Intermittent fasting boosts antitumor immunity by restricting CD11b^(+)Ly6C^(low)Ly6G^(low) cell viability through glucose metabolism in murine breast tumor model

Intermittent fasting can benefit breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy or immunotherapy.However,it is still uncertain how to select immunotherapy drugs to combine with intermittent fasting.Herein we observed that two cycles of fasting treatment significantly inhibited breast tumor growth and lung tissue metastasis,as well as prolonged overall survival in mice bearing 4T1 and 4T07 breast cancer.During this process,both the immunosuppressive monocytic-(M-)and granulocytic-(G-)myeloid-derived suppressor cell(MDSC)decreased,accompanied by an increase in interleukin(IL)7R^(+)and granzyme B^(+)T cells in the tumor microenvironment.Interestingly,we observed that Ly6G^(low)G-MDSC sharply decreased after fasting treatment,and the cell surface markers and protein mass spectrometry data showed potential therapeutic targets.Mechanistic investigation revealed that glucose metabolism restriction suppressed the splenic granulocytemonocyte progenitor and the generation of colony-stimulating factors and IL-6,which both contributed to the accumulation of G-MDSC.On the other hand,glucose metabolism restriction can directly induce the apoptosis of Ly6G^(low)G-MDSC,but not Ly6G^(high)subsets.In summary,these results suggest that glucose metabolism restriction induced by fasting treatment attenuates the immune-suppressive milieu and enhances the activation of CD3^(+)T cells,providing potential solutions for enhancing immune-based cancer interventions.

Advances in intermittent fasting and neurodegeneration

Intermittent fasting is a kind of diet that extends the fasting time every day or several days per week.It mainly includes time-limited eating,alternate day fasting and periodic fasting.Intermittent fasting triggers evolutionary indications and conserved cellular responses to protect and improve body status by triggering a"metabolic switch"from hepatogenic glucose to adipocyte-derived ketone bodies.Gut microbiota and circadian rhythms have also been linked to intermittent fasting.This article focuses on the research progress of intermittent fasting and neurodegenerative diseases in order to provide a theoretical basis for nutritional treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

The role and its mechanism of intermittent fasting in tumors:friend or foe?

Intermittent fasting(IF)is becoming a prevailing topic worldwide,as it can cause changes in the body’s energy metabolism processes,improve health,and affect the progression of many diseases,particularly in the circumstance of oncology.Recent research has shown that IF can alter the energy metabolism of tumor cells,thereby inhibiting tumor growth and improving antitumor immune responses.Furthermore,IF can increase cancer sensitivity to chemotherapy and radiotherapy and reduce the side effects of these traditional anticancer treatments.IF is therefore emerging as a promising approach to clinical cancer treatment.However,the balance between long-term benefits of IF compared with the harm from insufficient caloric intake is not well understood.In this article,we review the role of IF in tumorigenesis and tumor therapy,and discuss some scientific problems that remain to be clarified,which might provide some assistance in the application of IF in clinical tumor therapy.

Potential role of intermittent fasting on decreasing cardiovascular disease in human immunodeficiency virus patients receiving antiretroviral therapy

Cardiovascular disease(CVD)has become one of the commonest causes of comorbidity and mortality among People living with human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)(PLWH)on antiretroviral therapy(ART).Nearly 50%of PLWH are likely to have an increased risk of developing CVD,including coronary heart disease,cerebrovascular disease,peripheral artery disease and aortic atherosclerosis.Aside from the common risk factors,HIV infection itself and side effects of antiretroviral therapy contribute to the pathophysiology of this entity.Potential non-pharmacological therapies are currently being tested worldwide for this purpose,including eating patterns such as Intermittent fasting(IF).IF is a widespread practice gaining high level of interest in the scientific community due to its potential benefits such as improvement in serum lipids and lipoproteins,blood pressure(BP),platelet-derived growth factor AB,systemic inflammation,and carotid artery intima-media thickness among others cardiovascular benefits.This review will focus on exploring the potential role of intermittent fasting as a non-pharmacological and cost-effective strategy in decreasing the burden of cardiovascular diseases among HIV patients on ART due to its intrinsic properties improving the main cardiovascular risk factors and modulating inflammatory pathways related to endothelial dysfunction,lipid peroxidation and aging.Intermittent fasting regimens need to be tested in clinical trials as an important,cost-effective,and revolutionary coadjutant of ART in the fight against the increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease in PLWH.

