Challenges and New Directions of Information Accessibility for Persons with Disabilities in China: From the Perspective of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

Accessibility is the basis and prerequisite for persons with disabilities to enjoy and exercise all human rights and fundamental freedoms With the rapid development of the internet, providing and promoting information accessibility is considered an important obligation for the State In the process of transforming international human rights law into domestic law, how to deal with the human rights protection of persons with disabilities and the obligations of the private sector to ensure persons with disabilities receive services and products that meet the requirements and principles of information accessibility has become a development issue in the new era Against the backdrop of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and in the context of the booming development of the cause of persons with disabilities in China, legal scholars, persons with disabilities, and organizations have jointly proposed the Beijing Initiative on the Principles of Information Accessibility for Science and Technology Products It clarifies that the private sector should embrace the human rights model advocated by the Convention in terms of information accessibility, and provide equal participation for persons with disabilities in the process of designing, producing and selling scientific and technological products The Initiative also states that the private sector should keep pace with the United Nation’s sustainable development goals and the basic national policy of building a well-to-do society in an all round way, ensuring persons with disabilities are included within a moderately well-off society It also provides civil opinions on the formulation and clarification of relevant laws in the future.

The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and China's Protection of the Right to Education of the Persons with Disabilities

The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities effective in 2008 explicitly stipulates that Member States shall guarantee that people with disabilities enjoy the right to education free from discrimination and without prejudice to equal opportunities.The Chinese government made amendments to the Law of the People s Republic of China on the Protection of Persons with disabilities and the Regulation on the Education of the Persons with Disabilities and issued a series of rules on the Education of the Persons with Disabilities so as to actively implement the Convention. In recent years,the number and proportion of children with disabilities who receive education in China and the number of students with disabilities receiving high school and higher education have been on the rise annually.However, there is still a gap in the level of education on all stages between persons with disabilities and persons without, presenting a huge challenge for the achievement of the right to education of persons with disabilities. We should continue to actively fulfill the obligations prescribed by the Convention to protect the right to education, explore the construction of integrated education, support the maintenance system,strive to improve the quality of special education,allocate resources for the education of persons with disabilities, and emphasize the appraisal of the education of persons with disabilities.

The Background and Core Conception of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: A Review

The convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities came into force on May 3, 2008? Reviewing the social background of the drafting of the convention and reinterpreting its basic concepts and core provisions are of positive significance for the more comprehensive implementation of the convention in china’s domestic law and the advancement of the rights protection of persons with disabilities in china? The preamble of the convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities clearly confirms the value and foundation of the rights of persons with disabilities and establishes the guiding ideology and basic principles for the protection of the rights of persons with disabilities? china has actively implemented the convention through legislative, administrative measures and other appropriate measures in accordance with the requirements of the convention? in recent years, it has actively promoted the judicial protection of persons with disabilities by strengthening legal aid for persons with disabilities and strengthening judicial responsibility for handling cases of persons with disabilities?

The “Transcendental” Interpretation of the Concept of a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind: The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and Its Implementation in China

The concept of a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind provides new theoretical support for the special protection of the rights of persons with disabilities. The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities is innovative in terms of its purposes and principles, logic and technology, and the actual implementation of the contracting parties, which is unique in the field of international human rights law. It is a "transcendental" interpretation of the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind and enhances the ethical values of international human rights law. The development of the cause of persons with disabilities in China is positively influenced by the values reflected in the concept of a community of shared Future for mankind and meanwhile highlights them, which provides "Chinese experiences" for the international cause of persons with disabilities.

Protection of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Under the Framework of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities is a manifesto for the rights of the disabled. It establishes the values and concepts, the guidelines for action, and the system of rules for the protection of the rights of persons with disabilities worldwide. As one of the main drafting countries and the first signatories of the Convention, China has been actively implementing the principles of the Convention and faithfully fulfilling the responsibilities of a signatory party, and has made great achievements in building up its legal system, policy and culture. However, compared with the goals of the Convention, there still exist some gaps in rights awareness, social environment and related systems. Guided by the spirit of the Convention, and taking into account China’s national conditions, the country will continue to cultivate its human rights culture, upgrade its capability to provide public services for people with disabilities, improve the construction of barrier-free environments, guarantee the full realization of the survival, development and participation rights of the disabled, and establish a new mode of protecting the human rights of persons with disabilities in China.

