Effect of external and internal cues on core muscle activation during the Sahrmann five-level core stability test

BACKGROUND Pain in the back or pelvis or fear of back pain may affect the timing or cocontraction of the core muscles.In both static and dynamic movements,the Sahrmann core stability test provides an assessment of core muscle activation and a person's ability to stabilize the lumbopelvic complex.Preparatory cues and images can be used to increase the activation of these muscles.To attain optimal movement patterns,it will be necessary to determine what cueing will give the most effective results for core stability.AIM To investigate the effects of external and internal cues on core muscle activation during the Sahrmann five-level core stability test.METHODS Total 68 participants(21.83±3.47 years)were randomly allocated to an external(n=35)or internal cue group(n=33).Participants performed the Sahrmann fivelevel core stability test without a cue as baseline and the five-level stability exercises with an internal or external cue.External cue group received a pressure biofeedback unit(PBU),and the internal cue group received an audio cue.A Delsys Trigno^(TM)surface electromyography unit was used for muscle activation from the rectus abdominis,external oblique,and transverse abdominis/internal oblique muscles.RESULTS Linear mixed effects model analysis showed that cueing had a significant effect on core muscle activation(P=0.001);however,there was no significant difference between cue types(internal or external)(P=0.130).CONCLUSION Both external and internal cueing have significant effects on core muscle activation during the Sahrmann five-level core stability test and the PBU does not create higher muscle activation than internal cueing.

The Study-to-work Transition of Chinese International Students: Navigating a Future in the Global Labour Market

In the global competition for talents,the massive inflow of Chinese students into the UK has drawn great attention.However,only a few studies examine students’interactions with socioeconomic structures in their study-to-work transition.This study used Higher Education Statistics AgencyHESA,22data and interview data collected from Chinese postgraduate students,and it aims to:investigate structural factors that influence post-study migration patterns of Chinese students;and explore how Chinese students interact with wider social structures.This study found that different configurations between students"goals,""actions,"and"reflexivity"would lead to different employment outcomes.Three different study-to-work transition strategies were identified:"proceeding without a fixed plan";"reaching a compromise";and"knowing goals and approaching goals".Findings suggest that the transition between study and work is more complex than what is described in human capital and push-pull approaches.A better understanding of students’decision-making processes would help higher education institutions in preparing graduates for careers in the global labour market.

Work in Cooperation for A New Chapter in the Cause of International Human Rights——Speech by Yang Jiechi,Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China at the Inaugural Session of the United Nations Human Rights Council

Mr Chairman, I would like to start by congratulating you, on behalf of the Chinese Govern- ment, on your assumption of the Chair of the inaugural session of the Human Rights Council. I have every confidence that under your able leadership this session will be successful.

The 2 ℃ Global Temperature Target and the Evolution of the Long-TermGoal of Addressing Climate Change-From the United Nations FrameworkConvention on Climate Change to the Paris Agreement

The Paris Agreement proposed to keep the increase in global average temperature to well below 2 ℃ abovepre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 ℃ above pre-industriallevels. It was thus the first international treaty to endow the 2 ℃ global temperature target with legal effect.The qualitative expression of the ultimate objective in Article 2 of the United Nations Framework Conventionon Climate Change （UNFCCC） has now evolved into the numerical temperature rise target in Article 2 of theParis Agreement. Starting with the Second Assessment Report （SAR） of the Intergovernmental Panel on Cli-mate Change （IPCC）, an important task for subsequent assessments has been to provide scientific informa-tion to help determine the quantified long-term goal for UNFCCC negotiation. However, due to involvementin the value judgment within the scope of non-scientific assessment, the IPCC has never scientifically af-firmed the unacceptable extent of global temperature rise. The setting of the long-term goal for addressingclimate change has been a long process, and the 2 ℃ global temperature target is the political consensuson the basis of scientific assessment. This article analyzes the evolution of the long-term global goal foraddressing climate change and its impact on scientific assessment, negotiation processes, and global low-carbon development, from aspects of the origin of the target, the series of assessments carried out by the 1PCCfocusing on Article 2 of the UNFCCC, and the promotion of the global temperature goal at the political level.

Structure and internal stress of Au films deposited on SiO_2/Si(100) and mica by dc sputtering

Au films with a thickness of about 300 nm were deposited on SiO_2/Si(100) andmica substrates by dc sputtering. X-ray diffraction spectroscopy and field emission scanningelectron microscopy were used to analyze the structure and internal stress of the Au films. Thefirms grown on SiO_2/Si(100) show a preferential orientation of [111] in the growth direction.However the films grown on mica have mixture crystalline orientations of [111], [200], [220] and[311] in the growth direction and the orientations of [200] and [311] are slightly more than thoseof [111] and [220]. An internal stress in the films grown on SiO_2/Si(100) is tensile. For Au filmsgrown on mica the internal stresses in the [111]- and [311]-orientation grains are compressive whilethose in the [200]- and [220]-orientation grains are tensile. Au films grown SiO_2/Si(100) havesome very large grains with a size of about 400 nm and have a wider grain size distribution comparedwith those grown on mica.

