCS and rIFN α - 2b decreases the therapeutic dose of TCS and its toxic adverseellect, and this synergic effect is favorable to the clinical use of TCS protein against gastric cancer.

Pegylated interferon α-2b up-regulates specific CD8+ T cells in patients with chronic hepatitis B

AIM:To investigate the effect of pegylated interferon (IFN) α-2b on specific CD8+ T lymphocytes in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). METHODS:Twenty-one patients with CHB were treated with pegylated IFN α-2b. Periphery blood mononuclear cells were isolated from fresh heparinized blood by Ficoll-Hypaque density gradient centrifugation (density:1.077 g/L,Pharmingen) at weeks 0,4,8,12,and 24,respectively. Frequency of circulating hepatitis B virus (HBV) epitope-specific CD8 T cells was detected by flow cytometry. Cytokines were detected by cytometric bead assay. RESULTS:The frequency of circulating HBV core or env-specific CD8 T cells was higher (P < 0.05),the number of HBV core specific CD8 T cells was greater at week 24 (P < 0.05),the level of Th1-type cytokines [interleukin (IL)-12,tumor necrosis factor-α,and IFN-γ] was higher,while that of Th2-type cytokines (IL-4,IL-6,and IL-10) was lower in responders than in nonresponders (P < 0.05) after pegylated IFN α-2b treatment. The IL-6 level was correlated with HBV DNA (r = 0.597,P = 0.04),while the inducible protein-10 (IP-10) level was correlated with serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (r = 0.545,P = 0.005). The IP-10 level at week 8 after pegylated IFN α-2b treatment could predict the normalization of ALT in CHB patients (positive predict value = 56%,negative predict value = 92%). CONCLUSION:Pegylated IFN α-2b can enhance the immune response of CHB patients by increasing the frequency of HBV specific CD8+ T cells and regulating the Th1/Th2 cytokines.

Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy associated with pegylated interferon α 2a therapy for chronic hepatitis C virus infection

The combination of pegylated interferon (Peg-IFN) and ribavirin is the standard of care for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection treatment. In general, common side effects related to this combination therapy are mild and are very well tolerated. However, peripheral neuropathy including demyelinating polyneuropathy related to Peg-IFN is extremely rare. We present the first case of an acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP) associated with Peg-IFN-α 2a (Pegasys) after 16 wk of a combination therapy with Pegasys and ribavirin in a 65-year-old woman with chronic HCV infection. She developed tingling, numbness, and weakness of her upper and lower extremities and was hospitalized for acute neurological deficits. Her clinical course, neurological findings, an electromyogram (EMG), nerve conductions studies (NCS), muscle biopsy, and a sural nerve biopsy were all consistent with AIDP likely related to Pegasys use. The patient recovered completely with the use of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) including physical therapy and neurological rehabilitation. It is very important that gastroenterologists and/or hepatologists recognize this rare neurological complication related to Peg-IFN treatment very early, since it requires a prompt discontinuation of therapy including an immediate referral to a neurologist for the confirmation of diagnosis, management, and the prevention of long-term neurological deficits.

Early prediction of major depression in chronic hepatitis C patients during peg-interferon α-2b treatment by assessment of vegetative-depressive symptoms after four weeks

AIM: To study the predictive value of the vegetative- depressive symptoms of the Zung Depression Rating Scale for the occurrence of depression during treatment with peg-interferon α-2b of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients. METHODS: The predictive value of vegetative- depressive symptoms at 4 wk of treatment for the occurrence of a subsequent diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD) was studied in CHC patients infected after substance use in a prospective, multi- center treatment trial in Belgium. The presence of vegetative-depressive symptoms was assessed using the Zung Scale before and 4 wk after the start of antiviral treatment. RESULTS: Out of 49 eligible patients, 19 (39%) developed MDD. The area under the ROC curve of the vegetative Zung subscale was 0.73, P = 0.004. The sensitivity at a cut-point of > 15/35 was 95% (95% CI: 74-100). The positive predictive value equalled 44% (95% CI: 29-60). CONCLUSION: In this group of Belgian CHC patients infected after substance use, antiviral treatment caused a considerable risk of depression. Seven vegetativedepressive symptoms of the Zung scale at wk 4 of treatment predicted 95% of all emerging depressions, at a price of 56% false positive test results.

