The burden of upper motor neuron involvement is correlated with the bilateral limb involvement interval in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis:a retrospective observational study

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a rare neurodegenerative disease characterized by the involvement of both upper and lower motor neurons.Early bilateral limb involvement significantly affects patients'daily lives and may lead them to be confined to bed.However,the effect of upper and lower motor neuron impairment and other risk factors on bilateral limb involvement is unclear.To address this issue,we retrospectively collected data from 586 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients with limb onset diagnosed at Peking University Third Hospital between January 2020 and May 2022.A univariate analysis revealed no significant differences in the time intervals of spread in different directions between individuals with upper motor neuron-dominant amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and those with classic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.We used causal directed acyclic graphs for risk factor determination and Cox proportional hazards models to investigate the association between the duration of bilateral limb involvement and clinical baseline characteristics in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients.Multiple factor analyses revealed that higher upper motor neuron scores(hazard ratio[HR]=1.05,95%confidence interval[CI]=1.01–1.09,P=0.018),onset in the left limb(HR=0.72,95%CI=0.58–0.89,P=0.002),and a horizontal pattern of progression(HR=0.46,95%CI=0.37–0.58,P<0.001)were risk factors for a shorter interval until bilateral limb involvement.The results demonstrated that a greater degree of upper motor neuron involvement might cause contralateral limb involvement to progress more quickly in limb-onset amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients.These findings may improve the management of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients with limb onset and the prediction of patient prognosis.

Static softening behaviors of 7055 alloy during the interval time of multi-pass hot compression

Multipass plain strain compression test of 7055 alloy was carried out on Gleeble 1500D thermomechanical simulator to study the effect of interval time on static softening behavior between two passes. Microstructural features of the alloy deformed with delay times varying from 0 to 180 s after achieving a reduction of ,-~52 % in the 13 stages was investigated through TEM and EBSD observations. The 14th pass of peak stresses after different delay times were gained. The peak stress decreases with the interstage delay time increasing, but the decreasing trend is gradually slower. Static recovery, metadynamic recrystallization, and/or static recrystallization can be found in the alloy during two passes. The recovery and recrystallization degree increases with longer interstage delay time. The static recovery is the main softening mechanism. Subgrain coalescence and subgrain growth together with particle-stimulated nucleation are the main nucleation mechanisms for static recrystallization.

Influences of different time intervals between loop electrosurgical excision and abdominal hysterectomy or radical hysterectomy on postoperative complications: a retrospective analysis

Objective： To study the influences of different time intervals between loop electrosurgical excision （LEEP） and abdominal hysterectomy or radical hysterectomy on postoperative complications. Methods： Sixty-eight patients, who received subsequent abdominal hysterectomy or radical hysterectomy after LEEP due to C1N III and cervical cancer （IA1, IA2 and IB1）, were included in the present study. The hospital and clinic records of these patients were reviewed. The patients were divided into three groups according to the time intervals between LEEP and hysterectomy or radical hysterectomy： group l（within 48 h）, group 2 （between 48 h to 6 weeks）, and group 3（〉 6 weeks ）.Results： General characteristics of patients, including the mean age, delivery history, BMI, menopausal status, clinical stage and HPV infection, were comparable between patients of different groups. There were no significant differences in the mean transfusion amount, posthysterectomy hospital stay or operation time between different groups. The frequencies and spectrum of complications were not significantly affected by the time interval between LEEP and hysterectomy or radical hysterectomy. Conclusion： It is concluded that whenever the LEEP is done, the operation including hysterectomy or radical hysterectomy can be conducted at any time as it is necessary for the patients.