The beneficial effects of intermittent fasting:an update on mechanism,and the role of circadian rhythm and gut microbiota

Importance:There is accumulating evidence that intermittent fasting(IF)is connected to improved health condition and longevity time-restricted feeding(TRF)is the most recognized and extensively studied model of IF.Objective:To investigate the underlying mechanism of pleiotropic benefits of IF and hint the most advantageous feeding pattern for humans.Evidence review:We searched MEDLINE,EMBASE,Cochrane Library and Google Scholar by 2020 April for publications on IF or TRF and their mechanisms.Studies include animal models and human cohorts.Findings:One important mechanism is that IF allows certain period of fasting time,in which our bodies activate pathways of repair and rejuvenation.Moreover,the advantages of IF,especially TRF over total caloric restriction(CR)provided bases for various animal and human studies which suggested that the feeding-fasting rhythm stimulates the fluctuation of our gut microbiota and a series of subsequent molecular alterations,which in turn restored a healthier circadian clock that resembled our inherent clock formed throughout millions of years of homo sapiens history.Conclusions and Relevance for Reviews:Complete understanding of the mechanism leading to the beneficial effects of IF paves the way for tailored dietary regimen to combat a wide range of diseases and ill health conditions.

Current Evidence Concerning Effects of Ketogenic Diet and Intermittent Fasting in Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is emerging globally, while no therapeutic medication has been approved as an effective treatment to date, lifestyle intervention through dietary modification and physical exercise plays a critical role in NAFLD management. In terms of dietary modification, Mediterranean diet is the most studied dietary pattern and is recommended in many guidelines, however, it may not be feasible and affordable for many patients. Recently, a ketogenic diet and intermittent fasting have gained public attention and have been studied in the role of weight management. This article reviews specifically whether these trendy dietary patterns have an effect on NAFLD outcomes regarding intrahepatic fat content, fibrosis, and liver enzymes, the scientific rationales behind these particular dietary patterns, as well as the safety concerns in some certain patient groups.

Gut microbiotad-a positive contributor in the process of intermittent fasting-mediated obesity control

Historically,intermittent fasting(IF)has been considered as an effective strategy for controlling the weight of athletes before competition.Along with excellent insight into its application in various spaces by numerous studies,increasing IF-mediated positive effects have been reported,including anti-aging,neuro protect ion,especially obesity control.Recently,the gut microbiota has been considered as an essential manipulator for host energy metabolism and its structure has been reported to be sensitive to dietary structure and habits,indicating that there is a potential and strong association between IF and gut microbiota.In this paper,we focus on the crosstalk between these symbionts and energy metabolism during IF which hold the promise to optimize host energy metabolism at various physical positions,including adipose tissue,liver and intestines,and further improve milieu internal homeostasis.Moreover,this paper also discusses the positive function of a potential recommendatory strain(Akkermansia muciniphila)based on the observational data for IF-mediated alternated pattern of gut microbiota and a hopefully regulatory pathway(circadian rhythm)for gut microbiota in IF-involved improvement on host energy metabolism.Finally,this review addresses the limitation and perspective originating from these studies,such as the association with tissue-specific bio-clock and single strain research,which may continuously reveal novel viewpoints and mechanisms to understand the energy metabolism and develop new strategies for treating obesity,diabetes,and metabolic disorders.

Effects of time-restricted eating with different eating duration on anthropometrics and cardiometabolic health:A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND Time-restricted eating(TRE)is a dietary approach that limits eating to a set number of hours per day.Human studies on the effects of TRE intervention on cardiometabolic health have been contradictory.Heterogeneity in subjects and TRE interventions have led to inconsistency in results.Furthermore,the impact of the duration of eating/fasting in the TRE approach has yet to be fully explored.AIM To analyze the existing literature on the effects of TRE with different eating durations on anthropometrics and cardiometabolic health markers in adults with excessive weight and obesity-related metabolic diseases.METHODS We reviewed a series of prominent scientific databases,including Medline,Scopus,Web of Science,Academic Search Complete,and Cochrane Library articles to identify published clinical trials on daily TRE in adults with excessive weight and obesity-related metabolic diseases.Randomized controlled trials were assessed for methodological rigor and risk of bias using version 2 of the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials(RoB-2).Outcomes of interest include body weight,waist circumference,fat mass,lean body mass,fasting glucose,insulin,HbA1c,homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance(HOMA-IR),lipid profiles,C-reactive protein,blood pressure,and heart rate.RESULTS Fifteen studies were included in our systematic review.TRE significantly reduces body weight,waist circumference,fat mass,lean body mass,blood glucose,insulin,and triglyceride.However,no significant changes were observed in HbA1c,HOMA-IR,total cholesterol,low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,heart rate,systolic and diastolic blood pressure.Furthermore,subgroup analyses based on the duration of the eating window revealed significant variation in the effects of TRE intervention depending on the length of the eating window.CONCLUSION TRE is a promising chrononutrition-based dietary approach for improving anthropometric and cardiometabolic health.However,further clinical trials are needed to determine the optimal eating duration in TRE intervention for cardiovascular disease prevention.