Pegylated interferon α-2b plus ribavirin for older patients with chronic hepatitis C

AIM:To analyze the efficacy and safety of a combination therapy of pegylated interferon(PEG-IFN) α-2b plus ribavirin(RBV) in older Japanese patients(65 years or older) infected with hepatitis C virus(HCV).METHODS:This multicenter study included 938 patients with HCV genotype 1 who received 1.5 μg/kg per week PEG-IFN α-2b plus RBV 600-1000 mg/d for 48 wk and 313 HCV genotype 2 patients who received this treatment for 24 wk.RESULTS:At 24 wk after the end of combination therapy,the overall sustained virological response(SVR) for genotypes 1 and 2 were 40.7% and 79.6%,respectively.The SVR rate decreased signif icantly with age in each genotype,and was markedly reduced in genotype 1(P<0.001).Moreover,the SVR was significantly higher in patients with genotype 1 who were less than 65 years(47.3% of 685) than in those 65 years or older(22.9% of 253)(P<0.001) and was higher in patients with genotype 2 who were less than 65 years(82.9% of 252) than in those 65 years or older(65.6% of 61)(P=0.004).When patients received a dosage at least 80% or more of the target dosage of PEG-IFN α-2b and 60% or more of the target dosage of RBV,the SVR rate significantly increased to 66.5% in patients less than 65 years and to 45.2% in those 65 years or older(P<0.001).Adverse effects resulted in treatment discontinuation more often in patients with genotype 1(14.4%) than in patients with genotype 2(7.3%),especially by patients 65 years or older(24.1%).CONCLUSION:PEG-IFN α-2b plus RBV treatment was effective in chronic hepatitis C patients 65 years or older who completed treatment with at least the minimum acceptable treatment dosage.

Study on pharmacodynamics of recombinant interferon α-2b suppository

Objective To investigate the antiviral activity of recombinant interferonα-2b suppository(IFNα-2b)in vivo and in vitro.Methods The cytopathic-effect inhibition assay was applied in this study to investigate the antiviral activity of this drug as well as yingtelong and axiluowei as positive control.The guinea pig model of vaginitis and skin infection caused by HSV-2 infection were established,treated with IFNα-2b suppository at dosages of 60000、180000、540000 IU,using IFNα-2b injection 180000 IU·kg-1 as controls.Score the pathological changes of appearance and skin,the virus activities of vaginal secretion and tissue sections of viginae were assayed after treatment.Results The TD50 of IFN α-2b and yingtelong for Vero cells was(>100)μg·mL-1 and(>100000)IU·mL-1,respectively.The IC50 of IFN α-2b and yingtelong and axiluowei for Herpes virus type 1 was(0.29±0.08)μg·mL-1 and(185.0±28.8)IU·mL-1 and(0.19±0.03)μg·mL-1,respectively.The mean scores for vaginal and skin lesion of the treated groups were lower than those of untreated group.Among these concentrations,the IFNα-2b suppository of 540000 IU·kg-1 group.Showed highest anti-viral activity.The virus activity in vaginal secretion of treated group was lower than that of untreated group too(P<0.01 or P<0.05).Tissue sections of viginae after treatment with IFNα-2b suppository showed significantly therapeutical effects on the degrees of vaginal lesion.At the same dosage,The anti-HSV activity of IFNα-2b suppository was also compared with IFNα-2b injection,the results showed that the activity of suppository of 540000 IU·kg-1 group was similar to that of the injection.Conclusions The IFNα-2b suppository has anti-viruses function both in vivo and in vitro.

Reversing effects of interferon α on drug resistance of bone marrow cells in leukemia

Objective:To investigate the reversing effects of interferon a (IFN-a) on drug resistance of bone marrow cells in leukemia and its possible mechanism. Methods: Before and after the bone marrow cells extracted from50 cases of acute leukemia and 2 of chronic leukemia (BP) were incubated in the media with the addition of IFN-α,MDR1 mRNA expression and concentration of daunorubicin (DNR) in the cells were determined respectively withSAG-ISH and respectrofluorimetry. Results: Twenty-four (64. 2% ) our of all the 52 cases presented MDR1 mRNA expression. There was significant difference in the concentration of DNR between MDR1-positive and MDR1-negative cases before and after incubation. In all the 52 cases, no significant difference was found between the concentration of DNR before the incubation and that after the incubation. Conclusion: IFN-a can increase the concentration of DNR in the bone marrow cells in leukemia. No occurrence of MDR reversal is on the level of MDRl buton other levels.