Vitreoretinal surgeons'experience and time interval from pars-plana vitrectomy to cataract extraction

AIM:To identify the association of the vitreoretinal surgeons'experience with the time interval between parsplana vitrectomy(PPV)and cataract extraction(CE).METHODS:Eyes with prior PPV and following CE were included in this retrospective cohort study.The years of practice and the annual case volume were used to describe the surgeons'experience.Multivariable linear regression analysis was used to investigate the relationship between surgeons'experience and the time interval adjusted for the patients age,gender,intraocular tamponade,and case complexity.RESULTS:Of 132430 eyes,1445 eyes were included in this study.In multivariable linear regression analysis,cases performed by surgeons with>20 practice years had longer time intervals compared with surgeons with<10 practice years after adjusted for other variables(β=0.329,95%CI:0.113 to 0.549,P=0.003).No difference in time interval was detected for comparing the lowest with the highest volume groups(β=0.089,95%CI:-0.164 to 0.343,P=0.343).The surgeons'practice years were not directly with the volume.For complicated surgery,the higherpractice-year surgeons had longer time interval than lowerpractice-year surgeons.CONCLUSION:The time intervals from PPV to CE is longer in higher-practice-year surgeons.The surgeons'practice years may have a greater effect on the time interval than annual case volume in high-complexity cases.Matching the complexity of vitreoretinal diseases with the surgeons'practice year should be considered.

Study on conveyor natural frequency and time intervalfor switching off resistances

A conveyor belt driven by wound rotor motors produces dynamic tension, velocity and accelerationduring starting. The terrible situation (such as resonance) in dynamic analysis and design is that system naturalfrequencies are equal to those for switching off electric resistances. This paper analyzes and determines systemnatural frequencies based on a modeling method of receptances with the analysis of sub-systems model and of theprinciple of their addition and conveyor loop closure. It also puts forward to calculate the time interval for switching off electric resistances. The starting of one conveyor is simulated by lumped-mass-spring-model software tofurther illustrate the influence of time interval for switching off electric resistances on conveyor dynamic behavior. Two methods are also compared. The receptance model is proved to be an excellent alternative.

Discussion of the Horizontal Intensity of Late Quaternary Fault Activity Along the Tianjingshan Fault Zone in Different Time Intervals and Fault Segments

By computing and classifying the data of gully offset obtained from field surveys along the Tianjingshan fault zone and estimating the ages of three types of gullies,the strike-slip rates along the fault zone are discussed in different time intervals and fault segments.The results suggest that the intensity of activity along the fault zone is not strong,but the differences between different time intervals and fault segments since the late Pleistocene have been obvious.The average rates range from 0.23 mm/a to 1.62 mm/a.The largest average rate is 1.40 mm/a,which occurred in the early and middle of late Pleistocene along the western segment of the fault zone.Since the late stage of the late Pleistocene,the center of faulting activity of the fault zone has shifted to the middle segment,and the average slip rates range have changed from 1.30 mm/a to 1.63 mm/a.

TIME INTERVAL APPROACH TO THE PULSED NEUTRON LOGGING METHOD

The time interval of neibouring neutrons emitted from a steady state neutron source can be treated as that from a time-dependent neutron source. In the rockspace, the neutron flux is given by the neutron diffusion equation and is composedof an infinite number of 'modes'. Each 'mode' is composed of two die-away curves.The delay action has been discussed and used to measure the time interval withonly one detector in the experimellt. Nuclear reactions with the time distributiondue to different types of radiations observed in the neutron well-logging methods arepresented with a view to getting the rock nuclear parameters from the time intervaltechnique.

Time Intervals of the Electron Transitions between the Energy States in the Hydrogen Atom Calculated in a Non-Probabilistic Way

Definitions of the mechanical parameters entering the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom allowed us to calculate the time intervals connected with the electron transitions between the nearest-neighbouring energy levels in the atom. This is done in a strictly non-probabilistic way. The time results are compared with those derived earlier on the basis of the classical Joule-Lenz law for the energy emission adapted to the case of the electron transfer in the quantum systems. A similar formalism has been next applied to the harmonic oscillator and a particle moving in the one-dimensional potential box.

An On-Line Modeling Based Kalman Filtering Process for Time-Interval-Variable Sequences with Application to Astronomic Surveying

The problem of variable sampling time interval which appears in application of Kalman Filtering is analyzed and the corresponding filtering process with or without present transition matrix is suggested, then an application experiment for astronomical surveying is introduced. In this process, the known stochastically variable sampling time intervals play the roles as deterministic input sequences of the state-space description, and the corresponding matrix and (if needed) state transition matrix can be established by performing real-time and structure-linear system identification.

