The Internet of Medical Things(IoMT)is an application of the Internet of Things(IoT)in the medical field.It is a cutting-edge technique that connects medical sensors and their applications to healthcare systems,which ...The Internet of Medical Things(IoMT)is an application of the Internet of Things(IoT)in the medical field.It is a cutting-edge technique that connects medical sensors and their applications to healthcare systems,which is essential in smart healthcare.However,Personal Health Records(PHRs)are normally kept in public cloud servers controlled by IoMT service providers,so privacy and security incidents may be frequent.Fortunately,Searchable Encryption(SE),which can be used to execute queries on encrypted data,can address the issue above.Nevertheless,most existing SE schemes cannot solve the vector dominance threshold problem.In response to this,we present a SE scheme called Vector Dominance with Threshold Searchable Encryption(VDTSE)in this study.We use a Lagrangian polynomial technique and convert the vector dominance threshold problem into a constraint that the number of two equal-length vectors’corresponding bits excluding wildcards is not less than a threshold t.Then,we solve the problem using the proposed technique modified in Hidden Vector Encryption(HVE).This technique makes the trapdoor size linear to the number of attributes and thus much smaller than that of other similar SE schemes.A rigorous experimental analysis of a specific application for privacy-preserving diabetes demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed VDTSE scheme.展开更多
Solar insecticidal lamps(SIL) can effectively control pests and reduce the use of pesticides. Combining SIL and Internet of Things(IoT) has formed a new type of agricultural IoT,known as SIL-IoT, which can improve the...Solar insecticidal lamps(SIL) can effectively control pests and reduce the use of pesticides. Combining SIL and Internet of Things(IoT) has formed a new type of agricultural IoT,known as SIL-IoT, which can improve the effectiveness of migratory phototropic pest control. However, since the SIL is connected to the Internet, it is vulnerable to various security issues.These issues can lead to serious consequences, such as tampering with the parameters of SIL, illegally starting and stopping SIL,etc. In this paper, we describe the overall security requirements of SIL-IoT and present an extensive survey of security and privacy solutions for SIL-IoT. We investigate the background and logical architecture of SIL-IoT, discuss SIL-IoT security scenarios, and analyze potential attacks. Starting from the security requirements of SIL-IoT we divide them into six categories, namely privacy, authentication, confidentiality, access control, availability,and integrity. Next, we describe the SIL-IoT privacy and security solutions, as well as the blockchain-based solutions. Based on the current survey, we finally discuss the challenges and future research directions of SIL-IoT.展开更多
The rapid expansion of Internet of Things (IoT) devices across various sectors is driven by steadily increasingdemands for interconnected and smart technologies. Nevertheless, the surge in the number of IoT device has...The rapid expansion of Internet of Things (IoT) devices across various sectors is driven by steadily increasingdemands for interconnected and smart technologies. Nevertheless, the surge in the number of IoT device hascaught the attention of cyber hackers, as it provides them with expanded avenues to access valuable data. Thishas resulted in a myriad of security challenges, including information leakage, malware propagation, and financialloss, among others. Consequently, developing an intrusion detection system to identify both active and potentialintrusion traffic in IoT networks is of paramount importance. In this paper, we propose ResNeSt-biGRU, a practicalintrusion detection model that combines the strengths of ResNeSt, a variant of Residual Neural Network, andbidirectionalGated RecurrentUnitNetwork (biGRU).Our ResNeSt-biGRUframework diverges fromconventionalintrusion detection systems (IDS) by employing this dual-layeredmechanism that exploits the temporal continuityand spatial feature within network data streams, a methodological innovation that enhances detection accuracy.In conjunction with this, we introduce the PreIoT dataset, a compilation of prevalent IoT network behaviors, totrain and evaluate IDSmodels with a focus on identifying potential intrusion traffics. The effectiveness of proposedscheme is demonstrated through testing, wherein it achieved an average accuracy of 99.90% on theN-BaIoT datasetas well as on the PreIoT dataset and 94.45% on UNSW-NB15 dataset. The outcomes of this research reveal thepotential of ResNeSt-biGRU to bolster security measures, diminish intrusion-related vulnerabilities, and preservethe overall security of IoT ecosystems.展开更多
The Internet of Things(IoT)is a smart networking infrastructure of physical devices,i.e.,things,that are embedded with sensors,actuators,software,and other technologies,to connect and share data with the respective se...The Internet of Things(IoT)is a smart networking infrastructure of physical devices,i.e.,things,that are embedded with sensors,actuators,software,and other technologies,to connect and share data with the respective server module.Although IoTs are cornerstones in different application domains,the device’s authenticity,i.e.,of server(s)and ordinary devices,is the most crucial issue and must be resolved on a priority basis.Therefore,various field-proven methodologies were presented to streamline the verification process of the communicating devices;however,location-aware authentication has not been reported as per our knowledge,which is a crucial metric,especially in scenarios where devices are mobile.This paper presents a lightweight and location-aware device-to-server authentication technique where the device’s membership with the nearest server is subjected to its location information along with other measures.Initially,Media Access Control(MAC)address and Advance Encryption Scheme(AES)along with a secret shared key,i.e.,λ_(i) of 128 bits,have been utilized by Trusted Authority(TA)to generate MaskIDs,which are used instead of the original ID,for every device,i.e.,server and member,and are shared in the offline phase.Secondly,TA shares a list of authentic devices,i.e.,server S_(j) and members C_(i),with every device in the IoT for the onward verification process,which is required to be executed before the initialization of the actual communication process.Additionally,every device should be located such that it lies within the coverage area of a server,and this location information is used in the authentication process.A thorough analytical analysis was carried out to check the susceptibility of the proposed and existing authentication approaches against well-known intruder attacks,i.e.,man-in-the-middle,masquerading,device,and server impersonations,etc.,especially in the IoT domain.Moreover,proposed authentication and existing state-of-the-art approaches have been simulated in the real environment of IoT to verify their performance,particularly in terms of various evaluation metrics,i.e.,processing,communication,and storage overheads.These results have verified the superiority of the proposed scheme against existing state-of-the-art approaches,preferably in terms of communication,storage,and processing costs.展开更多
Nowadays, devices are connected across all areas, from intelligent buildings and smart cities to Industry 4.0 andsmart healthcare. With the exponential growth of Internet of Things usage in our world, IoT security is ...Nowadays, devices are connected across all areas, from intelligent buildings and smart cities to Industry 4.0 andsmart healthcare. With the exponential growth of Internet of Things usage in our world, IoT security is still thebiggest challenge for its deployment. The main goal of IoT security is to ensure the accessibility of services providedby an IoT environment, protect privacy, and confidentiality, and guarantee the safety of IoT users, infrastructures,data, and devices. Authentication, as the first line of defense against security threats, becomes the priority ofeveryone. It can either grant or deny users access to resources according to their legitimacy. As a result, studyingand researching authentication issues within IoT is extremely important. As a result, studying and researchingauthentication issues within IoT is extremely important. This article presents a comparative study of recent researchin IoT security;it provides an analysis of recent authentication protocols from2019 to 2023 that cover several areaswithin IoT (such as smart cities, healthcare, and industry). This survey sought to provide an IoT security researchsummary, the biggest susceptibilities, and attacks, the appropriate technologies, and the most used simulators. Itillustrates that the resistance of protocols against attacks, and their computational and communication cost arelinked directly to the cryptography technique used to build it. Furthermore, it discusses the gaps in recent schemesand provides some future research directions.展开更多