Expression of Human Interferon α 2b Gene in Ginseng Cells

The human interferon α 2b（hIFN-α2b） gene was cloned into binary vector pBI121 to obtain plant expression vector pBIFN. The recombinant plasmid pBIFN was transferred into Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404. Then the hIFN-α2b gene was introduced into ginseng callus cells via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and the ginseng cell line carrying hIFN-α2b gene was selected on G418-containing medium. The presence of target gene in transformed cells was confirmed by PCR and RT-PCR. The results indicate that hIFN-α2b gene has been integrated into the ginseng cells＇ genome, with transcription products, hIFN-α2b expressed by the transgenic ginseng cells was detected by Western blot. It was shown that a specific protein band at 19000 could be observed. Cytopathic effect（CPE） inhibition assay using the W1SH-VSV system shows that the mean antiviral activity of expressed hlFN-a2α was 6.0× 10^4 IU/mL.

Prediction of the Response to Pegylated Interferon α-2a in Patients with HBeAg Positive Chronic Hepatitis B through Decline of Serum HBV DNA and Hepatitis B Virus Surface Antigen at Week 4

Objective To assess on-treatment serum HBsAg and HBV DNA kinetics in HBeAg-positive CHB patients to predict the efficacy of pegylated interferon(PEG-IFN) in early phase of treatment. Methods Forty-one treatment-naive HBeAg-positive patients treated with PEG-IFNα 2a at a dose of 180 μg/week for at least 24 weeks were evaluated. Their treatment response was assessed, including normalization of serum ALT, decline of serum HBV DNA and loss of HBeAg. Results We found that a decrease of HBV DNA level at the 4th week was positively correlated with the decrease of HBV DNA level at the 12th week and 24th week(r = 0.8202, P < 0.0001 and r = 0.6838, P < 0.0001, respectively). We observed that a decrease of HBsAg level at the 4th week was positively correlated with decrease of HBsAg level at the 12th week and 24th week(r = 0.4868, P = 0.0023 and r = 0.4251, P = 0.0109, respectively). A decrease of HBsAg level at the 24th week was positively correlated with the decrease of HBV DNA level at the 24th week(r = 0.5262, P = 0.0024). Serum level of IFN and IFN neutralizing antibody had no relationship with HBV DNA or HBsAg titers kinetics. Conclusions The decline of serum HBV DNA and hepatitis B surface antigen at the 4th week can be used to predict the response to PEG-IFNα 2a in patients with HBeAg positive chronic hepatitis B.

Effects of interferon α-2b on liver function, complement level and oxidative stress in patients with hepatitis B

Objective:To observe the effect of interferonα-2b treatment on liver function,liver fibrosis,complement protein and oxidative stress in patients with hepatitis B.Methods:A total of 100 patients with hepatitis B in our hospital were randomly divided into the control group and the observation group,with 50 cases in each group.After admission,patients in the control group were treated with entecavir,while patients in the observation group were treated with interferonα-2b combined with entecavir.The levels of serum total bilirubin(TBil),aspartate aminotransferase(AST),alanine aminotransferase(ALT),type III procollagen(PCIII),type IV collagen(CIV),complement C3 protein(C3),complement C4 protein(C4),malondialdehyde(MDA),superoxide dismutase(SOD)and nitric oxide(NO)were compared between the two groups before and after treatment.Results:After treatment,the levels of TBil,AST,ALT,PCIII,CIV,MDA and NO in serum of patients with hepatitis B in both groups were significantly lower than those before treatment,and the levels of C3,C4 and SOD were significantly higher than those before treatment(P<0.05).After treatment,the levels of TBil,AST,ALT,PC III,C IV,MDA and NO in serum of patients in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group,while the levels of C3,C4 and SOD in serum of patients in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group(P<0.05).Conclusions:The combination of interferonα-2b and entecavir has a good curative effect on hepatitis B.It can significantly improve the liver function and immune function of patients,delay the process of liver fibrosis and reduce oxidative stress injury.It is worthy of clinical promotion.

