Effect of Interplanting with Zero Tillage and Straw Manure on Rice Growth and Rice Quality

The interplanting with zero-tillage of rice, i.e. direct sowing rice 10-20 days before wheat harvesting, and remaining about 30-cm high stubble after cutting wheat or rice with no tillage, is a new cultivation technology in wheat-rice rotation system. To study the effects of interplanting with zero tillage and straw manure on rice growth and quality, an experiment was conducted in a wheat-rotation rotation system. Four treatments, i.e. ZIS （Zero-tillage, straw manure and rice interplanting）, Zt （Zero-tillage, no straw manure and rice interplanting）, PTS （Plowing tillage, straw manure and rice transplanting）, and PT （Plowing tillage, no straw manure and rice transplanting）, were used. ZtS reduced plant height, leaf area per plant and the biomass of rice plants, but the biomass accumulation of rice at the late stage was quicker than that under conventional transplanting cultivation. In the first year （2002）, there was no significant difference in rice yield among the four treatments. However, rice yield decreased in interplanting with zero-tillage in the second year （2003）. Compared with the transplanting treatments, the number of filled grains per panicle decreased but l000-grain weight increased in interplanting with zero-tillage, which were the main factors resulting in higher yield, tnterplanting with zero-tillage improved the milling and appearance qualities of rice. The rates of milled and head rice increased while chalky rice rate and chalkiness decreased in interplanting with zero-tillage. Zero-tillage and interplanting also affected rice nutritional and cooking qualities. In 2002, ZIS showed raised protein content, decreased amylose content, softer gel consistency, resulting in improved rice quality. In 2003, zero-tillage and interplanting decreased protein content and showed similar amylose content as compared with transplanting treatments. Moreover, protein content in PTS was obviously increased in comparison with the other three treatments. The rice in interplanting with zero-tillage treatments had higher peak viscosity and breakdown, lower setback, showing better rice taste quality. The straw manure had no significant effect on rice viscosity under interplanting with zero-tillage, but had the negative influence on the rice taste quality under transplanting with plowing tillage.

Interplanting Patterns of Cash Crops under Forest

At the same time of tending forests,it is necessary to explore the under-forest economic development mode,bring into play production function of economic plants,establish cultivation mode of edible fungus,wild vegetables and medicinal plants under forest,to obtain certain economic benefit in short period. This paper made a preliminary study on significance and existing problems of the under-forest economy,and came up with several interplanting patterns,in the hope of providing a comprehensive operation and cultivation approach for developing the under-forest economy.

Efficient Technique of Rapeseed and Morchella spp.Interplanting in Mountainous Areas

Aiming at the climatic characteristics of more rain and high humidity and cultivation habits of rapeseed in Tongren area,in terms of rapeseed and Morchella spp.interplanting,excellent varieties suitable for the local climate were selected,the formulas of culture substrate and nutrition bag were optimized to produce high-quality strains,soil pests were prevented and controlled,rapeseed was transplanted in time,Morchella spp.were sown in ditches,nutrition bags were placed simultaneously,thick soil was covered and fruiting ditches were left,and stress was arranged to promote growth of mycelia.The production cycle was 90-100 d.The yield of Morchella spp.reached 2250-3375 kg/ha,with a net profit of 6000-10000 yuan.

Interplanting Some Soybean Cultivars with Mandarin Trees in Sandy Soil

Two-year field experiments were carried out at El-Kassasen Horticultural Research Station, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Ismailia government, Egypt, during 2018 and 2019 summer seasons to evaluate some soybean cultivars for interplanting with mandarin trees to achieve high productivity of both crops, land usage and profitability under sandy soil conditions. The treatments were the combinations of two cropping systems (interplanting and solid cultures) and five soybean cultivars (Giza 21, Giza 22, Giza 35, Giza 82 and Giza 111). A strip plot design with three replications was used. Interplanting soybean cultivar Giza 22 with mandarin trees gave a higher total count of rhizobia in rhizosphere of mandarin roots after 75 days from soybean sowing than the other treatments in both seasons. The highest fruit weight and volume, total soluble solids (T.S.S.), fruit yields per tree and per ha were obtained by growing soybean cultivar Giza 22 or Giza 111 with mandarin compared with the other treatments in both seasons. With respect to soybean crop, interplanting soybean with mandarin trees decreased percentages of light intensity at the middle and bottom of the plant, chlorophylls a and b, as well as, plant dry weight after 75 days from soybean sowing compared with those of solid culture in both seasons. Soybean cultivars Giza 22 and Giza 82 had higher light intensity at the middle and bottom of the plant, as well as chlorophyll a, meanwhile soybean cultivars Giza 22 and Giza 111 had higher plant dry weight than the other soybean cultivars after 75 days from soybean sowing in both seasons. Soybean cultivar Giza 22 and Giza 111 had higher plant dry weight than the other soybean cultivars under interplanting and solid plantings in both seasons. Interplanting soybean with mandarin trees decreased soybean seed yield and its attributes compared with soybean solid culture in both seasons. Soybean cultivars Giza 111 and Giza 22 gave a higher number of pods per plant, seed yields per plant and per ha than the other cultivars in both seasons. Soybean cultivars Giza 111 and Giza 22 followed by Giza 82 recorded a higher number of pods per plant, seed yields per plant and per ha under interplanting and solid cultures than the other treatments in both seasons. Interplanting soybean cultivar Giza 22 and Giza 111 with mandarin trees achieved higher LER, LEC, total return and MAI than solid culture of mandarin. Growing four ridges of soybean cultivars Giza 22 or Giza 111 between mandarin trees cultivar Fremont had higher productivity, land usage and profitability than mandarin solid culture under sandy soil conditions.