In the era of rapid development of Internet of Things(IoT),numerous machine-to-machine technologies have been applied to the industrial domain.Due to the divergence of IoT solutions,the industry is faced with a need t...In the era of rapid development of Internet of Things(IoT),numerous machine-to-machine technologies have been applied to the industrial domain.Due to the divergence of IoT solutions,the industry is faced with a need to apply various technologies for automation and control.This fact leads to a demand for an establishing interworking mechanism which would allow smooth interoperability between heterogeneous devices.One of the major protocols widely used today in industrial electronic devices is Modbus.However,data generated by Modbus devices cannot be understood by IoT applications using different protocols,so it should be applied in a couple with an IoT service layer platform.oneM2M,a global IoT standard,can play the role of interconnecting various protocols,as it provides flexible tools suitable for building an interworking framework for industrial services.Therefore,in this paper,we propose an interworking architecture between devices working on the Modbus protocol and an IoT platform implemented based on oneM2M standards.In the proposed architecture,we introduce the way to model Modbus data as oneM2M resources,rules to map them to each other,procedures required to establish interoperable communication,and optimization methods for this architecture.We analyze our solution and provide an evaluation by implementing it based on a solar power management use case.The results demonstrate that our model is feasible and can be applied to real case scenarios.展开更多
The automatic collection of power grid situation information, along with real-time multimedia interaction between the front and back ends during the accident handling process, has generated a massive amount of power g...The automatic collection of power grid situation information, along with real-time multimedia interaction between the front and back ends during the accident handling process, has generated a massive amount of power grid data. While wireless communication offers a convenient channel for grid terminal access and data transmission, it is important to note that the bandwidth of wireless communication is limited. Additionally, the broadcast nature of wireless transmission raises concerns about the potential for unauthorized eavesdropping during data transmission. To address these challenges and achieve reliable, secure, and real-time transmission of power grid data, an intelligent security transmission strategy with sensor-transmission-computing linkage is proposed in this paper. The primary objective of this strategy is to maximize the confidentiality capacity of the system. To tackle this, an optimization problem is formulated, taking into consideration interruption probability and interception probability as constraints. To efficiently solve this optimization problem, a low-complexity algorithm rooted in deep reinforcement learning is designed, which aims to derive a suboptimal solution for the problem at hand. Ultimately, through simulation results, the validity of the proposed strategy in guaranteed communication security, stability, and timeliness is substantiated. The results confirm that the proposed intelligent security transmission strategy significantly contributes to the safeguarding of communication integrity, system stability, and timely data delivery.展开更多
Due to the overwhelming characteristics of the Internet of Things(IoT)and its adoption in approximately every aspect of our lives,the concept of individual devices’privacy has gained prominent attention from both cus...Due to the overwhelming characteristics of the Internet of Things(IoT)and its adoption in approximately every aspect of our lives,the concept of individual devices’privacy has gained prominent attention from both customers,i.e.,people,and industries as wearable devices collect sensitive information about patients(both admitted and outdoor)in smart healthcare infrastructures.In addition to privacy,outliers or noise are among the crucial issues,which are directly correlated with IoT infrastructures,as most member devices are resource-limited and could generate or transmit false data that is required to be refined before processing,i.e.,transmitting.Therefore,the development of privacy-preserving information fusion techniques is highly encouraged,especially those designed for smart IoT-enabled domains.In this paper,we are going to present an effective hybrid approach that can refine raw data values captured by the respectivemember device before transmission while preserving its privacy through the utilization of the differential privacy technique in IoT infrastructures.Sliding window,i.e.,δi based dynamic programming methodology,is implemented at the device level to ensure precise and accurate detection of outliers or noisy data,and refine it prior to activation of the respective transmission activity.Additionally,an appropriate privacy budget has been selected,which is enough to ensure the privacy of every individualmodule,i.e.,a wearable device such as a smartwatch attached to the patient’s body.In contrast,the end module,i.e.,the server in this case,can extract important information with approximately the maximum level of accuracy.Moreover,refined data has been processed by adding an appropriate nose through the Laplace mechanism to make it useless or meaningless for the adversary modules in the IoT.The proposed hybrid approach is trusted from both the device’s privacy and the integrity of the transmitted information perspectives.Simulation and analytical results have proved that the proposed privacy-preserving information fusion technique for wearable devices is an ideal solution for resource-constrained infrastructures such as IoT and the Internet ofMedical Things,where both device privacy and information integrity are important.Finally,the proposed hybrid approach is proven against well-known intruder attacks,especially those related to the privacy of the respective device in IoT infrastructures.展开更多
One of the major challenges arising in internet of military things(IoMT)is accommodating massive connectivity while providing guaranteed quality of service(QoS)in terms of ultra-high reliability.In this regard,this pa...One of the major challenges arising in internet of military things(IoMT)is accommodating massive connectivity while providing guaranteed quality of service(QoS)in terms of ultra-high reliability.In this regard,this paper presents a class of code-domain nonorthogonal multiple accesses(NOMAs)for uplink ultra reliable networking of massive IoMT based on tactical datalink such as Link-16 and joint tactical information distribution system(JTIDS).In the considered scenario,a satellite equipped with Nr antennas servers K devices including vehicles,drones,ships,sensors,handset radios,etc.Nonorthogonal coded modulation,a special form of multiple input multiple output(MIMO)-NOMA is proposed.The discussion starts with evaluating the output signal to interference-plus-noise(SINR)of receiver filter,leading to the unveiling of a closed-form expression for overloading systems as the number of users is significantly larger than the number of devices admitted such that massive connectivity is rendered.The expression allows for the development of simple yet successful interference suppression based on power allocation and phase shaping techniques that maximizes the sum rate since it is equivalent to fixed-point programming as can be proved.The proposed design is exemplified by nonlinear modulation schemes such as minimum shift keying(MSK)and Gaussian MSK(GMSK),two pivotal modulation formats in IoMT standards such as Link-16 and JITDS.Numerical results show that near capacity performance is offered.Fortunately,the performance is obtained using simple forward error corrections(FECs)of higher coding rate than existing schemes do,while the transmit power is reduced by 6 dB.The proposed design finds wide applications not only in IoMT but also in deep space communications,where ultra reliability and massive connectivity is a keen concern.展开更多