Effects of anti-HPV bioprotein dressing combined with interferon α-2b therapy on the malignant molecule expression in patients with CINⅢ complicated by high-risk HPV positive

Objective: To study the effects of anti-HPV bioprotein dressing combined with interferon α-2b therapy on the malignant molecule expression in patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) Ⅲ complicated by high-risk HPV positive. Methods: Patients who were diagnosed with CINⅢ and high-risk HPV positive and underwent conization in the 3201 Hospital Affiliated to Xi'an Jiaotong University between June 2014 and February 2017 were selected and randomly divided into the observation group who received preoperative anti-HPV bioprotein dressing combined with interferon α-2b therapy and the control group who received no special treatment. CIN lesion was collected to determine the expression of pro-proliferation molecules, pro-apoptosis molecules and epithelial-mesenchymal transition molecules. Results: Rsf1, Piwil2, TOPK, p38MAPK, ERK, Snail, Twist, N-cadherin and Vimentin mRNA expression in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia lesions of observation group were greatly lower than those of control group whereas LRIG3, SARI, IEX-1, FHIT and E-cadherin mRNA expression were greatly higher than those of control group. Conclusion: Anti-HPV bioprotein dressing combined with interferon α-2b therapy can inhibit the proliferation and invasive growth of tumor cells in patients with CINⅢ complicated by high-risk HPV positive.

Synonymous Codon Usage Bias and Overexpression of a Synthetic Gene Encoding Interferon α2b in Yeast

To achieve higher level expression of Interferon α2b(IFN-α2b)in methylotrophic yeast(Pichia pastoris),a cDNA fragment coding for the mature IFN-α2b was designed and synthesized based on the synonymous codon bias of P.pastoris and optimized G+C content.The synthetic IFN-α2b was inserted into the secreted expression vector pPICZαA,and then integrated into P.pastoris GS115 genome by electroporation.Multi-copy integrants in the Mut+ recombinant P.pastoris strain were screened by high concentrations of Zeocin.120 hours culturing allowed expression of the IFN-α2b transformant up to 810 mg/L as detected by SDS-PAGE and quantitative methods.In addition,Western blot analysis showed that the recombinant proteins had immunogenicity.The significant antiviral activity of the recombinant IFN-α2b protein was verified by WISH/VSV system,which was 3.3×105 IU/mL.

Effect of switching from treatment with nucleos(t)ide analogs to pegylated interferon α-2a on virological and serological responses in chronic hepatitis B patients

AIM To investigate the efficacy of switching to pegylated interferon-α-2a(Peg IFNα-2a) treatment in nucleos(t)ide analog(NA)-treated chronic hepatitis B(CHB) responder patients. METHODS A 48-wk prospective and retrospective treatment trial of NA-treated CHB patients who had received entecavir(ETV) for at least 48 wk and had serum hepatitis B virus(HBV)-DNA < 500 IU/m L, serum hepatitis B envelope antigen(HBe Ag) < 100 S/CO, serum alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase levels < 2 × the upper limit of normal of 40 IU/L was performed. The effects on virological and serological responses and adverse reactions to 0.5 mg daily ETV for 48 wk vs switching to Peg IFNα-2a were compared. Forty-four patients were randomized to be switched from NA treatment to the Peg IFNα-2a group, and 44 patients were simultaneously randomized to the ETV group. RESULTS After 48 wk of therapy, the decrease in hepatitis B surface antigen(HBs Ag) levels was greater in the Peg IFNα-2a group than in the ETV group(3.1340 log10 IU/m L vs 3.6950 log10 IU/m L, P = 0.00). Seven patients who were anti-HBs-positive at baseline achieved HBs Ag loss when switched to Peg IFNα-2a(15.91% vs 0%,P = 0.018). The HBe Ag serological conversion rate was higher in the Peg IFNα-2a group than in the ETV group; however, the difference was not significant because of the small sample sizes(34.38% vs 21.88%, P = 0.232). In the Peg IFNα-2a group, patients with HBs Ag levels < 1500 IU/m L at baseline had higher HBe Ag seroconversion and HBs Ag loss rates at week 48 than those with HBs Ag levels ≥ 1500 IU/m L(HBe Ag seroconversion: 17.86% vs 62.5%, P = 0.007; HBs Ag loss: 41.67% vs 6.25%, P = 0.016). Moreover, patients with HBs Ag levels < 1500 IU/m L at week 24 had higher HBs Ag loss rates after therapy than those with HBs Ag levels ≥ 1500 IU/m L(36.84% vs 0%, P = 0.004). However, there were no statistically significant differences in HBe Ag seroconversion rates(47.06% vs 25.93%, P = 0.266). CONCLUSION NA-treated CHB patients switched to sequential Peg IFNα-2a achieved highly potent treatment termination safely.