Estimation of the Gauging and the Calibration Time Interval for the Modern Total Stations

The modern TSs （total stations） have reached a very high level in the provided reading and reliability （accuracy and precision） of their measurements. The evolution of the digital technology has helped in this direction. Thus, the TSs can support all requirements for the stake out and monitoring of modern survey engineering and constructions projects. Their complicated manufacturing process and the sensitivity of their components require gauging, adjusting and calibration at certain time intervals. This appears to be the only way in order to assure the precision of measurements provided by the manufacturer and the reliability of the works they are used for. The goal of this paper is to propose a method for the estimation of the gauging time interval for modern YSs. which could be used by any user. More specifically, the indispensable need for the TSs gauging is elevated and documented. All the parameters that influence their operation are registered. A model expressed by a scale of grades is defined, leading thus to an equation for the calculation of the time interval for the next needed gauging and calibration.

Multi-Mode Resource Constrained Project Scheduling Models for Progress and Equal Time Interval Payments

This study utilizes a time-precedence network technique to construct two models of multi-mode resource constrained project scheduling problem with discounted cash flows （MRCPSPDCF）, individually including the progress payment （PP） and the payment at an equal time interval （ETI）. The objective of each model is to maximize the net present value （NPV） for all cash flows in the project, subject to the related operational constraints. The models are characterized as NP-hard. A heuristic algorithm, coupled with two upper bound solutions, is proposed to efficiently solve the models and evaluate the heuristic algorithm performance which was not performed in past studies. The results show that the performance of proposed models and heuristic algorithm is good.

Relativistic Reduction of the Electron-Nucleus Force in Bohr’s Hydrogen Atom and the Time of Electron Transition between the Neighbouring Quantum Energy Levels

The aim of the paper is to get an insight into the time interval of electron emission done between two neighbouring energy levels of the hydrogen atom. To this purpose, in the first step, the formulae of the special relativity are applied to demonstrate the conditions which can annihilate the electrostatic force acting between the nucleus and electron in the atom. This result is obtained when a suitable electron speed entering the Lorentz transformation is combined with the strength of the magnetic field acting normally to the electron orbit in the atom. In the next step, the Maxwell equation characterizing the electromotive force is applied to calculate the time interval connected with the change of the magnetic field necessary to produce the force. It is shown that the time interval obtained from the Maxwell equation, multiplied by the energy change of two neighbouring energy levels considered in the atom, does satisfy the Joule-Lenz formula associated with the quantum electron energy emission rate between the levels.

Non-Probabilistic Approach to the Time of Energy Emission in Small Quantum Systems

The energy emitted by an electron in course of its transition between two quantum levels can be considered as a dissipated energy. This energy is obtained within a definite interval of time. The problem of the size of the time interval necessary for transitions is examined both on the ground of the quantum approach as well as classical electrodynamics. It is found that in fact the emission time approaches the time interval connected with acceleration of a classical velocity of the electron particle from one of its quantum levels to a neighbouring one.

A New Method to Identify the Maximum Time Interval between Individual Events in Compound Rainstorm and Heatwave Events

Growing evidence indicates that extreme heat and rain may occur in succession within short time periods and cause greater impacts than individual events separated in time and space.Therefore,many studies have examined the impacts of compound hazard events on the social-ecological system at various scales.The definition of compound events is fundamental for such research.However,there are no existing studies that support the determination of time interval between individual events of a compound rainstorm and heatwave(CRH)event,which consists of two or more potentially qualifying component heatwave and rainstorm events.To address the deficiency in defining what individual events can constitute a CRH event,this study proposed a novel method to determine the maximum time interval for CRH events through the change in CRH event frequency with increasing time interval between individual events,using southern China as a case study.The results show that the threshold identified by the proposed method is reasonable.For more than 90%of the meteorological stations,the frequency of CRH events has reached a maximum when the time interval is less than or equal to the threshold.This study can aid in time interval selection,which is an important step for subsequent study of CRH events.

