Internet Gaming Disorder and Mental Health of Children in China:A Latent Profile Analysis

In recent years,speculation of an increase in Internet Gaming Disorder(IGD)has surfaced with the growing popularity of internet gaming among Chinese children and adolescents.The detrimental impact of IGD on mental health cannot be denied,even though only a small portion of the screen-dependent population exhibits psychopathological and behavioral symptoms.The present study aimed to explore a latent profile analysis(LPA)of Internet Gaming Disorder on the mental health of Chinese school students.The data were collected from a sample of 1005 Chinese school students(49.8%male;age M=13.32,SD=1.34 years)using a paper-pencil survey through convenience sampling.LPA explored three latent profiles of internet gamers:regular gamers(62.4%),moderate gamers(28.1%),and probable disordered gamers(9.4%).Results showed that the probable disordered gamers had significantly higher levels of depression,anxiety,emotional and conduct problems,hyperactivity,and peer problem symptoms as well as lower life satisfaction,and pro-social symptoms compared to regular and moderate gamers(p<0.05).This study would be helpful to mental health professionals in designing interventions for gamers who present IGD symptoms.Future longitudinal studies should also be undertaken to assess whether mental health worsens for probable disordered gamers.

Parental Psychological Control and Internet Gaming Disorder Tendency:A Moderated Mediation Model of Core Self-Evaluation and Intentional Self-Regulation

Internet gaming disorder(IGD)among junior high school students is an increasingly prominent mental health concern.It is important to look for influences behind internet gaming disorder tendency(IGDT)in the junior high school student population.The present study aimed to reveal the explanatory mechanisms underlying the association between parental psychological control(PPC)and internet gaming disorder tendency among junior high school students by testing the mediating role of core self-evaluation(CSE)and the moderating role of intentional self-regulation(ISR).Participants in present study were 735 Chinese junior high school students who completed offline self-report questionnaires on parental psychological control,core self-evaluation,intentional self-regulation,and Internet gaming disorder tendency.Analyses were conducted via mediation and moderated mediation.The results showed that:(1)Parental psychological control was positively related to junior high school students’Internet gaming disorder tendency.Core self-evaluation,and intentional self-regulation were negatively related to junior high school students’Internet gaming disorder tendency,respectively.(2)Core self-evaluation partially mediated the relationship between parental psychological control and junior high school students’Internet gaming disorder tendency.(3)Intentional self-regulation moderated the association between parental psychological control and Internet gaming disorder tendency,as well as the relationships between parental psychological control and core self-evaluation and core self-evaluation and Internet gaming disorder tendency in the mediated model.Based on these findings,we believe that there is a need to weaken parental psychological control,strengthen junior high school students’core self-evaluation and intentional self-regulation,and to recognize the important role of parents as well as their children’s personal positive traits in the healthy development of junior high school students.

A Scientometric Analysis and Critical Review of Internet Gaming Disorder Behaviours

There are increasing concerns about internet gaming disorder (IGD). No review of existing studies has systematicallyanalyzed and visualized the trends of IGD and those early identification of symptoms related to IGD behaviors.This critical review focuses on the emerging trends for early identification of symptoms related to IGDbehaviors in papers published in Web of Science Core Collection from 2009 to 2021 by scientometric analysisand critical review. Scientometric data analysis technique includes co-occurrence analysis, cluster analysis andburst analysis of authors, countries, keywords and co-citation to visualize those contributing and associated factorsto develop IGD behaviors and their relationships to mental-emotional symptoms. About 81.8% of the paperswere published in the following countries: United States, United Kingdom, Australia, China and South Korea. Thetop co-occurrence keywords were ‘children’, ‘depression’, ‘anxiety’ and ‘attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD)’, ‘scale’, identifying the population, characteristics and commonly used assessment tools that are susceptibleto certain symptoms relating to IGD of which influencing factors facilitate the understanding of the associationof sociodemographic characteristics. The main emerging topics were identified in this critical review afterconducted the scientometric analysis. The results identified five topics: game impulse, motivation, evaluationscale, mediating effects and diagnostic criteria. This study provides an overview of the research trends on theidentity and development of the IGD field of study.

