Ordered Rate Constitutive Theories for Non-Classical Thermoviscoelastic Fluids with Internal Rotation Rates

The paper presents constitutive theories for non-classical thermoviscoelastic fluids with dissipation and memory using a thermodynamic framework based on entirety of velocity gradient tensor. Thus, the conservation and the balance laws used in this work incorporate symmetric as well as antisymmetric part of the velocity gradient tensor. The constitutive theories derived here hold in coand contra-variant bases as well as in Jaumann rates and are derived using convected time derivatives of Green’s and Almansi strain tensors as well as the Cauchy stress tensor and its convected time derivatives in appropriate bases. The constitutive theories are presented in the absence as well as in the presence of the balance of moment of moments as balance law. It is shown that the dissipation mechanism and the fading memory in such fluids are due to stress rates as well as moment rates and their conjugates. The material coefficients are derived for the general forms of the constitutive theories based on integrity. Simplified linear (or quasi-linear) forms of the constitutive theories are also presented. Maxwell, Oldroyd-B and Giesekus constitutive models for non-classical thermoviscoelastic fluids are derived and are compared with those derived based on classical continuum mechanics. Both, compressible and incompressible thermoviscoelastic fluids are considered.

A Comparative Research of Two English Translations of the Chapter “Comprehensive Discourse on Phenomena Corresponding to Yin and Yang” in Huangdi's Internal Classic

Culture-loaded words refer to words with specific cultural connotations that can express an abstract or a specific concept,which may be related to religious beliefs or social customs,but do not exist in other languages and cultures.Therefore,culture-loaded words bring some difficulties to translation work.Huang Di Nei Jing(《黄帝内经》Huangdi’s Internal Classic)is the foundation of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)theory,and is listed as the first of the four classics of TCM.It contains a large number of cultureloaded words,which embody the ancient Chinese traditional culture.The translation of culture-loaded words is a difficult but crucial point in the translation of Huangdi’s Internal Classic and directly relates to the quality of the translation of Huangdi’s Internal Classic as a whole.Taking the two English versions of Maoshing Ni and Li Zhaoguo as examples,this work identifies the culture-loaded words appearing in the chapter“Yin Yang Ying Xiang Da Lun”(阴阳应象大论Comprehensive Discourse on Phenomena Corresponding to the Yin and Yang).This work studies the strategies and translation process of culture-loaded words in Huangdi’s Internal Classic,with a view to contribute to the English translation of TCM classics.

Series of Interpretation on Yellow Emperor’s Internal Classic (Ⅲ):Unity of Spirit and Body:Views from Huang Di Nei Jing (《黄帝内经》Yellow Emperor’s Internal Classic)

Human life activities are inevitably affected by the surrounding environment,such as natural and social environment.It is the basic principle of TCM to set a series of medical practice activities.TCM believes that the social environment has an inestimable influence on the mind and body of human beings.This study introduces the unity of spirit and body in traditional Chinese medicine.

The Comparative Study of Two Translated Texts on Huangdirent Translating Styles o'n s Internal Classics——Simple Analysis on the Diffe Culture-Specific Lexicon, Figure of Speech and Four-Chinese-Character Structures

Huangdi's Internal Classics(Neijin) is one of the most important ancient medical classics, which plays far-reaching influence in medical field. More and more domestic and overseas scholars published their translated texts on Neijing. Due to the diversity of editions and different understanding, the translating styles and contents are widely different. This study will focus on the different translating styles on culture-specific lexicon、figure of speech and four-Chinese-character structures in Neijin.