Significance of Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and Its Impact on Matters Related to Persons with Disabilities in China

On December 13, 2006, the 61th UN General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Rights of Persons withDisabilities. This is the first legally binding international instrument dedi- cated to the protection of the rights of persons with disabilities and the latest effort by the international community to protect and promote the human fights of persons with disabilities. The Convention clarifies the rights of per- sons with disabilities to participate in political, economic, social, cultural and civil life and stresses that all signatory parties have the obligation and duties to ensure that persons with disabilities really enioy the same human rights,

International Comparative Study on Education Laws of the Persons with Disabilities: An Observation on Regulations on the Education of Persons with Disabilities

The issue of education for people with disabilities has become of increasing concern. How can we effectively guarantee the basic right to education for persons with disabilities? Will the revised Regulation on Education for Persons with Disabilities meet their needs? This article takes the Regulation on Education for Persons with Disabilities as the core and compares it with the related special educational laws of the United States, Britain and Japan. The following conclusions were drawn from this study: In terms of educational concept, the three countries follow the concept of inclusive education, and pursue equity and educational justice. They not only pay attention to inclusive education but also focus on improving the quality of education for students with disabilities. All three countries focus on accommodating children with special needs, but each implements its programs in a different way. These practices can be used as reference for the development of a special needs education law in China.

The Formulation of Convention on the Rights of Older Persons:The Process and Prospects

Since its establishment,the United nations open-ended Working group on aging has shouldered the historical mission of exploring the“possibilities”and even laying the“foundation”for a Convention on the Rights of older Persons.Although the formulation of a convention on the protection of the rights of older persons has been widely supported by the general public and many countries,it still faces many problems.China should adhere to the combination of“human rights”and“development”and adjust its policies to adapt to the new changes in related fields.With successful case studies,concise expression of rights,and regional contracting practice,China could participate more fully in the reform of the international mechanism for the protection of the rights of older persons to improve the voice in future international human rights governance and make greater contributions to the protection of the rights of older persons worldwide.

WHAT DOES ACCESS TO JUSTICE REQUIRE？ -- OVERCOMING BARRIERS TO INVOKE THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES

Persons with disabilities have a right to effective access to justice under the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities （UNCRPD）. This article provides insights on the parameters of that right, including a close examination of the history and text of Article 13, which directly addresses access to justice and other relevant UNCRPD provisions. In addition to the UNCRPD, this article discusses implementation guidance from the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, including its guidelines for State Party reports and jurisprudence. The initial reports by eleven States Parties -- Argentina, Azerbaijan, China, Costa Rica, Croatia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Hungary, Mexico, Peru and Turkmenistan - are also considered. The Committee＇s feedback regarding implementation of Article 13 by these eleven States parties is critiqued for being limited and inconsistent. This article then attempts to clarify what effective access to justice actually requires. It does so by focusing on the insights that can be drawn from implementation of Article 13 since the UNCRPD was adopted as well as implementation guidance from the Conference of States Parties, the International Disability Alliance, the World Network of Users and Survivors of Psychiatry and the National Center for Access to Justice. This article concludes with recommendations on how the Committee can improve its guidance on access to justice to help ensure that equal rights will not be illusory for persons with disabilities.

PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES AND THEIR SEXUAL, REPRODUCTIVE, AND PARENTING RIGHTS： AN INTERNATIONAL AND COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

Abstract Despite important gains in human rights, persons with disabilities -- and in particular women and girls with disabilities -- continue to experience significant inequalities in the areas of sexual, reproductive, and parenting rights. Persons with disabilities are sterilized at alarming rates; have decreased access to reproductive health care services and information; and experience denial of parenthood. Precipitating these inequities are substantial and instantiated stereotypes of persons with disabilities as either asexual or unable to engage in sexual or reproductive activities, and as incapable of performing parental duties. The article begins with an overview of sexual, reproductive, and parenting rights regarding persons with disabilities. Because most formal adjudications of these related rights have centered on the issue of sterilization, the article analyzes commonly presented rationales used to justify these procedures over time and across jurisdictions. Next, the article examines the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and the attendant obligations of States Parties regarding rights to personal integrity, access to reproductive health care services and information, parenting, and the exercise of legal capacity. Finally, the article highlights fundamental and complex issues requiring future research and consideration.