Decreased frontal lobe function in people with Internet addiction disorder

In our previous studies, we showed that frontal lobe and brainstem functions were abnormal in online game addicts. In this study, 14 students with Internet addiction disorder and 14 matched healthy controls underwent proton-magnetic resonance spectroscopy to measure cerebral function. Results demonstrated that the ratio of N-acetylaspartate to creatine decreased, but the ratio of cho- line-containing compounds to creatine increased in the bilateral frontal lobe white matter in people with Internet addiction disorder. However, these ratios were mostly unaltered in the brainstem, suggesting that frontal lobe function decreases in people with Internet addiction disorder.

Internet addiction and problematic Internet use: A systematic review of clinical research

AIM: To provide a comprehensive overview of clinical studies on the clinical picture of Internet-use related addictions from a holistic perspective. A literature search was conducted using the database Web of Science.METHODS: Over the last 15 years, the number of Internet users has increased by 1000%, and at the same time, research on addictive Internet use has proliferated. Internet addiction has not yet been understood very well, and research on its etiology and natural history is still in its infancy. In 2013, the American Psychiatric Association included Internet Gaming Disorder in the appendix of the updated version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders(DSM-5) as condition that requires further research prior to official inclusion in the main manual, with important repercussions for research and treatment. To date, reviews have focused on clinical and treatment studies of Internet addiction and Internet Gaming Disorder. This arguably limits the analysis to a specific diagnosis of a potential disorder that has not yet been officially recognised in the Western world, rather than a comprehensive and inclusive investigation of Internet-use related addictions(including problematic Internet use) more generally. RESULTS: The systematic literature review identified a total of 46 relevant studies. The included studies used clinical samples, and focused on characteristics of treatment seekers and online addiction treatment. Four main types of clinical research studies were identified, namely research involving(1) treatment seeker characteristics;(2) psychopharmacotherapy;(3) psychological therapy; and(4) combined treatment. CONCLUSION: A consensus regarding diagnostic criteria and measures is needed to improve reliability across studies and to develop effective and efficient treatment approaches for treatment seekers.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging of internet addiction in young adults

AIM: To report the results of functional magnetic resonance imaging(f MRI) studies pertaining internet addiction disorder(IAD) in young adults.METHODS: We conducted a systematic review on Pub Med, focusing our attention on f MRI studies involving adult IAD patients, free from any comorbid psychiatric condition. The following search words were used, both alone and in combination: f MRI, internet addiction, internet dependence, functional neuroimaging. The search was conducted on April 20^(th), 2015 and yielded 58 records. Inclusion criteria were the following: Articles written in English, patients' age ≥ 18 years, patients affected by IAD, studies providing f MRI results during resting state or cognitive/emotional paradigms. Structural MRI studies, functional imaging techniques other than f MRI, studies involving adolescents, patients with comorbid psychiatric, neurological or medical conditions were excluded. By reading titles and abstracts, we excluded 30 records. By reading the full texts of the 28 remaining articles, we identified 18 papers meeting our inclusion criteria and therefore included in the qualitative synthesis.RESULTS: We found 18 studies fulfilling our inclusion criteria, 17 of them conducted in Asia, and including a total number of 666 tested subjects. The included studies reported data acquired during resting state or different paradigms, such as cue-reactivity, guessing or cognitive control tasks. The enrolled patients were usually males(95.4%) and very young(21-25 years). The most represented IAD subtype, reported in more than 85% of patients, was the internet gaming disorder, or videogame addiction. In the resting state studies, the more relevant abnormalities were localized in the superior temporal gyrus, limbic, medial frontal and parietal regions. When analyzing the task related fmri studies, we found that less than half of the papers reported behavioral differences between patients and normal controls, but all of them found significant differences in cortical and subcortical brain regions involved in cognitive control and reward processing: Orbitofrontal cortex, insula, anterior and posterior cingulate cortex, temporal and parietal regions, brain stem and caudate nucleus.CONCLUSION: IAD may seriously affect young adults' brain functions. It needs to be studied more in depth to provide a clear diagnosis and an adequate treatment.