COMMENTS ON ACUPUNCTURE TREATMENT OF DISEASES ACCORDING TO SEASONAL CONDITIONS IN 《THE INTERNAL CLASSIC》

In the present paper, the author gives some comments on acupuncture treatment of diseases from 1) selecting acupoints based on seasonal conditions; 2) performing reinforcing or reducing needling manipulations in accordance with the waxing and wanning of the moon; 3) conducting acupuncture treatment in accordance with the time and the state of disease; and 4) performing acupuncture treatment based on the prosperity or decline of the meridian-qi, which are described in medical book The Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic

Rotational Inertial Physics in Non-Classical Thermoviscous Fluent Continua Incorporating Internal Rotation Rates

In this paper, we derive non-classical continuum theory for physics of compressible and incompressible thermoviscous non-classical fluent continua using the conservation and balance laws (CBL) by incorporating additional physics of internal rotation rates arising from the velocity gradient tensor as well as their time varying rates and the rotational inertial effects. In this non-classical continuum theory time dependent deformation of fluent continua results in time varying rotation rates i.e., angular velocities and angular accelerations at material points. Resistance offered to these by deforming fluent continua results in additional moments, angular momenta and inertial effects due to rotation rates i.e., angular velocities and angular accelerations at the material points. Currently, this physics due to internal rotation rates and inertial effects is neither considered in classical continuum mechanics (CCM) nor in non-classical continuum mechanics (NCCM). In this paper, we present a derivation of conservation and balance laws in Eulerian description: conservation of mass (CM), balance of linear momenta (BLM), balance of angular momenta (BAM), balance of moment of moments (BMM), first and second laws of thermodynamics (FLT, SLT) that include: (i) Physics of internal rotation rates resulting from the velocity gradient tensor;(ii) New physics resulting due to angular velocities and angular accelerations due to spatially varying and time dependent rotation rates. The balance laws derived here are compared with those that only consider the rotational rates but neglect rotational inertial effects and angular accelerations to demonstrate the influence of the new physics. Constitutive variables and their argument tensors are established using conjugate pairs in the entropy inequality, additional desired physics and principle of equipresence when appropriate. Constitutive theories are derived using Helmholtz free energy density as well as representation theorem and integrity (complete basis). It is shown that the mathematical model consisting of the conservation and balance laws and constitutive theories presented in this paper has closure. Influence of new physics in the conservation and balance laws on compressible and incompressible thermoviscous fluent continua is demonstrated due to presence of angular velocities and angular accelerations arising from time varying rotation rates when the deforming fluent continua offer rotational inertial resistance. The fluent continua are considered homogeneous and isotropic. Model problem studies are considered in a follow-up paper.

Rate Constitutive Theories of Orders n and 1n for Internal Polar Non-Classical Thermofluids without Memory

In recent papers, Surana et al. presented internal polar non-classical Continuum theory in which velocity gradient tensor in its entirety was incorporated in the conservation and balance laws. Thus, this theory incorporated symmetric part of the velocity gradient tensor (as done in classical theories) as well as skew symmetric part representing varying internal rotation rates between material points which when resisted by deforming continua result in dissipation (and/or storage) of mechanical work. This physics referred as internal polar physics is neglected in classical continuum theories but can be quite significant for some materials. In another recent paper Surana et al. presented ordered rate constitutive theories for internal polar non-classical fluent continua without memory derived using deviatoric Cauchy stress tensor and conjugate strain rate tensors of up to orders n and Cauchy moment tensor and its conjugate symmetric part of the first convected derivative of the rotation gradient tensor. In this constitutive theory higher order convected derivatives of the symmetric part of the rotation gradient tensor are assumed not to contribute to dissipation. Secondly, the skew symmetric part of the velocity gradient tensor is used as rotation rates to determine rate of rotation gradient tensor. This is an approximation to true convected time derivatives of the rotation gradient tensor. The resulting constitutive theory: (1) is incomplete as it neglects the second and higher order convected time derivatives of the symmetric part of the rotation gradient tensor;(2) first convected derivative of the symmetric part of the rotation gradient tensor as used by Surana et al. is only approximate;(3) has inconsistent treatment of dissipation due to Cauchy moment tensor when compared with the dissipation mechanism due to deviatoric part of symmetric Cauchy stress tensor in which convected time derivatives of up to order n are considered in the theory. The purpose of this paper is to present ordered rate constitutive theories for deviatoric Cauchy strain tensor, moment tensor and heat vector for thermofluids without memory in which convected time derivatives of strain tensors up to order n are conjugate with the Cauchy stress tensor and the convected time derivatives of the symmetric part of the rotation gradient tensor up to orders 1n are conjugate with the moment tensor. Conservation and balance laws are used to determine the choice of dependent variables in the constitutive theories: Helmholtz free energy density Φ, entropy density η, Cauchy stress tensor, moment tensor and heat vector. Stress tensor is decomposed into symmetric and skew symmetric parts and the symmetric part of the stress tensor and the moment tensor are further decomposed into equilibrium and deviatoric tensors. It is established through conjugate pairs in entropy inequality that the constitutive theories only need to be derived for symmetric stress tensor, moment tensor and heat vector. Density in the current configuration, convected time derivatives of the strain tensor up to order n, convected time derivatives of the symmetric part of the rotation gradient tensor up to orders 1n, temperature gradient tensor and temperature are considered as argument tensors of all dependent variables in the constitutive theories based on entropy inequality and principle of equipresence. The constitutive theories are derived in contravariant and covariant bases as well as using Jaumann rates. The nth and 1nth order rate constitutive theories for internal polar non-classical thermofluids without memory are specialized for n = 1 and 1n = 1 to demonstrate fundamental differences in the constitutive theories presented here and those used presently for classical thermofluids without memory and those published by Surana et al. for internal polar non-classical incompressible thermofluids.