The proliferation of IoT devices requires innovative approaches to gaining insights while preserving privacy and resources amid unprecedented data generation.However,FL development for IoT is still in its infancy and ...The proliferation of IoT devices requires innovative approaches to gaining insights while preserving privacy and resources amid unprecedented data generation.However,FL development for IoT is still in its infancy and needs to be explored in various areas to understand the key challenges for deployment in real-world scenarios.The paper systematically reviewed the available literature using the PRISMA guiding principle.The study aims to provide a detailed overview of the increasing use of FL in IoT networks,including the architecture and challenges.A systematic review approach is used to collect,categorize and analyze FL-IoT-based articles.Asearch was performed in the IEEE,Elsevier,Arxiv,ACM,and WOS databases and 92 articles were finally examined.Inclusion measures were published in English and with the keywords“FL”and“IoT”.The methodology begins with an overview of recent advances in FL and the IoT,followed by a discussion of how these two technologies can be integrated.To be more specific,we examine and evaluate the capabilities of FL by talking about communication protocols,frameworks and architecture.We then present a comprehensive analysis of the use of FL in a number of key IoT applications,including smart healthcare,smart transportation,smart cities,smart industry,smart finance,and smart agriculture.The key findings from this analysis of FL IoT services and applications are also presented.Finally,we performed a comparative analysis with FL IID(independent and identical data)and non-ID,traditional centralized deep learning(DL)approaches.We concluded that FL has better performance,especially in terms of privacy protection and resource utilization.FL is excellent for preserving privacy becausemodel training takes place on individual devices or edge nodes,eliminating the need for centralized data aggregation,which poses significant privacy risks.To facilitate development in this rapidly evolving field,the insights presented are intended to help practitioners and researchers navigate the complex terrain of FL and IoT.展开更多
With the continuous expansion of the Industrial Internet of Things(IIoT),more andmore organisations are placing large amounts of data in the cloud to reduce overheads.However,the channel between cloud servers and smar...With the continuous expansion of the Industrial Internet of Things(IIoT),more andmore organisations are placing large amounts of data in the cloud to reduce overheads.However,the channel between cloud servers and smart equipment is not trustworthy,so the issue of data authenticity needs to be addressed.The SM2 digital signature algorithm can provide an authentication mechanism for data to solve such problems.Unfortunately,it still suffers from the problem of key exposure.In order to address this concern,this study first introduces a key-insulated scheme,SM2-KI-SIGN,based on the SM2 algorithm.This scheme boasts strong key insulation and secure keyupdates.Our scheme uses the elliptic curve algorithm,which is not only more efficient but also more suitable for IIoT-cloud environments.Finally,the security proof of SM2-KI-SIGN is given under the Elliptic Curve Discrete Logarithm(ECDL)assumption in the random oracle.展开更多
The power Internet of Things(IoT)is a significant trend in technology and a requirement for national strategic development.With the deepening digital transformation of the power grid,China’s power system has initiall...The power Internet of Things(IoT)is a significant trend in technology and a requirement for national strategic development.With the deepening digital transformation of the power grid,China’s power system has initially built a power IoT architecture comprising a perception,network,and platform application layer.However,owing to the structural complexity of the power system,the construction of the power IoT continues to face problems such as complex access management of massive heterogeneous equipment,diverse IoT protocol access methods,high concurrency of network communications,and weak data security protection.To address these issues,this study optimizes the existing architecture of the power IoT and designs an integrated management framework for the access of multi-source heterogeneous data in the power IoT,comprising cloud,pipe,edge,and terminal parts.It further reviews and analyzes the key technologies involved in the power IoT,such as the unified management of the physical model,high concurrent access,multi-protocol access,multi-source heterogeneous data storage management,and data security control,to provide a more flexible,efficient,secure,and easy-to-use solution for multi-source heterogeneous data access in the power IoT.展开更多
Time synchronization(TS)is crucial for ensuring the secure and reliable functioning of the distribution power Internet of Things(IoT).Multi-clock source time synchronization(MTS)has significant advantages of high reli...Time synchronization(TS)is crucial for ensuring the secure and reliable functioning of the distribution power Internet of Things(IoT).Multi-clock source time synchronization(MTS)has significant advantages of high reliability and accuracy but still faces challenges such as optimization of the multi-clock source selection and the clock source weight calculation at different timescales,and the coupling of synchronization latency jitter and pulse phase difference.In this paper,the multi-timescale MTS model is conducted,and the reinforcement learning(RL)and analytic hierarchy process(AHP)-based multi-timescale MTS algorithm is designed to improve the weighted summation of synchronization latency jitter standard deviation and average pulse phase difference.Specifically,the multi-clock source selection is optimized based on Softmax in the large timescale,and the clock source weight calculation is optimized based on lower confidence bound-assisted AHP in the small timescale.Simulation shows that the proposed algorithm can effectively reduce time synchronization delay standard deviation and average pulse phase difference.展开更多
The Internet of Medical Things(Io MT) is regarded as a critical technology for intelligent healthcare in the foreseeable 6G era. Nevertheless, due to the limited computing power capability of edge devices and task-rel...The Internet of Medical Things(Io MT) is regarded as a critical technology for intelligent healthcare in the foreseeable 6G era. Nevertheless, due to the limited computing power capability of edge devices and task-related coupling relationships, Io MT faces unprecedented challenges. Considering the associative connections among tasks, this paper proposes a computing offloading policy for multiple-user devices(UDs) considering device-to-device(D2D) communication and a multi-access edge computing(MEC)technique under the scenario of Io MT. Specifically,to minimize the total delay and energy consumption concerning the requirement of Io MT, we first analyze and model the detailed local execution, MEC execution, D2D execution, and associated tasks offloading exchange model. Consequently, the associated tasks’ offloading scheme of multi-UDs is formulated as a mixed-integer nonconvex optimization problem. Considering the advantages of deep reinforcement learning(DRL) in processing tasks related to coupling relationships, a Double DQN based associative tasks computing offloading(DDATO) algorithm is then proposed to obtain the optimal solution, which can make the best offloading decision under the condition that tasks of UDs are associative. Furthermore, to reduce the complexity of the DDATO algorithm, the cacheaided procedure is intentionally introduced before the data training process. This avoids redundant offloading and computing procedures concerning tasks that previously have already been cached by other UDs. In addition, we use a dynamic ε-greedy strategy in the action selection section of the algorithm, thus preventing the algorithm from falling into a locally optimal solution. Simulation results demonstrate that compared with other existing methods for associative task models concerning different structures in the Io MT network, the proposed algorithm can lower the total cost more effectively and efficiently while also providing a tradeoff between delay and energy consumption tolerance.展开更多