Impact of interval between neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and surgery in rectal cancer patients

BACKGROUND Epidemiologically,in China,locally advanced rectal cancer is a more common form of rectal cancer.Preoperative neoadjuvant concurrent chemoradiotherapy can effectively reduce the size of locally invasive tumors and improve disease-free survival(DFS)and pathologic response after surgery.At present,this modality has become the standard protocol for the treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer in many centers,but the optimal time for surgery after neoadjuvant therapy is still controversial.AIM To investigate the impact of time interval between neoadjuvant therapy and surgery on DFS and pathologic response in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer.METHODS A total of 231 patients who were classified as having clinical stage II or III advanced rectal cancer and underwent neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by surgery at the National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College from November 2014 to August 2017 were involved in this retrospective cohort study.The patients were divided into two groups based on the different time intervals between neoadjuvant therapy and surgery:139(60.2%)patients were in group A(≤9 wk),and 92(39.2%)patients were in group B(>9 wk).DFS and pathologic response were analyzed as the primary endpoints.The secondary endpoints were postoperative complications and sphincter preservation.RESULTS For the 231 patients included,surgery was performed at≤9 wk in 139(60.2%)patients and at>9 wk in 92(39.8%).The patients’clinical characteristics,surgical results,and tumor outcomes were analyzed through univariate analysis combined with multivariate regression analysis.The overall pathologic complete response(pCR)rate was 27.2%(n=25)in the longer time interval group(>9 wk)and 10.8%(n=15)in the shorter time interval group(≤9 wk,P=0.001).The postoperative complications did not differ between the groups(group A,5%vs group B,5.4%;P=0.894).Surgical procedures for sphincter preservation were performed in 113(48.9%)patients,which were not significantly different between the groups(group A,52.5%vs group B,43.5%;P=0.179).The pCR rate was an independent factor affected by time interval(P=0.009;odds ratio[OR]=2.668;95%CI:1.276-5.578).Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox regression analysis showed that the longer time interval(>9 wk)was a significant independent prognostic factor for DFS(P=0.032;OR=2.295;95%CI:1.074-4.905),but the time interval was not an independent prognostic factor for overall survival(P>0.05).CONCLUSION A longer time interval to surgery after neoadjuvant therapy may improve the pCR rate and DFS but has little impact on postoperative complications and sphincter preservation.

A Regional Air-Sea Coupled Model and Its Application over East Asia in the Summer of 2000

A regional air-sea coupled model, comprising the Regional Integrated Environment Model System （RIEMS） and the Princeton Ocean Model （POM） was developed to simulate summer climate features over East Asia in 2000. The sensitivity of the model＇s behavior to the coupling time interval （CTI）, the causes of the sea surface temperature （SST） biases, and the role of air-sea interaction in the simulation of precipitation over China are investigated. Results show that the coupled model can basically produce the spatial pattern of SST, precipitation, and surface air temperature （SAT） with five different CTIs respectively. Also, using a CTI of 3, 6 or 12 hours tended to produce more successful simulations than if using 1 and 24 hours. Further analysis indicates that both a higher and lower coupling frequency result in larger model biases in air-sea heat flux exchanges, which might be responsible for the sensitivity of the coupled model＇s behavior to the CTI. Sensitivity experiments indicate that SST biases between the coupled and uncoupled POM occurring over the China coastal waters were due to the mismatch of the surface heat fluxes produced by the RIEMS with those required by the POM. In the coupled run, the air-sea feedbacks reduced the biases in surface heat fluxes, compared with the uncoupled RIEMS, consequently resulted in changes in thermal contrast over land and sea and led to a precipitation increase over South China and a decrease over North China. These results agree well observations in the summer of 2000.