Thermodynamic Consistency of Plate and Shell Mathematical Models in the Context of Classical and Non-Classical Continuum Mechanics and a Thermodynamically Consistent New Thermoelastic Formulation

Inclusion of dissipation and memory mechanisms, non-classical elasticity and thermal effects in the currently used plate/shell mathematical models require that we establish if these mathematical models can be derived using the conservation and balance laws of continuum mechanics in conjunction with the corresponding kinematic assumptions. This is referred to as thermodynamic consistency of the mathematical models. Thermodynamic consistency ensures thermodynamic equilibrium during the evolution of the deformation. When the mathematical models are thermodynamically consistent, the second law of thermodynamics facilitates consistent derivations of constitutive theories in the presence of dissipation and memory mechanisms. This is the main motivation for the work presented in this paper. In the currently used mathematical models for plates/shells based on the assumed kinematic relations, energy functional is constructed over the volume consisting of kinetic energy, strain energy and the potential energy of the loads. The Euler’s equations derived from the first variation of the energy functional for arbitrary length when set to zero yield the mathematical model(s) for the deforming plates/shells. Alternatively, principle of virtual work can also be used to derive the same mathematical model(s). For linear elastic reversible deformation physics with small deformation and small strain, these two approaches, based on energy functional and the principle of virtual work, yield the same mathematical models. These mathematical models hold for reversible mechanical deformation. In this paper, we examine whether the currently used plate/shell mathematical models with the corresponding kinematic assumptions can be derived using the conservation and balance laws of classical or non-classical continuum mechanics. The mathematical models based on Kirchhoff hypothesis (classical plate theory, CPT) and first order shear deformation theory (FSDT) that are representative of most mathematical models for plates/shells are investigated in this paper for their thermodynamic consistency. This is followed by the details of a general and higher order thermodynamically consistent plate/shell thermoelastic mathematical model that is free of a priori consideration of kinematic assumptions and remains valid for very thin as well as thick plates/shells with comprehensive nonlinear constitutive theories based on integrity. Model problem studies are presented for small deformation behavior of linear elastic plates in the absence of thermal effects and the results are compared with CPT and FSDT mathematical models.