Internet of Things (IoT) among of all the technology revolutions has been considered the next evolution of the internet. IoT has become a far more popular area in the computing world. IoT combined a huge number of thi...Internet of Things (IoT) among of all the technology revolutions has been considered the next evolution of the internet. IoT has become a far more popular area in the computing world. IoT combined a huge number of things (devices) that can be connected through the internet. The purpose: this paper aims to explore the concept of the Internet of Things (IoT) generally and outline the main definitions of IoT. The paper also aims to examine and discuss the obstacles and potential benefits of IoT in Saudi universities. Methodology: the researchers reviewed the previous literature and focused on several databases to use the recent studies and research related to the IoT. Then, the researchers also used quantitative methodology to examine the factors affecting the obstacles and potential benefits of IoT. The data were collected by using a questionnaire distributed online among academic staff and a total of 150 participants completed the survey. Finding: the result of this study reveals there are twelve factors that affect the potential benefits of using IoT such as reducing human errors, increasing business income and worker’s productivity. It also shows the eighteen factors which affect obstacles the IoT use, for example sensors’ cost, data privacy, and data security. These factors have the most influence on using IoT in Saudi universities.展开更多
This article proposes a comprehensive monitoring system for tunnel operation to address the risks associated with tunnel operations.These risks include safety control risks,increased traffic flow,extreme weather event...This article proposes a comprehensive monitoring system for tunnel operation to address the risks associated with tunnel operations.These risks include safety control risks,increased traffic flow,extreme weather events,and movement of tectonic plates.The proposed system is based on the Internet of Things and artificial intelligence identification technology.The monitoring system will cover various aspects of tunnel operations,such as the slope of the entrance,the structural safety of the cave body,toxic and harmful gases that may appear during operation,excessively high and low-temperature humidity,poor illumination,water leakage or road water accumulation caused by extreme weather,combustion and smoke caused by fires,and more.The system will enable comprehensive monitoring and early warning of fire protection systems,accident vehicles,and overheating vehicles.This will effectively improve safety during tunnel operation.展开更多
With the continuous intensification of global aging,the issue of elderly care has become an increasingly prominent social problem.The Internet of Things(IoT)technology,as an emerging field,holds broad application pros...With the continuous intensification of global aging,the issue of elderly care has become an increasingly prominent social problem.The Internet of Things(IoT)technology,as an emerging field,holds broad application prospects.This article focuses on the application of IoT technology in group elderly care services and constructs a quality evaluation system for these services based on IoT technology.Through the analysis of practical application cases,the advantages and challenges of IoT technology in group elderly care services have been examined,confirming the feasibility and effectiveness of the evaluation system.展开更多
The emergence of new engineering disciplines has resulted in the growing trend of cross-discipline,and the enhancement of students’technical application ability has become the main teaching objective of engineering d...The emergence of new engineering disciplines has resulted in the growing trend of cross-discipline,and the enhancement of students’technical application ability has become the main teaching objective of engineering disciplines.For this reason,the Internet of Things(IoT)engineering program should be actively reformed,providing students with sufficient opportunities to improve their practical skills.This paper identifies the challenges within practical teaching of IoT engineering,delves into effective strategies for practical IoT teaching within the context of emerging engineering disciplines,and presents practical teaching experiences from the School of Information Engineering at Hainan University of Science and Technology as a case study.The aim is to offer guidance and insights to educators in this field.展开更多
In many IIoT architectures,various devices connect to the edge cloud via gateway systems.For data processing,numerous data are delivered to the edge cloud.Delivering data to an appropriate edge cloud is critical to im...In many IIoT architectures,various devices connect to the edge cloud via gateway systems.For data processing,numerous data are delivered to the edge cloud.Delivering data to an appropriate edge cloud is critical to improve IIoT service efficiency.There are two types of costs for this kind of IoT network:a communication cost and a computing cost.For service efficiency,the communication cost of data transmission should be minimized,and the computing cost in the edge cloud should be also minimized.Therefore,in this paper,the communication cost for data transmission is defined as the delay factor,and the computing cost in the edge cloud is defined as the waiting time of the computing intensity.The proposed method selects an edge cloud that minimizes the total cost of the communication and computing costs.That is,a device chooses a routing path to the selected edge cloud based on the costs.The proposed method controls the data flows in a mesh-structured network and appropriately distributes the data processing load.The performance of the proposed method is validated through extensive computer simulation.When the transition probability from good to bad is 0.3 and the transition probability from bad to good is 0.7 in wireless and edge cloud states,the proposed method reduced both the average delay and the service pause counts to about 25%of the existing method.展开更多
In this paper,we present a comprehensive system model for Industrial Internet of Things(IIoT)networks empowered by Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access(NOMA)and Mobile Edge Computing(MEC)technologies.The network comprises e...In this paper,we present a comprehensive system model for Industrial Internet of Things(IIoT)networks empowered by Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access(NOMA)and Mobile Edge Computing(MEC)technologies.The network comprises essential components such as base stations,edge servers,and numerous IIoT devices characterized by limited energy and computing capacities.The central challenge addressed is the optimization of resource allocation and task distribution while adhering to stringent queueing delay constraints and minimizing overall energy consumption.The system operates in discrete time slots and employs a quasi-static approach,with a specific focus on the complexities of task partitioning and the management of constrained resources within the IIoT context.This study makes valuable contributions to the field by enhancing the understanding of resourceefficient management and task allocation,particularly relevant in real-time industrial applications.Experimental results indicate that our proposed algorithmsignificantly outperforms existing approaches,reducing queue backlog by 45.32% and 17.25% compared to SMRA and ACRA while achieving a 27.31% and 74.12% improvement in Qn O.Moreover,the algorithmeffectively balances complexity and network performance,as demonstratedwhen reducing the number of devices in each group(Ng)from 200 to 50,resulting in a 97.21% reduction in complexity with only a 7.35% increase in energy consumption.This research offers a practical solution for optimizing IIoT networks in real-time industrial settings.展开更多
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.61872289 and 62172266in part by the Henan Key Laboratory of Network Cryptography Technology LNCT2020-A07the Guangxi Key Laboratory of Trusted Software under Grant No.KX202308.