网络游戏成瘾患者脑功能异常静息态功能磁共振成像研究

目的采用局部一致性(regional homogeneity,ReHo)和功能连接(functional connectivity,FC)相结合的方法探究网络游戏成瘾(Internet gaming disorder,IGD)患者静息状态下的脑局部固有连接的改变。材料与方法对44例IGD患者和49例年龄、性别、受教育年限相匹配的健康对照者进行静息态功能磁共振成像(resting state-functional magnetic resonance imaging,rs-fMRI)检查。计算并比较两组的ReHo值,以检测IGD患者脑内局部连接的改变;以ReHo值异常的脑区进行功能连接,以得到不同脑区间连接性的改变。采用网络成瘾测试(Internet Addiction Test,IAT)评估IGD的严重程度。Pearson相关分析用于评估具有ReHo改变的脑区域与IAT评分之间的关系。结果IGD组双侧内侧额上回、双侧背外侧额上回、左侧辅助运动区、右侧额中回ReHo增加;左侧枕下回、左侧枕中回、左侧舌回、左侧距状裂周围皮层、左侧梭状回、左侧颞上回以及左侧小脑ReHo值减低(体素水平P<0.005,团块水平P<0.05,高斯随机场校正)。IGD组右侧背外侧额上回与右侧额上回、双侧辅助运动区、右侧中央前回的功能连接性增加(体素水平P<0.005,团块水平P<0.05,高斯随机场校正)。此外,左侧距状裂周围皮层ReHo值与IAT评分呈负相关(r=-0.340,P=0.024)。结论在前额叶皮层、颞枕叶皮层局部连接发生改变,可能表明IGD的认知控制和奖励处理以及视觉、听觉网络已受到影响。此外,左侧距状裂周围皮层ReHo值与IAT评分呈负相关,可能为IGD的神经病理机制提供新的认识。

大学生特质性心流与网络游戏成瘾的关系:生命意义感和生活满意度的链式中介作用

目的 探讨特质性心流与大学生网络游戏成瘾的关系,以及生命意义感和生活满意度在其中的中介作用。方法 采用方便抽样的方法,使用简版特质流畅量表、生命意义感量表、生活满意度量表和网络游戏成瘾问卷对广州市某高校2 770名大学生进行调查。分析各变量间的关系及其相关的中介作用。结果 特质性心流、生命意义感和生活满意度两两之间均呈显著正相关,特质性心流、生命意义感、生活满意度与网络游戏成瘾呈显著负相关。特质性心流对网络游戏成瘾的直接效应显著,也可分别通过生命意义感和生活满意度的独立中介作用以及两者的链式中介效应对网络游戏成瘾产生影响。结论 大学生特质性心流可通过直接作用以及生命意义感和生活满意度的链式中介作用,降低网络游戏成瘾的风险。

基于功能连接密度评估青少年男性网络游戏障碍患者脑功能损伤机制

目的为了评估网络游戏障碍脑功能损伤机制,本文应用基于半球内和半球间功能连接密度(functional connectivity density,FCD)的分析方法研究青少年男性网络游戏障碍患者脑区之间功能连接的异常改变。材料与方法对55名网络游戏障碍患者的静息状态功能磁共振图像和人口资料相匹配的50名健康对照者行全脑FCD的计算。再将全脑FCD分为同侧和对侧部分。采用双样本t检验比较网络游戏障碍组与健康对照组全脑、半球内和半球间FCD的差异。最后采用Pearson相关性分析探究网络游戏障碍患者全脑、半球内和半球间FCD值的变化与临床行为的相关性。结果网络游戏障碍组与健康对照组FCD的差异在全脑水平上主要分布于左侧楔前叶、左侧后扣带回与左侧颞中回。与健康对照组相比,网络游戏障碍患者在左侧楔前叶和左侧后扣带回中表现出半球间FCD的降低(t=-5.317、-3.556);此外,网络游戏障碍患者在左侧颞中回,左侧楔前叶与左侧后扣带回还表现出半球内FCD的降低(t=-5.044、-5.359、-4.183)(均体素水平P<0.005,团块水平P<0.05,高斯随机场校正)。结论网络游戏障碍患者在默认模式网络内存在半球内和半球间的功能连接异常。本研究将为网络游戏障碍患者的病理生理学机制和临床诊治提供新的见解。