Finite Element Processes Based on GM/WF in Non-Classical Solid Mechanics

In non-classical thermoelastic solids incorporating internal rotation and conjugate Cauchy moment tensor the mechanical deformation is reversible. This suggests that within the realm of linear mathematical models that only consider small strains and small deformation the mechanical deformation is reversible. Hence, it is possible to recast the conservation and balance laws along with constitutive theories in a form that adjoint A* of the differential operator A in mathematical model is same as the differential operator A. This holds regardless of whether we consider an initial value problem (IVP) (when the integrals over open boundary are neglected) or boundary value problem (BVP). Thus, in such cases Galerkin method with weak form (GM/WF) for BVPs and space-time Galerkin method with weak form (STGM/WF) for IVPs are highly meritorious due to the fact that: 1) the integral form for BVPs is variationally consistent (VC) and 2) the space-time integral forms for IVP are space time variationally consistent (STVC). The consequence of VC and STVC integral forms is that the resulting coefficient matrices are symmetric and positive definite ensuring unconditionally stable computational processes for both BVPs and IVPs. Other benefits of GM/WF and space-time GM/WF are simplicity of specifying boundary conditions and initial conditions, especially traction boundary conditions and initial conditions on curved boundaries due to self-equilibrating nature of the sum of secondary variables that only exist in GM/WF due to concomitant. In fact, zero traction conditions are automatically satisfied in GM/WF, hence need not be specified at all. While VC and STVC feature also exists in least squares process (LSP) and space-time least squares finite element processes (STLSP) for BVPs and IVPs, the ease of specifying traction boundary conditions feature in GM/WF and STGM/WF is highly meritorious compared to LSP and STLSP in which zero traction conditions need to be explicitly specified. A disadvantage of GM/WF and STGM/ WF is that the mathematical models (momentum equations) needed in the desired form contain higher order derivatives of displacements (upto fourth order), hence necessitate use of higher order spaces in their solution. As well known, this problem can be easily overcome in LSP and STLSP by introduction of auxiliary equations and auxiliary variables, thus keeping the highest orders of the derivatives of the dependent variables to one or any other desired order. A serious disadvantage of this approach in LSP is the significant increase in the number of dependent variables, hence poor computational efficiency. In this paper we consider non-classical continuum models for internally polar linear elastic solids in which internal rotations due to displacement gradient tensor (hence internal polar physics) are considered in the conservation and the balance laws and the constitutive theories. For simplicity, we only consider isothermal case;hence energy equation is not part of mathematical model. When using mathematical models derived in displacements in GM/WF and LSP in constructing integral forms, we note that in GM/WF the number of dependent variables is reduced drastically (only three in R3), whereas in case of first order systems used in LSP and STLSP we may have as many as 22 dependent variables for isothermal case. Thus, GM/WF results in dramatic improvement in computational efficiency as well as accuracy when minimally conforming spaces are used for approximations. In this paper we only consider mathematical model in R2 for BVPs (for simplicity). Mathematical models for IVP and BVP in R3 will be considered in subsequent paper. The integral form is derived in R2 using GM/WF. Numerical examples are presented using GM/WF and LSP to demonstrate advantages of finite element process derived using integral form based on GM/WF for non-classical linear theories for solids incorporating internal rotations due to displacement gradient tensor.

遵循两性一度标准深化内经选读线上线下混合式一流课程建设

遵循“两性一度”标准,对内经选读线上线下混合式一流课程建设进行研究与实践,课程建设紧扣高阶性、创新性和挑战度的“两性一度”标准,重点以学生为中心,从实现内容与时俱进、创新教学方式方法、拓展考核评价方式等方面进行研究。研究遵循“两性一度”标准深化内经选读线上线下混合式一流课程建设,打造中医经典课程线上线下混合式一流课程建设的典型案例,为中医经典课程线上线下混合式一流课程建设提供了新思路与新方法。

“红色经典”海外传播与国际社会对中国的认知

作为与当代社会发展结合紧密的文学艺术类型,“红色经典”的海外传播同国际社会对中国的认知有着内在的关联。“红色经典”在20世纪50—70年代集中传播到欧美和亚洲的一些国家,建构起关于“红色经典”的知识再生产;而国外知识界特别是美国和法国左翼知识分子对红色中国的认同与赞赏起到了消解彼时西方主流社会对中国负面宣传的作用,他们对毛泽东思想的热衷与“红色经典”所反映的中国革命和社会主义建设成就形成互文、互动及互鉴。新世纪以来,国外文学文化领域对我国“红色经典”改编的关注,同近年来国外经济政治领域渴望了解并热衷探讨当代中国成功发展经验的内在需求,形成某种隐在的呼应。