文摘The Internet of Medical Things(IoMT)is an application of the Internet of Things(IoT)in the medical field.It is a cutting-edge technique that connects medical sensors and their applications to healthcare systems,which is essential in smart healthcare.However,Personal Health Records(PHRs)are normally kept in public cloud servers controlled by IoMT service providers,so privacy and security incidents may be frequent.Fortunately,Searchable Encryption(SE),which can be used to execute queries on encrypted data,can address the issue above.Nevertheless,most existing SE schemes cannot solve the vector dominance threshold problem.In response to this,we present a SE scheme called Vector Dominance with Threshold Searchable Encryption(VDTSE)in this study.We use a Lagrangian polynomial technique and convert the vector dominance threshold problem into a constraint that the number of two equal-length vectors’corresponding bits excluding wildcards is not less than a threshold t.Then,we solve the problem using the proposed technique modified in Hidden Vector Encryption(HVE).This technique makes the trapdoor size linear to the number of attributes and thus much smaller than that of other similar SE schemes.A rigorous experimental analysis of a specific application for privacy-preserving diabetes demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed VDTSE scheme.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (62072248, 62072247)the Jiangsu Agriculture Science and Technology Innovation Fund (CX(21)3060)。
文摘Solar insecticidal lamps(SIL) can effectively control pests and reduce the use of pesticides. Combining SIL and Internet of Things(IoT) has formed a new type of agricultural IoT,known as SIL-IoT, which can improve the effectiveness of migratory phototropic pest control. However, since the SIL is connected to the Internet, it is vulnerable to various security issues.These issues can lead to serious consequences, such as tampering with the parameters of SIL, illegally starting and stopping SIL,etc. In this paper, we describe the overall security requirements of SIL-IoT and present an extensive survey of security and privacy solutions for SIL-IoT. We investigate the background and logical architecture of SIL-IoT, discuss SIL-IoT security scenarios, and analyze potential attacks. Starting from the security requirements of SIL-IoT we divide them into six categories, namely privacy, authentication, confidentiality, access control, availability,and integrity. Next, we describe the SIL-IoT privacy and security solutions, as well as the blockchain-based solutions. Based on the current survey, we finally discuss the challenges and future research directions of SIL-IoT.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61662004).
文摘The rapid expansion of Internet of Things (IoT) devices across various sectors is driven by steadily increasingdemands for interconnected and smart technologies. Nevertheless, the surge in the number of IoT device hascaught the attention of cyber hackers, as it provides them with expanded avenues to access valuable data. Thishas resulted in a myriad of security challenges, including information leakage, malware propagation, and financialloss, among others. Consequently, developing an intrusion detection system to identify both active and potentialintrusion traffic in IoT networks is of paramount importance. In this paper, we propose ResNeSt-biGRU, a practicalintrusion detection model that combines the strengths of ResNeSt, a variant of Residual Neural Network, andbidirectionalGated RecurrentUnitNetwork (biGRU).Our ResNeSt-biGRUframework diverges fromconventionalintrusion detection systems (IDS) by employing this dual-layeredmechanism that exploits the temporal continuityand spatial feature within network data streams, a methodological innovation that enhances detection accuracy.In conjunction with this, we introduce the PreIoT dataset, a compilation of prevalent IoT network behaviors, totrain and evaluate IDSmodels with a focus on identifying potential intrusion traffics. The effectiveness of proposedscheme is demonstrated through testing, wherein it achieved an average accuracy of 99.90% on theN-BaIoT datasetas well as on the PreIoT dataset and 94.45% on UNSW-NB15 dataset. The outcomes of this research reveal thepotential of ResNeSt-biGRU to bolster security measures, diminish intrusion-related vulnerabilities, and preservethe overall security of IoT ecosystems.
文摘The Internet of Things(IoT)is a smart networking infrastructure of physical devices,i.e.,things,that are embedded with sensors,actuators,software,and other technologies,to connect and share data with the respective server module.Although IoTs are cornerstones in different application domains,the device’s authenticity,i.e.,of server(s)and ordinary devices,is the most crucial issue and must be resolved on a priority basis.Therefore,various field-proven methodologies were presented to streamline the verification process of the communicating devices;however,location-aware authentication has not been reported as per our knowledge,which is a crucial metric,especially in scenarios where devices are mobile.This paper presents a lightweight and location-aware device-to-server authentication technique where the device’s membership with the nearest server is subjected to its location information along with other measures.Initially,Media Access Control(MAC)address and Advance Encryption Scheme(AES)along with a secret shared key,i.e.,λ_(i) of 128 bits,have been utilized by Trusted Authority(TA)to generate MaskIDs,which are used instead of the original ID,for every device,i.e.,server and member,and are shared in the offline phase.Secondly,TA shares a list of authentic devices,i.e.,server S_(j) and members C_(i),with every device in the IoT for the onward verification process,which is required to be executed before the initialization of the actual communication process.Additionally,every device should be located such that it lies within the coverage area of a server,and this location information is used in the authentication process.A thorough analytical analysis was carried out to check the susceptibility of the proposed and existing authentication approaches against well-known intruder attacks,i.e.,man-in-the-middle,masquerading,device,and server impersonations,etc.,especially in the IoT domain.Moreover,proposed authentication and existing state-of-the-art approaches have been simulated in the real environment of IoT to verify their performance,particularly in terms of various evaluation metrics,i.e.,processing,communication,and storage overheads.These results have verified the superiority of the proposed scheme against existing state-of-the-art approaches,preferably in terms of communication,storage,and processing costs.