网络游戏成瘾对识别情绪面孔的影响

目的探讨网络游戏成瘾对情绪面孔效价及强度识别的影响。方法采用情绪面孔识别范式分别从标准情绪识别和微表情识别考察网络游戏成瘾个体是否存在情绪面孔识别偏差。实验一:采用情绪面孔效价识别范式,比较网络游戏成瘾被试与非网络游戏成瘾被试在识别不同情绪效价下的差异。实验二:借助情绪面孔强度识别范式,比较被试群体在不同情绪强度下的差异。结果被试识别正性情绪的反应时显著小于识别中性和负性情绪,识别正性和负性情绪的正确率显著高于识别中性情绪;随着情绪强度的变化,被试依然表现出了对正性情绪识别的偏好;相较于非网络游戏成瘾被试,网络游戏成瘾被试对正性情绪的识别正确率更高。结论网络游戏成瘾个体在识别标准情绪刺激时并没有表现出明显的损伤,但该个体在识别微表情时表现出了更为强烈的对于寻求奖赏刺激的偏向。

基于潜在剖面分析的多重家庭因素与中学生网络游戏成瘾的关系:非适应性认知的中介作用

本研究以1043名中学生为研究对象,采用潜在剖面分析探索多重家庭风险和保护因素与网络游戏成瘾之间的特定组合模式,以及非适应性认知在多重家庭因素与网络游戏成瘾之间的中介效应。结果发现:(1)家庭因素与网络游戏成瘾的联合模式存在三种类型:“父母联合低风险–高支持–低成瘾组”、“父母冲突忽视–低支持–高成瘾组”以及“父母联合高风险–低支持–高成瘾组”;(2)非适应性认知在两者关系中的中介效应显著。在中学生网络游戏成瘾的干预中,应重视家庭环境中的多重风险和保护因素的关键作用,通过降低父母婚姻冲突、亲子冲突和提高父母支持水平减少中学生对网络游戏的非适应性认知,从而降低成瘾风险。

网络游戏成瘾者的情绪加工异常

研究表明,网络游戏成瘾(internet gaming disorder,IGD)个体对消极情绪刺激,尤其是愤怒情绪刺激存在异常的加工偏向,而且IGD个体面对消极刺激会产生过高的情绪唤起并在调节消极情绪方面出现困难,以上情绪加工能力的异常会在IGD的维持和发展中起到重要作用。同时,IGD个体情绪加工相关脑区也出现了异常,例如杏仁核、前扣带皮层、脑岛和部分前额叶皮层。未来研究可以更多关注IGD的群体情绪加工、情绪加工的时间进程、有效提高IGD个体情绪调节能力的方法以及IGD青少年的情绪加工问题。此外,也可以通过多样化地设置和呈现情绪刺激来达到不同的研究目的,同时还需要考虑被试的性别比例以及被试长期和短期的情绪状态对情绪加工研究结果的影响。

Associations between levels of Internet Gaming Disorder symptoms and striatal morphology–replication and associations with social anxiety