Current status and future perspectives on neoadjuvant therapy in gastric cancer

Gastric cancer,with high morbidity and mortality rates,is one of the most heterogeneous tumors.Radical gastrectomy and postoperative chemotherapy are the standard treatments.However,the safety and efficacy of neoadjuvant therapy(NAT)need to be confirmed by many trials before implementation,creating a bottleneck in development.Although clinical benefits of NAT have been observed,a series of problems remain to be solved.Before therapy,more contributing factors should be offered for choice in the intended population and ideal regimens.Enhanced computed tomography(CT)scanning is usually applied to evaluate effectiveness according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors(RECIST),yet CT scanning results sometimes differ from pathological responses.After NAT,the appropriate time for surgery is still empirically defined.Our review aims to discuss the abovementioned issues regarding NAT for GC,including indications,selection of regimens,lesion assessment and NAT-surgery interval time.

Estimation of the amount of erosion at unconformities in the last stage of the Eocene Sanduo period in the Subei Basin,China

Strata erosion is a widespread phenomenon in sedimentary basins. The generation, migration, and accumulation of hydrocarbon is influenced by the scale of erosion, so estimating the amount of erosion is essential in the analysis of oil and gas bearing basins. According to the geological features in the Subei Basin and the actual data, using the integrated method, we estimated the level of erosion at the unconformities caused by the Sanduo event. By using the mudstone interval transit time method and the vitrinite reflectance method on data from typical wells, it can be concluded that the Gaoyou, Jinhu, and Hongze depressions suffered strong strata erosion from the late Eocene to Oligocene, and the total strata erosion thickness was 300–1,100 m. Different tectonic units in the same depression have extremely uneven erosion intensity: the low convex regions have the maximum erosion thickness, amounting to 800–1,100 m; the slope regions have an erosion thickness of generally 600–800 m; the erosion thickness of the slope-hollow transition zone is 300–500 m. For the whole basin, we used the strata thickness trend analysis method combined with the interval transit time and vitrinite reflectance methods to estimate the erosion thickness in the Sanduo period. The results show that the most severe erosion of the Sanduo event in the Subei Basin is between 1,000 m to 1,200 m, mainly located in depressions around the Jianhu Uplift; the deep hollow area has the least erosion, generally about 300–600 m, and the erosion in the slope area is about 600–900 m. Compared with the northern part, the southern part has relatively little erosion. It is also proved that the Sanduo movement has heterogeneous intensity, and the western region has greater intensity than the eastern region.

High Energy X-ray Telescope Data Analysis Method

The science analysis of the data from the High Energy X-ray Telescope(HE) on the Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope(HXMT) satellite is organized in three stages:calibration,screening and extraction of high-level scientific products.At the first stage,the raw PHA value of each event is converted to PI value accounting for temporal changes in gain and energy offset.At the second stage,the calibrated events are screened by applying cleaning criteria.At the third stage,scientific products,i.e.spectra,light curves and redistribution matrix files,are extracted.This work will introduce the three stages as well as the screening criteria and the data combining method.

Effectiveness of surgical management of malignant glaucoma in phakic eyes

AIM:To assess the effectiveness of core vitrectomyphacoemulsification-intraocular lens(IOL)implantationcapsulo-hyaloidotomy in treating phakic eye at least 1 mo after the onset of malignant glaucoma.METHODS:A retrospective analysis were performed on malignant glaucoma patients treated in Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center between 2016 and 2018.Demographic and clinical data were described.The preoperative and postoperative visual acuity(VA),intraocular pressure(IOP),number of IOP-lowering medications used,and anterior chamber depth(ACD)of the case series were compared by Wilcoxon signed-rank test.RESULTS:Thirteen phakic eyes with long time intervals between onset and surgery were identified in this case series.Core vitrectomy-phacoemulsification-IOL implantation-capsulohyaloidotomy reduced the IOP(P=0.046)and the number of IOP-lowering medications used(P=0.004),deepened the ACD(P=0.005).Complete success was achieved in 38.5%of the eyes,and anatomical success was achieved in 100%of the eyes without any recurrence.The only postoperative complication observed is corneal endothelial decompensation.It occurred in two cases.CONCLUSION:Core vitrectomy-phacoemulsification-IOL implantation-capsulo-hyaloidotomy is safe and effective for treatment of long onset phakic malignant glaucoma.