文摘Nowadays, devices are connected across all areas, from intelligent buildings and smart cities to Industry 4.0 andsmart healthcare. With the exponential growth of Internet of Things usage in our world, IoT security is still thebiggest challenge for its deployment. The main goal of IoT security is to ensure the accessibility of services providedby an IoT environment, protect privacy, and confidentiality, and guarantee the safety of IoT users, infrastructures,data, and devices. Authentication, as the first line of defense against security threats, becomes the priority ofeveryone. It can either grant or deny users access to resources according to their legitimacy. As a result, studyingand researching authentication issues within IoT is extremely important. As a result, studying and researchingauthentication issues within IoT is extremely important. This article presents a comparative study of recent researchin IoT security;it provides an analysis of recent authentication protocols from2019 to 2023 that cover several areaswithin IoT (such as smart cities, healthcare, and industry). This survey sought to provide an IoT security researchsummary, the biggest susceptibilities, and attacks, the appropriate technologies, and the most used simulators. Itillustrates that the resistance of protocols against attacks, and their computational and communication cost arelinked directly to the cryptography technique used to build it. Furthermore, it discusses the gaps in recent schemesand provides some future research directions.
基金the support of the Korea Research Foundation with the funding of the Ministry of Science and Information and Communication Technology(No.2018-0-88457,development of translucent solar cells and Internet of Things technology for Solar Signage).
文摘In the era of rapid development of Internet of Things(IoT),numerous machine-to-machine technologies have been applied to the industrial domain.Due to the divergence of IoT solutions,the industry is faced with a need to apply various technologies for automation and control.This fact leads to a demand for an establishing interworking mechanism which would allow smooth interoperability between heterogeneous devices.One of the major protocols widely used today in industrial electronic devices is Modbus.However,data generated by Modbus devices cannot be understood by IoT applications using different protocols,so it should be applied in a couple with an IoT service layer platform.oneM2M,a global IoT standard,can play the role of interconnecting various protocols,as it provides flexible tools suitable for building an interworking framework for industrial services.Therefore,in this paper,we propose an interworking architecture between devices working on the Modbus protocol and an IoT platform implemented based on oneM2M standards.In the proposed architecture,we introduce the way to model Modbus data as oneM2M resources,rules to map them to each other,procedures required to establish interoperable communication,and optimization methods for this architecture.We analyze our solution and provide an evaluation by implementing it based on a solar power management use case.The results demonstrate that our model is feasible and can be applied to real case scenarios.
文摘The automatic collection of power grid situation information, along with real-time multimedia interaction between the front and back ends during the accident handling process, has generated a massive amount of power grid data. While wireless communication offers a convenient channel for grid terminal access and data transmission, it is important to note that the bandwidth of wireless communication is limited. Additionally, the broadcast nature of wireless transmission raises concerns about the potential for unauthorized eavesdropping during data transmission. To address these challenges and achieve reliable, secure, and real-time transmission of power grid data, an intelligent security transmission strategy with sensor-transmission-computing linkage is proposed in this paper. The primary objective of this strategy is to maximize the confidentiality capacity of the system. To tackle this, an optimization problem is formulated, taking into consideration interruption probability and interception probability as constraints. To efficiently solve this optimization problem, a low-complexity algorithm rooted in deep reinforcement learning is designed, which aims to derive a suboptimal solution for the problem at hand. Ultimately, through simulation results, the validity of the proposed strategy in guaranteed communication security, stability, and timeliness is substantiated. The results confirm that the proposed intelligent security transmission strategy significantly contributes to the safeguarding of communication integrity, system stability, and timely data delivery.
基金Ministry of Higher Education of Malaysia under theResearch GrantLRGS/1/2019/UKM-UKM/5/2 and Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University for financing this researcher through Supporting Project Number(PNURSP2024R235),Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia.
文摘Due to the overwhelming characteristics of the Internet of Things(IoT)and its adoption in approximately every aspect of our lives,the concept of individual devices’privacy has gained prominent attention from both customers,i.e.,people,and industries as wearable devices collect sensitive information about patients(both admitted and outdoor)in smart healthcare infrastructures.In addition to privacy,outliers or noise are among the crucial issues,which are directly correlated with IoT infrastructures,as most member devices are resource-limited and could generate or transmit false data that is required to be refined before processing,i.e.,transmitting.Therefore,the development of privacy-preserving information fusion techniques is highly encouraged,especially those designed for smart IoT-enabled domains.In this paper,we are going to present an effective hybrid approach that can refine raw data values captured by the respectivemember device before transmission while preserving its privacy through the utilization of the differential privacy technique in IoT infrastructures.Sliding window,i.e.,δi based dynamic programming methodology,is implemented at the device level to ensure precise and accurate detection of outliers or noisy data,and refine it prior to activation of the respective transmission activity.Additionally,an appropriate privacy budget has been selected,which is enough to ensure the privacy of every individualmodule,i.e.,a wearable device such as a smartwatch attached to the patient’s body.In contrast,the end module,i.e.,the server in this case,can extract important information with approximately the maximum level of accuracy.Moreover,refined data has been processed by adding an appropriate nose through the Laplace mechanism to make it useless or meaningless for the adversary modules in the IoT.The proposed hybrid approach is trusted from both the device’s privacy and the integrity of the transmitted information perspectives.Simulation and analytical results have proved that the proposed privacy-preserving information fusion technique for wearable devices is an ideal solution for resource-constrained infrastructures such as IoT and the Internet ofMedical Things,where both device privacy and information integrity are important.Finally,the proposed hybrid approach is proven against well-known intruder attacks,especially those related to the privacy of the respective device in IoT infrastructures.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61601346 and 62377039)the Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China(Grant No.2018JQ6044)+2 种基金the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People's Republic of China(Grant No.2023-276-1-1)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,Northwestern Polytechnical University(Grant No.31020180QD089)the Aeronautical Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.20200043053004 and 20200043053005)。
文摘One of the major challenges arising in internet of military things(IoMT)is accommodating massive connectivity while providing guaranteed quality of service(QoS)in terms of ultra-high reliability.In this regard,this paper presents a class of code-domain nonorthogonal multiple accesses(NOMAs)for uplink ultra reliable networking of massive IoMT based on tactical datalink such as Link-16 and joint tactical information distribution system(JTIDS).In the considered scenario,a satellite equipped with Nr antennas servers K devices including vehicles,drones,ships,sensors,handset radios,etc.Nonorthogonal coded modulation,a special form of multiple input multiple output(MIMO)-NOMA is proposed.The discussion starts with evaluating the output signal to interference-plus-noise(SINR)of receiver filter,leading to the unveiling of a closed-form expression for overloading systems as the number of users is significantly larger than the number of devices admitted such that massive connectivity is rendered.The expression allows for the development of simple yet successful interference suppression based on power allocation and phase shaping techniques that maximizes the sum rate since it is equivalent to fixed-point programming as can be proved.The proposed design is exemplified by nonlinear modulation schemes such as minimum shift keying(MSK)and Gaussian MSK(GMSK),two pivotal modulation formats in IoMT standards such as Link-16 and JITDS.Numerical results show that near capacity performance is offered.Fortunately,the performance is obtained using simple forward error corrections(FECs)of higher coding rate than existing schemes do,while the transmit power is reduced by 6 dB.The proposed design finds wide applications not only in IoMT but also in deep space communications,where ultra reliability and massive connectivity is a keen concern.