Background:Brain structural alterations of the striatum have been frequently observed in internet gaming disorder(IGD);however,the replicability of the results and the associations with social-affective dysregulations such as social anxiety remain to be determined.Methods:The present study combined a dimensional neuroimaging approach with both voxel-wise and data-driven multivariate approaches to(i)replicate our previous results on a negative association between IGD symptom load(assessed by the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short Form)and striatal volume,(ii)extend these findings to female individuals,and(iii)employ multivariate and mediation models to determine common brain structural representations of IGD and social anxiety(assessed by the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale).Results:In line with the original study,the voxel-wise analyses revealed a negative association between IGD and volumes of the bilateral caudate.Going beyond the earlier study investigating only male participants,the present study demonstrates that the association in the right caudate was comparable in both the male and the female subsamples.Further examination using themultivariate approach revealed regionally different associations between IGD and social anxiety with striatal density representations in the dorsal striatum(caudate)and ventral striatum(nucleus accumbens).Higher levels of IGD were associated with higher social anxiety and the association was critically mediated by the multivariate neurostructural density variations of the striatum.Conclusions:Altered striatal volumes may represent a replicable and generalizable marker of IGD symptoms.However,exploratory multivariate analyses revealed more complex and regional specific associations between striatal density and IGD as well as social anxiety symptoms.Variations in both tendencies may share common structural brain representations,which mediate the association between increased IGD and social anxiety.

ACT联合rTMS对青少年游戏障碍患者网瘾程度及内隐认知偏倚的影响

目的探讨接受与现实疗法(ACT)联合重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)在青少年游戏障碍(GD)患者中的应用效果。方法选取2021年1月至2022年1月该院收治的100例青少年GD患者,按随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组,各50例。对照组采取认知行为疗法,观察组采取ACT联合rTMS,比较2组中文网络成瘾量表修订版(CIAS-R)评分、内隐认知偏倚情况和学习倦怠评分。结果2组治疗前CIAS-R各维度评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。观察组治疗后CIAS-R各维度评分低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2组治疗前内隐认知偏倚情况比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。2组治疗后内隐认知偏倚情况比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2组治疗前学习倦怠各维度评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。观察组治疗后学习倦怠各维度评分低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论ACT联合rTMS治疗青少年GD患者的效果显著,能降低网瘾程度,改善内隐认知偏倚和学习倦怠情况,有利于其健康成长。

抑郁和非适应性认知在压力与初中生网游成瘾间的作用

目的探讨抑郁和非适应性认知在压力和网游成瘾(IGD)的中介作用,为减少初中生IGD提供科学依据。方法采用整群抽样法,使用青少年生活事件量表、抑郁量表中文简表、网游非适应性认知量表和网游成瘾简表对福建省五所中学的729名初中生进行问卷调查。结果福建省中学生的网游成瘾检出率为14.3%,其中男生的检出率(17.47%)高于女生(10.92%)。压力、抑郁和网游非适应性认知水平有性别差异。在控制性别和年级后,压力和网游非适应性认知能正向预测IGD;压力能正向预测抑郁;压力和抑郁能正向预测网游非适应性认知。抑郁和非适应性认知在压力和IGD间有链式中介效应,其中介效应占总效应的45.08%。结论应教导初中生掌握减压技巧以及对压力的正面认知,以减少他们的抑郁情绪和网游非适应性认知,进而降低IGD。

Gender difference in network relationship between inter-temporal decisions and prefrontal activation levels in internet gaming disorder

Background:Impulsivity and decision-making are key factors in addiction.However,little is known about how gender and time sensitivity affect impulsivity in internet gaming disorder(IGD).Objective:To investigate the gender difference of impulsive decision-making and relevant brain responses in IGD.Methods:We conducted a functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI)study with 123 participants,including 59 IGD individuals(26 females)and 64 matched recreational game users(RGUs,23 females).Participants performed a delay-discounting task during fMRI scanning.We examined gender-by-group effects on behavioral and neural measures to explore the preference for immediate over delayed rewards and the associated brain activity.We also investigated the network correlations between addiction severity and behavioral and neural measures,and analyzed the mediating role of brain activity in the link between delay discounting parameters and IGD severity.Results:We found significant gender-by-group interactions.The imaging results revealed gender-by-group interactions in the dor-solateral prefrontal cortex,medial frontal gyrus,and inferior frontal gyrus(IFG).Post hoc analysis indicated that,for females,RGUs showed higher activity than IGD individuals in these brain regions,while for males IGD individuals exhibited higher activity than RGUs.The activation in the left IFG mediated the relation between Internet Addiction Test score and discount rate in females.In males,the activation in the right dlPFC mediated the relation between IAT score and time sensitivity.Discussion:Our findings imply that male IGD participants demonstrate impaired intertemporal decisions associated with neural dysfunction.Influencing factors for impulsive decision-making in IGD diverge between males(time sensitivity)and females(discount rate).These findings augment our comprehension of the neural underpinnings of gender differences in IGD and bear significant implications for devising effective intervention strategies for treating people with IGD.