残障者婚姻权益保障之三维赋能——以395份裁判文书为对象

残障者婚姻权益保障是我国人权事业的重要内容之一。《民法典》规定,婚姻自主、免受家庭暴力、相互忠诚、生育和抚育子女是婚姻权益的主要内容。通过对生效裁判文书的检视发现,残障者在婚姻中自主性受限、易遭受家庭暴力和情感背叛、生育和抚育子女之权益易丧失,裁判进程及结果中权益救济乏力。根本原因是,残障者在婚姻中的主体地位既缺乏自我认同,也缺乏他人的认同,导致残障者对家庭及社会形成被动性依赖,形成不公正的社会互动环境,结合能力难以达致。鉴于此,需要建立以残障正义之能力提升为动能,以完善残障者自我赋能、社会和家庭关怀扶助、司法救济长效机制发挥为内容的三维能力供给体系。

基于ICF和联合国《残疾人权利公约》对国际组织有关残疾定义及其测量的内容研究

目的基于《国际功能、残疾和健康分类》(ICF)和《残疾人权利公约》(CRPD),分析国际有关残疾模式、残疾相关术语体系、残疾定义和残疾测量工具的相关内容,为发展符合国际标准的残疾术语、分类以及测量提供依据。方法基于ICF和CRPD对残疾和残疾人的定义,分析国际组织有关的残疾定义,并运用ICF进行编码;对国际组织推荐的残疾测量工具进行内容和编码分析。结果基于ICF和CRPD残疾和残疾人定义,对相关国际组织残疾和残疾人定义进行内容分析与编码研究,分析各定义中涉及的残疾核心概念与相应的ICF编码。国际组织残疾定义内容涉及ICF身体功能与结构、活动和参与以及环境因素和个人因素等维度。标准化残疾测量工具世界卫生组织残疾评定量表、华盛顿残疾统计小组(WG)残疾数据标准WG和WG-C,以及示范残疾调查(MDS),均以ICF与CRPD为理论基础的,且完全采用ICF的分类体系、术语体系和编码标准,测量内容覆盖ICF有关残疾的核心内容,符合CRPD有关残疾和残疾人的定义。结论基于ICF和CRPD有关残疾理论架构、术语体系和编码系统,发展标准化的残疾定义和测量工具,并且构建标准化残疾数据理论架构与数据标准。基于ICF残疾数据标准在残疾相关的健康、康复、教育、职业、社区和社会服务领域,将促进实现跨行业和领域的残疾数据交换。

《世界残疾报告》及对我国残疾人康复服务的启示

介绍《世界残疾报告》的出台背景、理论架构和主要建议,分析评述"第四章康复"的表述;认为我国残疾人康复服务发展应更新残疾观念和重构模式,体现现代康复的内涵与价值,分析残疾人的康复障碍及其解决策略,倡导《国际功能、残疾与健康分类》理念并推进"残疾人权利国际公约"落实;提出我国发展残疾人康复服务行动策略:倡导康复服务理念变革,推行以社区为基础的康复服务,采纳多专业合作的康复服务模式,建设专业化的康复服务人才队伍。

从《残疾人权利公约》反思国际人权机制

2007年3月起开放签字的《残疾人权利公约》是联合国体系在保护人权领域的最新努力。与以往的多数人权条约一样,《残疾人权利公约》列举了具体权利、构划了报告体制,同时通过任择议定书设计建立一套来文制度。这意味着在国际人权法上又添加了一套体制。虽然从权利保护发展本身看,这一公约的出现丰富了联合国体系的人权保护内容,但是从国际法治的理念上看,它是国际法不成体系的特征的继续与延伸,本质上不仅无益于国际法治的完善,而且有可能进一步提高国际法维护人权各个环节的成本。现阶段有必要考虑将包括人权、环境等领域的规范进行编纂,将相应机构进行整合,以推进国际法治的目标。