文摘The proliferation of IoT devices requires innovative approaches to gaining insights while preserving privacy and resources amid unprecedented data generation.However,FL development for IoT is still in its infancy and needs to be explored in various areas to understand the key challenges for deployment in real-world scenarios.The paper systematically reviewed the available literature using the PRISMA guiding principle.The study aims to provide a detailed overview of the increasing use of FL in IoT networks,including the architecture and challenges.A systematic review approach is used to collect,categorize and analyze FL-IoT-based articles.Asearch was performed in the IEEE,Elsevier,Arxiv,ACM,and WOS databases and 92 articles were finally examined.Inclusion measures were published in English and with the keywords“FL”and“IoT”.The methodology begins with an overview of recent advances in FL and the IoT,followed by a discussion of how these two technologies can be integrated.To be more specific,we examine and evaluate the capabilities of FL by talking about communication protocols,frameworks and architecture.We then present a comprehensive analysis of the use of FL in a number of key IoT applications,including smart healthcare,smart transportation,smart cities,smart industry,smart finance,and smart agriculture.The key findings from this analysis of FL IoT services and applications are also presented.Finally,we performed a comparative analysis with FL IID(independent and identical data)and non-ID,traditional centralized deep learning(DL)approaches.We concluded that FL has better performance,especially in terms of privacy protection and resource utilization.FL is excellent for preserving privacy becausemodel training takes place on individual devices or edge nodes,eliminating the need for centralized data aggregation,which poses significant privacy risks.To facilitate development in this rapidly evolving field,the insights presented are intended to help practitioners and researchers navigate the complex terrain of FL and IoT.
基金This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.62072074,62076054,62027827,62002047)the Sichuan Science and Technology Innovation Platform and Talent Plan(Nos.2020JDJQ0020,2022JDJQ0039)+2 种基金the Sichuan Science and Technology Support Plan(Nos.2020YFSY0010,2022YFQ0045,2022YFS0220,2023YFG0148,2021YFG0131)the YIBIN Science and Technology Support Plan(No.2021CG003)the Medico-Engineering Cooperation Funds from University of Electronic Science and Technology of China(Nos.ZYGX2021YGLH212,ZYGX2022YGRH012).
文摘With the continuous expansion of the Industrial Internet of Things(IIoT),more andmore organisations are placing large amounts of data in the cloud to reduce overheads.However,the channel between cloud servers and smart equipment is not trustworthy,so the issue of data authenticity needs to be addressed.The SM2 digital signature algorithm can provide an authentication mechanism for data to solve such problems.Unfortunately,it still suffers from the problem of key exposure.In order to address this concern,this study first introduces a key-insulated scheme,SM2-KI-SIGN,based on the SM2 algorithm.This scheme boasts strong key insulation and secure keyupdates.Our scheme uses the elliptic curve algorithm,which is not only more efficient but also more suitable for IIoT-cloud environments.Finally,the security proof of SM2-KI-SIGN is given under the Elliptic Curve Discrete Logarithm(ECDL)assumption in the random oracle.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(grant number 2019YFE0123600)。
文摘The power Internet of Things(IoT)is a significant trend in technology and a requirement for national strategic development.With the deepening digital transformation of the power grid,China’s power system has initially built a power IoT architecture comprising a perception,network,and platform application layer.However,owing to the structural complexity of the power system,the construction of the power IoT continues to face problems such as complex access management of massive heterogeneous equipment,diverse IoT protocol access methods,high concurrency of network communications,and weak data security protection.To address these issues,this study optimizes the existing architecture of the power IoT and designs an integrated management framework for the access of multi-source heterogeneous data in the power IoT,comprising cloud,pipe,edge,and terminal parts.It further reviews and analyzes the key technologies involved in the power IoT,such as the unified management of the physical model,high concurrent access,multi-protocol access,multi-source heterogeneous data storage management,and data security control,to provide a more flexible,efficient,secure,and easy-to-use solution for multi-source heterogeneous data access in the power IoT.
基金supported by Science and Technology Project of China Southern Power Grid Company Limited under Grant Number 036000KK52200058(GDKJXM20202001).
文摘Time synchronization(TS)is crucial for ensuring the secure and reliable functioning of the distribution power Internet of Things(IoT).Multi-clock source time synchronization(MTS)has significant advantages of high reliability and accuracy but still faces challenges such as optimization of the multi-clock source selection and the clock source weight calculation at different timescales,and the coupling of synchronization latency jitter and pulse phase difference.In this paper,the multi-timescale MTS model is conducted,and the reinforcement learning(RL)and analytic hierarchy process(AHP)-based multi-timescale MTS algorithm is designed to improve the weighted summation of synchronization latency jitter standard deviation and average pulse phase difference.Specifically,the multi-clock source selection is optimized based on Softmax in the large timescale,and the clock source weight calculation is optimized based on lower confidence bound-assisted AHP in the small timescale.Simulation shows that the proposed algorithm can effectively reduce time synchronization delay standard deviation and average pulse phase difference.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.62071377,62101442,62201456)Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province(Grant No.2023-YBGY-036,2022JQ-687)The Graduate Student Innovation Foundation Project of Xi’an University of Posts and Telecommunications under Grant CXJJDL2022003.