The cGAS-STING-interferon regulatory factor 7 pathway regulates neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease

Interferon regulatory factor 7 plays a crucial role in the innate immune response.However,whether interferon regulatory factor 7-mediated signaling contributes to Parkinson's disease remains unknown.Here we report that interferon regulatory factor 7 is markedly up-regulated in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced mouse model of Parkinson's disease and co-localizes with microglial cells.Both the selective cyclic guanosine monophosphate adenosine monophosphate synthase inhibitor RU.521 and the stimulator of interferon genes inhibitor H151 effectively suppressed interferon regulatory factor 7 activation in BV2 microglia exposed to 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium and inhibited transformation of mouse BV2 microglia into the neurotoxic M1 phenotype.In addition,si RNA-mediated knockdown of interferon regulatory factor 7 expression in BV2 microglia reduced the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase,tumor necrosis factorα,CD16,CD32,and CD86 and increased the expression of the anti-inflammatory markers ARG1 and YM1.Taken together,our findings indicate that the cyclic guanosine monophosphate adenosine monophosphate synthase-stimulator of interferon genes-interferon regulatory factor 7 pathway plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.

Relationship between Phenotypic Changes of Dendritic Cell Subsets and the Onset of Plateau Phase during Intermittent Interferon Therapy in Patients with CHB

Objective This study aimed to evaluate whether the onset of the plateau phase of slow hepatitis B surface antigen decline in patients with chronic hepatitis B treated with intermittent interferon therapy is related to the frequency of dendritic cell subsets and expression of the costimulatory molecules CD40,CD80,CD83,and CD86.Method This was a cross-sectional study in which patients were divided into a natural history group(namely NH group),a long-term oral nucleoside analogs treatment group(namely NA group),and a plateau-arriving group(namely P group).The percentage of plasmacytoid dendritic cell and myeloid dendritic cell subsets in peripheral blood lymphocytes and monocytes and the mean fluorescence intensity of their surface costimulatory molecules were detected using a flow cytometer.Results In total,143 patients were enrolled(NH group,n=49;NA group,n=47;P group,n=47).The results demonstrated that CD141/CD1c double negative myeloid dendritic cell(DNmDC)/lymphocytes and monocytes(%)in P group(0.041[0.024,0.069])was significantly lower than that in NH group(0.270[0.135,0.407])and NA group(0.273[0.150,0.443]),and CD86 mean fluorescence intensity of DNmDCs in P group(1832.0[1484.0,2793.0])was significantly lower than that in NH group(4316.0[2958.0,5169.0])and NA group(3299.0[2534.0,4371.0]),Adjusted P all<0.001.Conclusion Reduced DNmDCs and impaired maturation may be associated with the onset of the plateau phase during intermittent interferon therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B.

Brain endothelial cyclic GMP-AMP synthase(cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes(STING)signaling pathway in aging and neurodegeneration

The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase(cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes(STING)signaling pathway has emerged as a key mediator of neuroinflammation.While current studies primarily attribute its effects to neurons and glial cells,emerging research suggests that cGAS-STING signaling may play a critical role in cerebral vasculature,particularly in brain endothelial cells.Therefore,studying the role 7of inflammation caused by the cGAS-STING pathway in brain endothelial cells could provide a more comprehensive understanding of neuroinflammatory disease and new avenues for therapeutic interventions.Here,we review the multifaceted role of global cGAS-STING signaling in various neurological and neuroinflammatory diseases and the potential contribution of cGAS-STING in brain endothelial cells.