High-yield and High-efficiency Standardized Cultivation Technique for Wheat Interplanting with Peanuts

Through wheat interplanting with peanuts,it is able to make full use of the light and heat resources in the growing season to achieve high yield of both wheat and peanuts in two seasons of one year.Wheat interplanting with peanuts is one of the main cultivation methods of wheat and oil crop double cropping system,and has very broad development prospects in the Huang-Huai-Hai region.This paper summarized high-yield the high-efficiency and standardized cultivation techniques for wheat interplanting with peanuts,including crop rotation,proper deep ploughing,balanced fertilization,rational matching of fine varieties,interplanting at suitable time,sowing according to certain specification,and enhancing the field management.This can be used as reference for high-yield and high-efficiency standardized cultivation technique for wheat interplanting with peanuts.

Large-scale interplant exchange of macromolecules between soybean and dodder under nutrient stresses

Parasitic plants and their hosts communicate through haustorial connections.Nutrient deficiency is a common stress for plants,yet little is known about whether and how host plants and parasites communicate during adaptation to such nutrient stresses.In this study,we used transcriptomics and proteomics to analyze how soybean(Glycine max)and its parasitizing dodder(Cuscuta australis)respond to nitrate and phosphate deficiency(-N and-P).After-N and-P treatment,the soybean and dodder plants exhibited substantial changes of transcriptome and proteome,although soybean plants showed very few transcriptional responses to-P and dodder did not show any transcriptional changes to either-N or-P.Importantly,large-scale interplant transport of mRNAs and proteins was detected.Although the mobile mRNAs only comprised at most 0.2%of the transcriptomes,the foreign mobile proteins could reach 6.8%of the total proteins,suggesting that proteins may be the major forms of interplant communications.Furthermore,the interplant mobility of macromolecules was specifically affected by the nutrient regimes and the transport of these macromolecules was very likely independently regulated.This study provides new insight into the communication between host plants and parasites under stress conditions.

橡胶与砂仁间作小气候特点初探

橡胶与砂仁间作小气候特点初探周再知，郑海水，杨曾奖，尹光天（中国林业科学院热带林业研究所，广州５１０５２０）ＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈｏｎＭｉｃｒｏｃｌｉｍａｔｉｃＣｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｉｎＰｌａｎｔａｔｉｏｎｏｆＲｕｂｂｅｒＩｎｔｅｒｃｒｏｐｐｅｄｗｉ...

Agronomic and Economic Evaluation for Intercropping between Chewing Cane and Peanut

[Objectives]To explore the proper intercropping pattern between chewing cane and peanut.[Methods]A field experiment was carried out to investigate the yield and economic benefit of chewing cane and peanut,as well as the changes in soil properties under different chewing cane/peanut intercropping patterns.Three chewing cane/peanut intercropping patterns were designed,in which with every row of chewing cane intercropping one row of peanut(CP_(1)),intercropping two rows of peanut(CP_(2))and chewing cane mono-cropping(MC).[Results]It had no significant effect on the agronomic characters of chewing cane and peanut in CP_(1)and CP_(2),compared with MC.The soil properties before the planting(BP)and after the harvest(AH)indicated that the chewing cane/peanut intercropping patterns significantly increased soil organic matter and soil available nitrogen contents,but decreased soil available potassium contents,and CP_(2)had better effect on soil structure than CP_(1).The total production value and economic benefit were increased significantly on the CP_(1)and CP_(2),comparing the MC,and the benefit of CP_(2)was higher significantly than that of CP_(1).The land equivalent ratios(LER)for CP_(1)and CP_(2)were 1.94 and 1.72,respectively,which was significantly higher than that of MC(0.83).Although planting cost was increased in chewing cane/peanut intercropping patterns partly,the production value and the profits were enhanced significantly.[Conclusions]CP_(2)could be significantly advantageous for the yield and benefits of chewing cane and peanut and soil properties.The favorable intercropping pattern for economic return would be one row of 120 cm width for chewing cane with two rows of peanut.