父母体罚与青少年网络游戏成瘾:一个有调节的中介模型

采用问卷法对1 389名青少年进行调查,考察了学校联结在父母体罚与青少年网络游戏成瘾(Internet gaming disorder,IGD)关系间的中介效应,以及该过程是否受冲动性的调节。结果发现:(1)在控制了性别、年龄和家庭社会经济地位后,父母体罚仍显著正向预测青少年网络游戏成瘾;(2)学校联结在父母体罚与青少年网络游戏成瘾关系间起着显著的部分中介效应;(3)冲动性对中介路径"父母体罚→学校联结→网络游戏成瘾"具有显著的调节效应,低冲动性有助于缓冲父母体罚对青少年网络游戏成瘾的风险效应。

家庭亲密度、抑郁与青少年网络游戏成瘾的关系:COMT基因rs737866多态性的调节效应

通过对469名初中生进行研究,考察抑郁在家庭亲密度与男女青少年网络游戏成瘾(IGD)关系中的中介作用,以及儿茶酚氧位甲基转移酶基因rs737866多态性在这一关系中的调节作用。结果发现:1)抑郁在家庭亲密度与青少年男女生IGD的关系间起显著的中介作用;2)COMT基因rs737866多态性在“家庭亲密度→抑郁→女生IGD”这一中介路径中起显著的调节作用,具体而言,家庭亲密度通过抑郁对IGD的间接效应在TT(Thr/Thr)基因型女生中显著,但在CC(Cys/Cys)、CT(Cys/Thr)基因型女生中不显著;然而,这一调节效应在男生中均不显著。

大学生网络游戏成瘾的心理社会影响因素:非适应性认知的中介作用

以875名大学生为被试,采用问卷调查法,探讨了非适应性认知在心理社会环境因素与大学生网络游戏成瘾关系间的中介效应。结果表明:(1)非适应性认知显著中介性别、父母专制教养、教师支持、冲动性与大学生网络游戏成瘾的关系;(2)性别、父母专制教养、同伴侵害和教育未来取向对网络游戏成瘾具有显著的直接效应;(3)年龄、家庭社会经济地位(SES)、亲子关系、婚姻冲突、同学支持、越轨同伴对大学生网络游戏成瘾的直接效应,以及通过非适应性认知影响网络游戏成瘾的间接效应均不显著。

青少年网络游戏成瘾:学校、同伴以及父母的影响

网络游戏成瘾会引发青少年一系列的问题行为,为了了解学校、家庭和同伴对青少年网络游戏成瘾的影响,更好地抑制和消除他们的成瘾习惯,研究者采用问卷法对1406名初中生进行调查,考察不良同伴在感知校园氛围与青少年网络游戏成瘾关系间的中介效应,以及父母知情对这一中介过程的调节效应。结果发现:在控制了性别、年龄、家庭月收入和父母受教育水平等因素后,感知校园氛围能够显著负向预测青少年网络游戏成瘾;不良同伴在感知校园氛围与网络游戏成瘾关系间起着显著的完全中介作用;父母知情对中介路径"感知校园氛围→不良同伴→网络游戏成瘾"具有显著的调节效应。为此,教师可以通过营造积极的校园氛围,增强父母知情,同时减少不良同伴交往来减少青少年网络游戏成瘾行为。