德国残疾人社会保护政策的反贫困现状评析

残疾人贫困是一个国际性难题。德国作为世界上首个建立残疾保险的国家,经过数百年发展其残疾人社会保护政策较大多国家和地区而言已相对完善和成熟,但根据2015年联合国残疾人权利委员会对德国残疾人社会保护政策的评估,认为其依然无法保障残疾人基本生活水平。本文回顾了德国社会保护政策发展历程,并依据联合国《残疾人权利公约》第二十八条对残疾人社会保护政策的分类梳理了德国残疾人社会保护政策构成,总结了目前存在的问题以及反贫困效果。最后,通过对德国残疾人社会保护政策的反贫困现状评析提出了几点对我国发展残疾人社会保护政策的启示。

《残疾人权利公约》在中国的适用研究——从“禁止导盲犬上地铁”说起

我国是《残疾人权利公约》的缔约国,并已批准了该《公约》。随着《公约》的实施,我国在残疾人人权保障方面取得了一定的成就,但仍存在问题。以"禁止导盲犬上地铁"为例,从宏观角度看,其有悖于国际公约、国际习惯法保护人权的精神;从比较法角度看,其亦与国际通行做法不相适应,特别是美国、英联邦、日本和我国港台地区的实践。虽然我国也有相关法律规范同意导盲犬进入公共场所,但是仍存在法律条款缺乏统一实施细则、公众对于有关法律尚缺乏全面认识,以及导盲犬的培训和管理制度有待完善等问题。

社会心理损伤或有此状况者的合理便利与残障公约

本文主要探讨为残障者提供合理便利义务问题。合理便利一方面打破了传统认为的公民权利和政治权利,另一方面打破了经济、社会和文化权利之间的泾渭分明界限,它在人权法领域能起到独特的桥梁作用。《残疾人权利公约》要求缔约国在社会生活的重要领域中推行合理便利义务。以社会心理损伤或有此状况人群为例,阐述缔约国应如何履行此项义务。

人类命运共同体理念的“先验”诠释——《残疾人权利公约》与中国

人类命运共同体理念在人权主体等层面为残疾人权利特别保护提供了新的理论支点。《残疾人权利公约》在缔约宗旨和原则、缔约逻辑和技术、缔约主体的实际参与等方面均有创新,在国际人权法领域独树一帜,是对人类命运共同体理念的"先验"诠释,也是对国际人权法伦理精神价值的强固。中国残疾人事业发展与人类命运共同体理念价值元素正向互动,为国际残疾人事业提供了"中国经验"。

我国残疾人无障碍权的司法实现

人们对无障碍的认识,伴随着对残疾人认识的深入而深入。随着国际社会对残疾人的认知观念从医疗模式转变为社会模式,无障碍的内涵也经历了从恩惠到权利的演进。目前无障碍已成为国际社会公认的一项重要权利,其对残疾人其他基本权利保障至关重要,是残疾人独立生活、充分平等地参与社会的前提。长期以来,我国残疾人相关的法律规范主要停留在消极保障上,对残疾人平等融入和社会参与缺乏想象。法理上,我国《残疾人保障法》中的无障碍条款,凸显的是国家和社会的积极义务,并未明确赋予残疾者个人享有具体的无障碍权利。在我国的司法实践中,当国家和社会未积极履行相关的义务时,残疾者个人难以通过司法的管道来请求义务主体履行无障碍建设与完善的义务,从而使得残疾人在社会中的障碍与歧视难以获得实质性改变。在我国社会对残疾人的认识仍主要停留在医疗模式、《残疾人保障法》中无障碍条款法律效力相对比较空泛的情况下,有必要深入探讨联合国《残疾人权利公约》对残疾人无障碍权的具体规定及其司法实践经验,从请求权及其可司法性的视角来推动我国残疾人无障碍权的充分实现。这不仅是落实联合国《残疾人权利公约》需要,也能为完善我国《残疾人保障法》及其相关法律法规提供有益的指导。

残疾人权利保护的地方立法研究——以《江苏省残疾人保障条例》为例

残疾人群体在社会生活中处于相对弱势的地位,权利容易遭受侵犯。我国《残疾人保障法》的规定原则性、概括性强,但操作性弱,因此,各地方通过制定实施《残疾人保障法》的下位法以完善残疾人权益的保护十分必要。以《江苏省残疾人保障条例》为例,通过其与《残疾人保障法》和《残疾人权利公约》的比较,提出完善地方立法对残疾人权益保护的对策,以期推动残疾人权利保护向更高水平发展。