马晓燕撷经典方剂治疗内科杂病经验浅谈

郁证的主要临床表现为情绪抑郁不宁、心胸满闷、胸部以及胁肋部胀痛,或有善哭易怒,亦或咽中如有炙脔等不适。相当于现代医学中的神经衰弱、癔症及焦虑症等。常因喜怒忧思,郁滞不舒,而导致肝疏泄功能失职,脾脏失其健运之功,心失其养,脏腑、气血、阴阳功能紊乱;而消渴常因禀赋不足亦或是饮食不节等因素导致阴津亏损,燥热偏盛,而出现“三多一少”的症状,即多饮、多尿、多食以及形体消瘦,相当于现代医学的“糖尿病”。马教授投身于对于郁证和消渴的证候及治疗的研究,熟读经典、精求古训,并且在长期的诊疗疾病过程中,对于使用经典方剂加减化裁辨治郁证和消渴等内科杂病积累了丰富的临床经验。现撷马教授以经典方剂治疗郁证和消渴等内科杂病的经验作总结与探析。其临床疗效确切。

《西游记》的分身——论《黑神话:悟空》的文化自信与国际传播

党的二十届三中全会提出探索文化与科技融合的有效机制,构建中华文明标识体系。越来越多的经典文学作品在与当代科技、生活相适应的过程中表现出强烈的公共性,并且在当代审美视域下,激发出新的活力与社会文化价值。国产游戏《黑神话:悟空》以《西游记》为背景设定,不仅在国内掀起热潮,在海外也掀起了“悟空热”,展现出中国经典文学作品的深厚魅力。从《西游记》经典文学原著到现代流行的影视改编、动画制作、游戏开发等衍生作品,皆体现了中华经典文学作品的现代化呈现与国际化传播之道,使得语境转换成为传统文艺作品现代化新前提,叙述跨层成为文艺作品现代化呈现的主要手段,内容创新成为传统文艺作品再创经典的关键,技术赋能为现代化呈现与国际化传播提供可能,主体沉浸为创造性转化与创新性发展指明方向。

数智时代国际中文教育视域下中国古典诗词传播的机遇、挑战与实现路径

随着数智化时代的到来,越来越多的数智技术应用于国际中文教育,国际中文教育的理念和实践也随之发生变革。在数智产品多模态、更灵活、非主流学习方式流行的背景下,国际中文教育中的中国古典诗词传播也面临内容参差不齐、传播者和教育者数智素养不足等挑战。本文认为,通过选取人类命运共同体内容和题材的古典诗词,采用立体化、多层次的呈现方式等路径,可实现数智化时代古典诗词更有效的传播。

中华文化经典融入国际中文教育自主知识体系的理论思考与实践设计

作为新兴学科,国际中文教育要适应新时代人才培养的需求,在内涵建设上也面临新的发展和挑战。在此背景下,构建国际中文教育的自主知识体系必须以学科和专业特色为本位,形成相应的教学目标、教学内容及教学手段。汉语与中华文化经典存在密不可分的传承关系和相互证释作用,在国际中文教育中融入中华文化经典十分必要。中华文化经典不仅能提供高价值的语言教学资源,起到知识示范性作用,还能引导文化认知,充实教学内容,推动教学方法革新,促进师生教研意识和学术能力的提升,从而产生知识生产性作用。中华文化经典的教学应用可以从资源建设、教学内容、教学方法、测试方式、教师发展等多个角度进行具体设计,从而对国际中文教育发挥其务实作用,具备可操作性。

