After the Euro and Interstate Banking:Fall-Out Hypothesis Euro-Reconsidered 2022

This paper revises the crucial outcome of adopting a single legal currency,within the environment of a classic based competing central bank infrastructure,in an uncertain monetary category definition class,from a generally closed economy,to a competing quasi-global market,for an unbiased monetary unit alone.The fallout effects of such a system include the transfer of capitals,the unavoidable reallocation of resources,and the non-homogenous economic development in different regional areas.The recent USA Interstate Banking Act experience,after the Riegle Community Development and Regulatory Improvement Act of 1994,constitutes a valid example of some necessary frameworks when opening a new financial operating infrastructure.This new paper focuses on the special conditions in the EU community States and the necessity-pending their financial integration-of a consideration of some likely negative fallout effects,in order to implement and consolidate some effective balancing measures.Nevertheless,the role that the globalization of the economic activity plays,especially in the financial community,is endorsing a rapid integration of the technology and operating techniques,that require critical volumes of trading and rapidly adjusting enterprise dimensions and operating techniques.The latter call for some form of institutional frameworks,considering the correct definition of the monetary function and its essence,requires a clear and unique common monetary framework.

After the Euro and Interstate Banking:Present Monetary and Financial Surfacing Conflicts 2023

This paper reconsiders the outcome of the adoption of a single legal currency in the 1999 Euro Act. Installing a central bank, several different solutions surfaced among the EU members and in the global economy, since the 1922 Genoa summit. The last Euro solution came after the severe, unexpected stock market crash on October 19, 1987. Furthermore, the sub-prime bubble 2007, the financial collapse 2008 and the final 2012 the banking melt down, induce to reconsider the overlapping monetary and financial fallouts. The 89 Interstate Banking Act and the Riegle Community Development and Regulatory Improvement Act of 1994, induce a monetary and financial evolving infrastructure. This paper focuses on the conflicts at the enlarging EU community seen the unavoidable monetary and financial integration, considering that the unique definition of the monetary functions as its essence is misinterpreted, in a clear common asymmetry affecting the whole evolving situation.

Investigations on longwall mining subsidence impacts on Pennsylvania highway alignments

Over 600 longwall panels have been mined in Pennsylvania in the last 50 years. Of those 600 panels, 25 panels undermined interstates highways. Despite this quantity of panels, much is still unknown regarded the detailed effects of undermining highways. The Gateway Mine, the Emerald Mine, and the Cumberland Mine undermined I-79 with 17 panels in 1982–1989 and in 2003–2008, respectively;Mine 84 undermined I-70 with 4 panels in 1987–2000. Through the examination of the panels that undermined I-70 and I-79, it is possible to determine which factors have most impacted the highway alignments. In some locations, the highway intersects with panels at angles ranging from 45° to 80°;and at the others, it runs between two panels, which simulates the effect of gateroads on the subsidence. The panel width to overburden ratio varies between 0.64 and 1.7, meaning that the interstates were influenced by both subcritical and supercritical subsidence basins. The face advance rates and overburden depths also vary between the panels. Unfortunately, specific information detailing highway impacts associated with unique characteristics of the subsidence basins are limited. In this paper, using the profile function model and influence function model within the surface deformation prediction system(SDPS), the effects of overburden,panel size, and orientation of the road on the highway can be indirectly assessed.

Development of electric power cooperation in Northeast Asia

The development of interstate electric ties ISETs and grids(ISGs) is a global process; recently, countries of Northeast Asia(NEA) that were previously very poorly connected have started to study the possibility of constructing ISETs and ISGs. This paper describes the current state of the interstate transmissions in the NEA region, considering the prospective projects of ISETs in NEA. The results of the system optimization study on prospective NEA ISGs are provided. The proposals on the development of electric power cooperation in NEA are formulated.

The evolution of interstate power grid formation

This study analyzes the process of electric power system integration in various regions worldwide.This process is implemented by creating both interstate electric ties and power grids.The analysis is comprehensive and examines the system,spatial,technical,organizational,and market aspects of the integration.Various countries,including developed countries such as Europe and North America,as well as economically developing countries such as Central America and Africa,are involved in this process.However,the rates and scales of electric power integration differ across various regions worldwide.The analysis shows that the process of electric power integration,which has decades of history,is still ongoing,despite the growth of other trends,such as the development of distributed generation.Further electricity integration is expected to lead to the formation of a global power interconnection in the long term.

Caspian Energy Ring: Prospective vision

This paper presents the results of a technical and economic optimization study of the prospects of the Caspian Energy Ring(CER),connecting power systems of Russia,countries of the Caucasus,Central Asia,and South Asia.The CER,belonging partly to the emerging Asian Supergrid and partly to the existing European Supergrid,will become a bridge connecting these supergrids,laying the foundation for forming a global energy interconnection in the long term.The expansion of carbon-free renewable and nuclear facilities,low-carbon gas-fired power plants,and traditional thermal and hydro energy sources within the CER were considered in this study.The positive economic benefits of the creation of the CER are presented.Preliminary characteristics of the potential CER were also estimated.

Modeling Interstate Banking in the United States: the Spatial 3-Stage Least Squares Approach

This study uses a spatial 3-stage least squares approach to model interstate banking of the United States in 1994 and 2014.The method simultaneously takes into account spatial dependence,outward and inward interstate banking and their interaction,and the temporal effects in interstate banking.The study shows that a healthy economic structure,an expanding market,and permissive banking legislation encourage inward interstate banking.A healthy economic structure is a basis for strong banking firms to rise and to expand in other states.Large banking institutions were dominate in outward interstate banking while smaller firm sizes tend to be associated with inward interstate banking.By 2014,large and well-capitalized banking firms from states with a healthy economic structure had expanded into states with lower income levels,and lower capital-to-labor ratios,higher labor resource use,and lower profitability in their banking industry.Evidence shows some banking geographical fragmentation remains.