Electroluminescence of Si Nanocrystal-Doped SiO2

We perform a comparative st udy on the electroluminescence （EL） and photoluminescence （PL） of Si nanocrystaldoped SiO2 （nc-Si：SiO2） and SiO2, and clarify whether the contribution from Si nanocrystals in the EL of nc-Si：SiO2 truly exists. The results unambiguously indicate the presence of EL of Si nanocrystals. The difference of peak positions between the EL and PL spectra are discussed. It is found that the normal method of passivation to enhance the PL of Si nanocrystals is not equally effective for the EL, hence new methods need to be explored to promote the EL of Si nanocrystals.

Abstracts from International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials

Crystallization behavior of F-free mold fluxes ZHANG Zuotai,WEN Guanghua,and ZHANG Yingyi Abstract The time-temperature-transformation(TTT) diagrams of F-free mold fluxes were constructed using single hot thermocouple technique(SHTT) and confocal scanning laser

Unleashing the Power of Information Theory: Enhancing Accuracy in Modeling Physical Phenomena

When building a model of a physical phenomenon or process, scientists face an inevitable compromise between the simplicity of the model (qualitative-quantitative set of variables) and its accuracy. For hundreds of years, the visual simplicity of a law testified to the genius and depth of the physical thinking of the scientist who proposed it. Currently, the desire for a deeper physical understanding of the surrounding world and newly discovered physical phenomena motivates researchers to increase the number of variables considered in a model. This direction leads to an increased probability of choosing an inaccurate or even erroneous model. This study describes a method for estimating the limit of measurement accuracy, taking into account the stage of model building in terms of storage, transmission, processing and use of information by the observer. This limit, due to the finite amount of information stored in the model, allows you to select the optimal number of variables for the best reproduction of the observed object and calculate the exact values of the threshold discrepancy between the model and the phenomenon under study in measurement theory. We consider two examples: measurement of the speed of sound and measurement of physical constants.

Cu含量对Al-1Mg-0.6Si-xCu合金板材韧性及弯曲性能的影响

采用室温拉伸、Kahn撕裂以及弯曲实验,结合数字图像分析法和扫描透射电镜等手段,探究了Cu含量对Al-1Mg-0.6Si-xCu合金板材韧性及弯曲性能的影响。结果表明:随着Cu含量的增加,合金的伸长率、均匀伸长率、均匀断裂能和单位面积裂纹形核功逐渐增加,合金的弯曲性能变好,均匀阶段韧性提升,而合金的失稳伸长率、失稳断裂能及单位面积裂纹扩展功下降,合金失稳阶段韧性变差。随着Cu含量的增加,Al-1Mg-0.6Si-xCu合金中强化相β″的密度增加,且在0.5-Cu合金中出现Q′相和L相,晶内析出相密度增加,使得合金在形变过程中消耗的能量增加;晶界析出相间距增加,从而提高合金的韧性及弯曲性能。

High Accuracy When Measuring Physical Constants: From the Perspective of the Information-Theoretic Approach

The practical value of high-precision models of the studied physical phenomena and technological processes is a decisive factor in science and technology. Currently, numerous methods and criteria for optimizing models have been proposed. However, the classification of measurement uncertainties due to the number of variables taken into account and their qualitative choice is still not given sufficient attention. The goal is to develop a new criterion suitable for any groups of experimental data obtained as a result of applying various measurement methods. Using the “information-theoretic method”, we propose two procedures for analyzing experimental results using a quantitative indicator to calculate the relative uncertainty of the measurement model, which, in turn, determines the legitimacy of the declared value of a physical constant. The presented procedure is used to analyze the results of measurements of the Boltzmann constant, Planck constant, Hubble constant and gravitational constant.

Investigation of the Nanostructures Formation in the Irradiated by γ-Quanta Single-Crystal Silicon with Ultrasonic Method

It’s determined that a phasic dynamics of deformation strengthening of single-crystal silicon irradiated by γ-quanta (with energy ~1.27 MeV) in the range of radiation absorbed doses from 102 up to 109 rad by the internal friction measurement with widely known ultrasonic resonance method. We have detected appearance the maximum on the dependence of internal friction (Q-1) from dose at 5 × 105 rad in the specimens of p - Si with a density of the dislocations more than 103 cm-2. The instability of the dislocation structures has been established in the range of doses from 106 up to 109 rad, due to the formation and accumulation in the crystal lattice of the point like and the continuous radiation defects. On the time dependence of Q-1(t) per 1.5 - 2 hours after irradiation, the maximum has been established which position depends on dose of radiation. The monotonic decrease of Q-1(t) dependence was observed at the increase of the observation time after stopping of the specimen irradiation, which is connected with decreasing of the radiation defects densities as the result of their annihilation.