微信结合CBL在中医经典住培带教中的应用

目的探讨以微信为载体结合基于案例的学习(Case-based learning,CBL)在中医经典教学中的应用效果。方法于2020年9月—2021年7月,以2019年10月在北京中医药大学各临床医学院参加中医住院医师规范化培训的59名中医内科专业住院医师为研究对象,按随机数字表法分为实验组和对照组,实验组30名,对照组29名。实验组采用微信公众号平台联合CBL教学,对照组采用单纯CBL教学,分别讲解《黄帝内经》《伤寒论》《金匮要略》及《温病条辨》经典条文理解及方药运用,每门课程20学时,比较两组学习效果。结果实验组住院医师中医经典测试成绩显著优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组住院医师对教学模式各方面的满意度差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论在中医经典教学中,应用以微信为载体结合CBL的教学法能够提高住院医师综合能力,有助于培养住院医师中医临床思维。

三焦学说的传承与演变探析

三焦的形态结构模糊,病变之变证、兼证繁多,故历代医家对于三焦学说都有不同见解。在形态结构方面,历代医家主要继承了《黄帝内经》的三焦“有名有形”论和《难经》的三焦“有名无形”论,在此基础上演变出了脂膜、腔子、腔府、油膜、膜腔、缝隙腠理等学说,并结合现代医学剖析三焦的形态结构。在功能方面,从《黄帝内经》的“决渎之官”“中渎之腑”“传化之府”到《难经》的“三焦为原气之别使”,历代医家大多立足于三焦的气化功能,探讨营卫、少阳、五脏、命门相火、温病等与三焦的相关性。

吴志洲运用经方辨治便秘经验

吴志洲教授认为,便秘主要病因病机为气机失调,脾胃失和,宿食留滞,发为便秘,可因素体阳盛,嗜食辛辣厚味,而致肠胃积热,或因气血亏虚,津液不足,热气留结肠道致病。吴教授临床治疗便秘善用经方,对不同体质及证型灵活施以“温下法、润下法、清下法、寒下法”等中医疗法。便秘胃肠积热证,应清热消积,对于火热症状较轻者施以小承气汤,为“轻下法”,主治阳明腑实轻证;对于症轻体弱者,应施以调胃承气汤,可缓下热结,为“缓下法”;对于火热症状较严重者,则应施以“寒下法”,主张用大承气汤治疗;对于伴有恶心的阳明腑实证者,需施以大柴胡汤以兼清里热、和解少阳、调畅气机;另基于小承气汤,酌麻子仁、芍药、杏仁等,炼制为丸,制成麻仁丸,可适用于肠燥严重的多种慢性疾病的继发便秘、老年人便秘或妇女产后津枯引起的便秘,为“清下法”。便秘寒积内结证,应散寒消积,可施以大黄附子汤、温脾汤等。便秘太阴失运证,应健脾祛湿,枳术丸、厚朴生姜半夏甘草人参汤、桂枝加芍药汤等为临床常用方。便秘气滞血燥证,应理气养血,对于肝郁气机不畅引起的便秘,临证多用四逆散加减;对于气滞较甚,伴腹胀、腹痛者,用厚朴三物汤以行气消积祛瘀;虚弱、妊娠及产妇多因津血不足,无以滋润荣养肠道而致肠燥津枯,大便坚涩,发为便秘,治疗以润下为主,方用济川煎、当归贝母苦参丸及当归补血汤等;气为血之帅,血为气之母,血虚日久多兼气虚,临证多用当归补血汤加减。

基于《黄帝内经》“气交”理论探析黄芽汤

黄芽汤乃黄元御所著《四圣心源》开篇首方,有“四维根本”“群方之祖”之称。基于《黄帝内经》“气交”理论分析黄芽汤药物配伍法则,认为黄芽汤以甘味辅气补中,以和合于内,辛味与气俱行,以斡旋于中,健中气以运四维,助机体阴阳气交,脏腑和合。临证以“气交”之理审视脏腑气化,可借药物之气化偏性纠正人体气机升降失交,维系自然、人体、药物之间的气化均衡,则临床用药可得法也。

针灸治“神”理论在心身病中的应用

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