文摘The Internet of Medical Things(Io MT) is regarded as a critical technology for intelligent healthcare in the foreseeable 6G era. Nevertheless, due to the limited computing power capability of edge devices and task-related coupling relationships, Io MT faces unprecedented challenges. Considering the associative connections among tasks, this paper proposes a computing offloading policy for multiple-user devices(UDs) considering device-to-device(D2D) communication and a multi-access edge computing(MEC)technique under the scenario of Io MT. Specifically,to minimize the total delay and energy consumption concerning the requirement of Io MT, we first analyze and model the detailed local execution, MEC execution, D2D execution, and associated tasks offloading exchange model. Consequently, the associated tasks’ offloading scheme of multi-UDs is formulated as a mixed-integer nonconvex optimization problem. Considering the advantages of deep reinforcement learning(DRL) in processing tasks related to coupling relationships, a Double DQN based associative tasks computing offloading(DDATO) algorithm is then proposed to obtain the optimal solution, which can make the best offloading decision under the condition that tasks of UDs are associative. Furthermore, to reduce the complexity of the DDATO algorithm, the cacheaided procedure is intentionally introduced before the data training process. This avoids redundant offloading and computing procedures concerning tasks that previously have already been cached by other UDs. In addition, we use a dynamic ε-greedy strategy in the action selection section of the algorithm, thus preventing the algorithm from falling into a locally optimal solution. Simulation results demonstrate that compared with other existing methods for associative task models concerning different structures in the Io MT network, the proposed algorithm can lower the total cost more effectively and efficiently while also providing a tradeoff between delay and energy consumption tolerance.
文摘Internet of Things (IoT) among of all the technology revolutions has been considered the next evolution of the internet. IoT has become a far more popular area in the computing world. IoT combined a huge number of things (devices) that can be connected through the internet. The purpose: this paper aims to explore the concept of the Internet of Things (IoT) generally and outline the main definitions of IoT. The paper also aims to examine and discuss the obstacles and potential benefits of IoT in Saudi universities. Methodology: the researchers reviewed the previous literature and focused on several databases to use the recent studies and research related to the IoT. Then, the researchers also used quantitative methodology to examine the factors affecting the obstacles and potential benefits of IoT. The data were collected by using a questionnaire distributed online among academic staff and a total of 150 participants completed the survey. Finding: the result of this study reveals there are twelve factors that affect the potential benefits of using IoT such as reducing human errors, increasing business income and worker’s productivity. It also shows the eighteen factors which affect obstacles the IoT use, for example sensors’ cost, data privacy, and data security. These factors have the most influence on using IoT in Saudi universities.
文摘This article proposes a comprehensive monitoring system for tunnel operation to address the risks associated with tunnel operations.These risks include safety control risks,increased traffic flow,extreme weather events,and movement of tectonic plates.The proposed system is based on the Internet of Things and artificial intelligence identification technology.The monitoring system will cover various aspects of tunnel operations,such as the slope of the entrance,the structural safety of the cave body,toxic and harmful gases that may appear during operation,excessively high and low-temperature humidity,poor illumination,water leakage or road water accumulation caused by extreme weather,combustion and smoke caused by fires,and more.The system will enable comprehensive monitoring and early warning of fire protection systems,accident vehicles,and overheating vehicles.This will effectively improve safety during tunnel operation.
基金Phased Achievement of the National College Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Project“Time Bay-A Group Elderly Care Service Platform Based on Internet of Things Technology”(S202013836008X)2021 Chongqing Education Commission Science and Technology Research Program Youth Project(KJQN202105501).
文摘With the continuous intensification of global aging,the issue of elderly care has become an increasingly prominent social problem.The Internet of Things(IoT)technology,as an emerging field,holds broad application prospects.This article focuses on the application of IoT technology in group elderly care services and constructs a quality evaluation system for these services based on IoT technology.Through the analysis of practical application cases,the advantages and challenges of IoT technology in group elderly care services have been examined,confirming the feasibility and effectiveness of the evaluation system.
文摘The emergence of new engineering disciplines has resulted in the growing trend of cross-discipline,and the enhancement of students’technical application ability has become the main teaching objective of engineering disciplines.For this reason,the Internet of Things(IoT)engineering program should be actively reformed,providing students with sufficient opportunities to improve their practical skills.This paper identifies the challenges within practical teaching of IoT engineering,delves into effective strategies for practical IoT teaching within the context of emerging engineering disciplines,and presents practical teaching experiences from the School of Information Engineering at Hainan University of Science and Technology as a case study.The aim is to offer guidance and insights to educators in this field.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea Government (MSIT) (No.2021R1C1C1013133)supported by the Institute of Information and Communications Technology Planning and Evaluation (IITP)grant funded by the Korea Government (MSIT) (RS-2022-00167197,Development of Intelligent 5G/6G Infrastructure Technology for The Smart City)supported by the Soonchunhyang University Research Fund.
文摘In many IIoT architectures,various devices connect to the edge cloud via gateway systems.For data processing,numerous data are delivered to the edge cloud.Delivering data to an appropriate edge cloud is critical to improve IIoT service efficiency.There are two types of costs for this kind of IoT network:a communication cost and a computing cost.For service efficiency,the communication cost of data transmission should be minimized,and the computing cost in the edge cloud should be also minimized.Therefore,in this paper,the communication cost for data transmission is defined as the delay factor,and the computing cost in the edge cloud is defined as the waiting time of the computing intensity.The proposed method selects an edge cloud that minimizes the total cost of the communication and computing costs.That is,a device chooses a routing path to the selected edge cloud based on the costs.The proposed method controls the data flows in a mesh-structured network and appropriately distributes the data processing load.The performance of the proposed method is validated through extensive computer simulation.When the transition probability from good to bad is 0.3 and the transition probability from bad to good is 0.7 in wireless and edge cloud states,the proposed method reduced both the average delay and the service pause counts to about 25%of the existing method.
基金the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University for funding this work through large group research project under Grant Number RGP2/474/44.
文摘In this paper,we present a comprehensive system model for Industrial Internet of Things(IIoT)networks empowered by Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access(NOMA)and Mobile Edge Computing(MEC)technologies.The network comprises essential components such as base stations,edge servers,and numerous IIoT devices characterized by limited energy and computing capacities.The central challenge addressed is the optimization of resource allocation and task distribution while adhering to stringent queueing delay constraints and minimizing overall energy consumption.The system operates in discrete time slots and employs a quasi-static approach,with a specific focus on the complexities of task partitioning and the management of constrained resources within the IIoT context.This study makes valuable contributions to the field by enhancing the understanding of resourceefficient management and task allocation,particularly relevant in real-time industrial applications.Experimental results indicate that our proposed algorithmsignificantly outperforms existing approaches,reducing queue backlog by 45.32% and 17.25% compared to SMRA and ACRA while achieving a 27.31% and 74.12% improvement in Qn O.Moreover,the algorithmeffectively balances complexity and network performance,as demonstratedwhen reducing the number of devices in each group(Ng)from 200 to 50,resulting in a 97.21% reduction in complexity with only a 7.35% increase in energy consumption.This research offers a practical solution for optimizing IIoT networks in real-time industrial settings.