On Intrinsic Rotation of Bodies

Spontaneous rotation of matter is investigated. The results provide further evidence in support of earlier indications of a wave-only reality in which the quantum energy packet exists in the form of a conjugate wave—particle doublet. It reveals that matter, be it wave or particle, is a harmonic oscillator defined with full spectrum of the usual mechanical properties of simple harmonic motion SHM. Notably, the quantum energy packet’s stress field correlates with radius to generate intrinsic torque, it motivates spontaneous rotation at all levels of the cosmic mass scale from the electron to the universe;its atomic and natural units are and respectively for matter’s wave (bosonic) and particulate (fermionic) forms. The proton’s observational internal pressure Pa reported recently by Burkert et al. deviates markedly from the theoretical value ~1022 Pa, the difference attributes to challenges with existing energy measurement procedures. Velocities of electron waveform in random thermal motion evaluated with the new approach agree remarkably well with values obtained with kinetic-molecular theory KT;much more importantly, the analysis reveals existence, at standard conditions, of electron waveform’s hyper-luminal root-mean-square velocity, , if verified, this finding might inform on-going neutrino research. The evidence suggests that effects formalized in the theories of thermodynamics and kinetics trace to mobile torque fields.

Major historical events affecting the accounting profession： An overview

The accounting result from science and technology innovation and the development of productivity, with management modes and financial reforms as its opportunity and the operation of international capital, as well as economic integration helping improve it. An invention, a president, the occurrence of an organization, a historical lesson may directly or indirectly change accounting regulations, and even trigger an accounting revolution. We will put a variety of significant impacts on an accounting, so as to get a fundamental understanding of the close relationship between such events and accounting events, including innovation of accounting theory, and accounting practice; we adopted the ＂table-style＂ form of papers, with many self-evident and intuitive tables, we compile a series of major historical events reasonably. Only in accordance with evolution of objective environment, can we design proper accounting practice, and thus innovate and develop accounting.

SIS在某海外燃煤电站主保护系统的应用

在某海外大型燃煤电站项目中,为了切实提高机组主保护的可靠性,SIS在锅炉和汽轮机主保护中得以应用,其具有优异的稳定性、可靠性、良好的人机接口及其与DCS的兼容性,为同类型机组主保护配置选型或升级改造提供了新的选择。

INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS(SI)

See ＂The International System of Units （SI）,＂ NIST Special Publication 330, B.N. Taylor, ed. （USGPO, Washington, DC, 1991）; and ＂Guide for the Use of the International System of Units （SI）,＂ NIST Special Publication 811, 1995 edition, B.N. Taylor （USGPO, Washington, DC, 1995）.

国际单位制(SI)的新变化

在新版的《国际单位制(SI)》中,SI单位的含义发生了重大变化,取消了"辅助单位"这一分类类别,此外新增一个具有专门名称的一贯SI导出单位katal。基于上述变化,我国法定计量单位的构成体系也发生了相应变化。

薄膜a-Si PIN/OLED图像传感显示器的设计与模拟

设计了一种将薄膜 a- Si PIN光敏传感单元与 OL ED有机发光显示单元合二为一的新型图像传感显示器件 ;通过对每个单元的分别建模以及叠层器件的串联结构特点 ,对器件单元像素的电流电压特性进行了模拟 .结果表明 :器件驱动电压的降低主要通过增大 OL ED的幂指数因子实现 ;薄膜 a- Si PIN的灵敏度对器件灵敏度有决定性的影响 ;降低 a- Si PIN隙态密度能有效地展宽器件的线性响应区域 ;器件应用领域的不同 ,对 a- Si PIN的并联等效电阻的大小有不同的要求 .

铁含量对Al-Si-Fe合金微观组织及内耗性能的影响

采用快速冷凝粉末包套挤压工艺制备了含铁量分别为 1.2 %和 3.5 %的Al 11%Si Fe合金。研究了这两合金在挤压和退火状态下的微观组织特征和内耗行为 ,解释了Fe含量及其析出相、热处理状态等对内耗的影响 ,提出了该合金系在 6 0～ 2 5 0℃温度范围产生内耗峰的机制。

Fe—30Mn—6Si合金（SMA）形状恢复过程的内耗和电阻分析

用内耗、电阻、长度变化方法研究了Ｆｅ—Ｍｎ—Ｓｉ合金的形状恢复现象．用ｘ射线衍射作了相的定性分析电阻变化较灵敏地反映ε相数量的变化；内耗能反应形状变化的温度区间和速度；长度变化则直接反映形状恢复情况．实验表明：ε→γ转变有跃变性质，并在远大于Ａ（ｓ２）至Ａ（ｆ２）的温度区间内进行热诱发的。相变对形状恢复有贡献．但形变诱发马氏体的逆相变的贡献是主要的ε→γ相变引起电阻增加。