Using Connected Truck Trajectory Data to Compare Speeds in States with and without Differential Truck Speeds

Historically, researchers and practitioners have utilized spot speeds and microscopic simulation methodologies to evaluate the operational impact of differential or uniform speed limits for trucks and passenger vehicles. This paper presents a methodology that uses connected truck data to develop a statistical characterization of both passenger car and truck speeds. These techniques were applied to three adjacent states, Illinois, Indiana and Ohio. Illinois and Ohio have 70 mph speed limits for both trucks and cars. Indiana has a differential speed limit for heavy trucks (65 mph) and passenger cars (70 mph). The statistical distribution of truck speeds was then compared among Illinois, Indiana and Ohio. These speeds were derived from over 8 million connected truck records traveling along Interstate 70 in Illinois, Indiana and Ohio during a one-week period from May 8-14, 2022. Statistical test results over selected 20-mile sections in each state showed that median truck speeds in Indiana with its differential speed limit of 65 mph were only 1 - 2 mph lesser than the neighboring states of Illinois and Ohio who observe a uniform speed limit of 70 mph for all traffic.

Modeling Interstation Travel Speed of Hybrid Bus Rapid Transit within A Bayesian Framework

Interstation travel speed is an important indicator of the running state of hybrid Bus Rapid Transit and passenger experience. Due to the influence of road traffic, traffic lights and other factors, the interstation travel speeds are often some kind of multi-peak and it is difficult to use a single distribution to model them. In this paper, a Gaussian mixture model charactizing the interstation travel speed of hybrid BRT under a Bayesian framework is established. The parameters of the model are inferred using the Reversible-Jump Markov Chain Monte Carlo approach (RJMCMC), including the number of model components and the weight, mean and variance of each component. Then the model is applied to Guangzhou BRT, a kind of hybrid BRT. From the results, it can be observed that the model can very effectively describe the heterogeneous speed data among different inter-stations, and provide richer information usually not available from the traditional models, and the model also produces an excellent fit to each multimodal speed distribution curve of the interstations. The causes of different speed distribution can be identified through investigating the Internet map of GBRT, they are big road traffic and long traffic lights respectively, which always contribute to a main road crossing. So, the BRT lane should be elevated through the main road to decrease the complexity of the running state.

Examining the Views and Opinions of Itinerary Traders on Adherence to COVID-19 Lockdown in Enugu State,Nigeria

The outbreak of COVID-19 caused human activities to be affected in one way or another.As a result,measures were put in place by various national governments to reduce the spread of the virus.This paper examines adherence to COVID-19 guidelines in Nigeria among itinerant traders,using a total of 40 eligible participants from selected local governments in Enugu state,Nigeria.The study adapted purposive sampling techniques to identify eligible participants;while in-depth interview was the method used for data collection.Among other findings,result shows that the control measures rolled out by government were seriously undermined.Nomadic traders,driven by economic gains,played covert role in the spread of the virus.This signalled a weak link in the efforts to curb the spread of the virus in Nigeria.The study contributes to a more exact diagnosis of the weak link in the efforts to contain the spread of the virus and how the quest for economic gains drove the abuse of COVID-19 mitigation protocols with its attendant health implications.It therefore recommends that government should strengthen the institutional capacity for detection and control,and provide the critical infrastructural facilities that will make for intensified surveillance in future epidemic or pandemic outbreak.Economic incentives and the effective monitoring of protocol enforcers saddled with the responsibility of enforcing government directives are also encouraged in order to curb compromise.

Banking deregulation and corporate tax avoidance

We investigate whether tax avoidance substitutes for external financing. We exploit interstate banking deregulation as a quasi-external shock to examine whether firms engage in less tax avoidance after banking deregulation, because of cheaper and easier access to credit from banks. We find no empirical evidence to support this substitutive relation, even for firms with higher financial constraints or firms with higher external financing dependence.

Evaluating the impact of traffic violations on crash injury severity on Wyoming interstates:An investigation with a random parameters model with heterogeneity in means approach

This study investigated the impact of traffic violations on crash injury severity on Wyoming’s interstate highways.A random parameters multinomial logit(MNL)model with heterogeneity in means was estimated as an alternative to the mixed logit model.This was done to better account for unobserved heterogeneity in the crash data.As per the results,the random parameters model with heterogeneity in means not only exhibited a better fit but also uncovered more insights regarding the factors influencing crash injury severity.The advanced model showed that traffic violations,crash characteristics and environmental characteristics among other factors impact crash injury severity on Wyoming’s interstate highways.With regards to traffic violations,driving too fast for prevailing conditions and driving under the influence of alcohol and drugs were identified as the main violations that significantly influenced crash severity.Among other useful insights,the heterogeneity in mean specification indicated that the likelihood of severe injury crashes is increased by the interactive effect between non-trucks(vehicles not classified as trucks)and driving too fast for conditions.This is a significant implication that high speed behavior by non-truck drivers in adverse weather conditions is ranked as one of the hazardous traffic violations on Wyoming’s interstates.This study provided for the first time important information on the impact of traffic violations on crash severity of crashes that occurred on challenging roadways that characterized by mountainous terrain and severe weather conditions.Results from the study will help enforcement agencies in the state to better identify appropriate countermeasures to mitigate the impact of violations on crash severity.