The Yanshanian Orogeny and Two Kinds of Yanshanides in Eastern-Central China

The Tan-Lu Fault was once a transform fault in the Paleotethys, west of which was the Qinling-Dabie Ocean separating the Yangtze Craton from the North China Craton, and east of which was the Su-Lu Ocean separating the Su-Wan Block from the Jiao-Liao Craton. The Qinling-Dabie Ocean closed in the Indosinian orogeny, which created the China-Southeast Asia Subcontinent, with the Tan-Lu Fault becoming a marginal shear zone along the newly-formed amalgamated subcontinent. The Su-Lu Ocean subducted partly in the Indosinian.orogeny, but not closed. In the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, the Su-Wan Block drifted northwards with subduction of the Su-Lu Ocean and moved westwards to converge the subcontinent by sinistral sheafing of the ENE-striking fractures. The Su-Lu Ocean finally closed and the Su-Wan Block collided with the Jiao-Liao Craton in the Early Cretaceous, which constituted a part of the magnificent interplate Yanshanides. The interplate orogeny rejuvenated the fossil sutures and deep fractures, as well as the Indosinian orogen, and the intraplate （intracontinental） Yanshanian orogeny occurred in the subcontinent. The East Asia Yanshanides, consisting of the interplate orogens in the outer side and the intraplate orogens in the inner side, collapsed quickly in the latest Early Cretaceous and Late Cretaceous. The eastern China area entered a tensile period from the Eogene, and the tectonic differentiation between the central and eastern China areas since the Jurassic was further strengthened.

Influences of the Populus deltoids seedlings treated with exogenous methyl jasmonate on the growth and development of Lymantria dispar larvae

Lyantria dispar larvae were fed with the leaves of Populus deltoids seedlings exposed to methyl jasmonate （MeJA） for 24 h. The growth and development of the larvae were investigated, and phenolics contents in treated leaves including pyrocatechol, caffeic acid, coumarin, fernlic acid and benzoic acid were also surveyed by high-pressure liquid chromatography （HPLC）. Results indicated that approximate digestibility, efficiency of conversion of ingested food, efficiency of conversion of digested food, and weight of the larvae were inhibited obviously, especially from the sixth day, which may result from the increase of total phenolics contents in treated leaves. This result provides strong supports for MeJA acting as the airborne signal molecule between woody plants.

Multifractal characteristics of spatiotemporal distribution of earthquakes in intraplate and interplate regions

This paper analyzes the multifractal characteristics of spatio-temporal distribution of generalized strain release of earthquakes （GSRE） occurred in the eastern and western Chinese mainland （as an instance of intraplate region）, Taiwan region and New Zealand （as an instance of interplate region）. The results show that the multifractal characteristics of GSRE are closely related to the geodynamic environment. For the temporal distribution of strong events, the clustering feature is more evident in the interplate regions than that in the intraplate regions, while for small and moderate events, this difference is ambiguous. For the spatial distribution of strong earthquakes, the clustering feature is usually clearer in the intraplate regions than that in the interplate regions, while for small and moderate events, the case is just opposite.

Interplate coupling and seismotectonics under the fore-arc regions of Japan

Three-dimensional P-and S-wave velocities（vP,vS）,Poisson＇s ratio（σ）,crack-density（ε） and bulk-sound velocity（vφ） structures along the slab upper boundary beneath the fore-arc regions were determined using a large number of high-quality P-wave and S-wave arrival times from both onshore and offshore earthquakes in Japan.The velocity and Poisson＇s ratio images provide a compelling evidence for a highly hydrated and serpentinized fore-arc mantle and fluid-bearing anomalous low velocity and high Poisson＇s ratio associated with slab dehydration under the fore-arc areas.Most great thrust earthquakes（M〉7.5） occurred at or close to the high-velocity areas along the slab interface under the fore-arc areas,suggesting strong interplate coupling（asperities） with slab subduction.On the other hand,prominent low-velocity anomalies were revealed along the slab upper boundary,which may reflect weak coupled or decoupled patches（aseismicity） of the plates due to serpentinization of the fore-arc mantle wedge.The crack-density and bulk-sound velocity images,calculated from the corresponding velocity models,indicate that the interplate coupling in northeastern Japan is different from that under central and southwestern Japan owing to differences between the tectonic backgrounds of the subduction system,such as the geological age,thermal regime and dipping angle of the oceanic plates.A comparison between fluid-related anomalies of Japan,Cascadia,Chile,and Costa Rica subduction zones suggests that seismic mantle may be common in fore-arc settings and these reflect similar 3-D seismic structures relatively to fluid liberating processes.We consider that the fluid-bearing anomalies along the interface of the subducting slab,attributing to processes such as slab dehydration and serpentinization of the fore-arc mantle,are mainly contributed to the interplate coupling and the repeated generation of the great thrust earthquakes under the fore-arc regions in Japan.