Effects of Estrogen on Mucosal Structure and Numbers and Distribution of Intraepithelial Lymphocytes and Goblet Cells in Small Intestine of Rats

To study the effects of estrogen on the structure of the intestinal mucosal barrier, 18 healthy female Wistar Rats underwent estrus synchronization. In diestrus, they were divided into three groups： one sham operated control group （SHAM） ; one ovariec- tomized group （OVX） ; and one ovariectomized plus estradiol benzoate group （ OVX ＋ E2 ）. Intestinal mu- cosal epithelial cells, intraepithelial lymphocytes （[EL）, and goblet cells （GCs） were observed by light microscope. The results showed that in the OVX group, the intestinal mucosa damaged obviously, the villus atrophied, the ratio of villus height to crypt depth reduced, and the number of IELs and GCs re- duced. The indicators of OVX ＋ Ez group were signif- icantly higher than OVX group, but some indicators were lower than SHAM. These indicated that the function of intestinal mucosal barrier was greatly dam- aged in ovariectomied rat, and proper dosage of estra- diol benzoate Would improve the function of small in- testinal mucosal barrier in ovariectomied rat to some degree.

Intestinal mucosal barrier in functional constipation:Dose it change?

BACKGROUND The intestinal mucosal barrier is the first line of defense against numerous harmful substances,and it contributes to the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis.Recent studies reported that structural and functional changes in the intestinal mucosal barrier were involved in the pathogenesis of several intestinal diseases.However,no study thoroughly evaluated this barrier in patients with functional constipation(FC).AIM To investigate the intestinal mucosal barrier in FC,including the mucus barrier,intercellular junctions,mucosal immunity and gut permeability.METHODS Forty FC patients who fulfilled the Rome IV criteria and 24 healthy controls were recruited in the Department of Gastroenterology of China-Japan Friendship Hospital.The colonic mucus barrier,intercellular junctions in the colonic epithelium,mucosal immune state and gut permeability in FC patients were comprehensively examined.Goblet cells were stained with Alcian Blue/Periodic acid Schiff(AB/PAS)and counted.The ultrastructure of intercellular junctional complexes was observed under an electron microscope.Occludin and zonula occludens-1(ZO-1)in the colonic mucosa were located and quantified using immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.Colonic CD3+intraepithelial lymphocytes(IELs)and CD3+lymphocytes in the lamina propria were identified and counted using immunofluorescence.The serum levels of D-lactic acid and zonulin were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.RESULTS Compared to healthy controls,the staining of mucus secreted by goblet cells was darker in FC patients,and the number of goblet cells per upper crypt in the colonic mucosa was significantly increased in FC patients(control,18.67±2.99;FC,22.42±4.09;P=0.001).The intercellular junctional complexes in the colonic epithelium were integral in FC patients.The distribution of mucosal occludin and ZO-1 was not altered in FC patients.No significant differences were found in occludin(control,5.76E-2±1.62E-2;FC,5.17E-2±1.80E-2;P=0.240)and ZO-1(control,2.29E-2±0.93E-2;FC,2.68E-2±1.60E-2;P=0.333)protein expression between the two groups.The mRNA levels in occludin and ZO-1 were not modified in FC patients compared to healthy controls(P=0.145,P=0.451,respectively).No significant differences were observed in the number of CD3+IELs per 100 epithelial cells(control,5.62±2.06;FC,4.50±2.16;P=0.070)and CD3+lamina propria lymphocytes(control,19.69±6.04/mm^(2);FC,22.70±11.38/mm^(2);P=0.273).There were no significant differences in serum D-lactic acid[control,5.21(4.46,5.49)mmol/L;FC,4.63(4.31,5.42)mmol/L;P=0.112]or zonulin[control,1.36(0.53,2.15)ng/mL;FC,0.94(0.47,1.56)ng/mL;P=0.185]levels between FC patients and healthy controls.CONCLUSION The intestinal mucosal barrier in FC patients exhibits a compensatory increase in goblet cells and integral intercellular junctions without activation of mucosal immunity or increased gut permeability.

Dynamic changes of IL-2/IL-10, sFas and expression of Fas in intestinal mucosa in rats with acute necrotizing pancreatitis

AIM:To investigate dynamic changes of serum IL-2, IL-10, IL-2/IL-10 and sFas in rats with acute necrotizing pancreatitis. To explore the expression of Fas in intestinal mucosa of rats with acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP). METHODS:A total of 64 Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into two groups:normal control group (C group), ANP group (P group). An ANP model was induced by injection of 50 g/L sodium taurocholate under the pancreatic membrane. Normal control group received isovolumetric injection of 9 g/L physiological saline solution using the same method. The blood samples of the rats in each group were obtained via superior mesenteric vein to measure levels of IL-2, IL-10, sFas and calculate the value of IL-2/IL-10. The levels of IL-2, IL-10 and sFas were determined by ELISA. The severity of intestinal mucosal injury was evaluated by pathologic score. The expression of Fas in intestinal mucosal tissue was determined by immunohistochemistry staining. RESULTS:Levels of serum IL-2 were significantly higher in P group than those of C group (2.79 ± 0.51 vs 3.53 ± 0.62, 2.93 ± 0.89 vs 4.35 ± 1.11, 4.81 ± 1.23 vs 6.94 ± 1.55 and 3.41 ± 0.72 vs 4.80 ± 1.10, respectively, P < 0.01, for all) and its reached peak at 6 h. Levels of serum IL-10 were significantly higher in P group than those of C group at 6 h and 12 h (54.61 ± 15.81 vs 47.34 ± 14.62, 141.15 ± 40.21 vs 156.12 ± 43.10, 89.18 ± 32.52 vs 494.98 ± 11.23 and 77.15 ± 22.60 vs 93.28 ± 25.81, respectively, P < 0.01, for all). The values of IL-2/IL-10 were higher significantly in P group than those of C group at 0.5 h and 2 h (0.05 ± 0.01 vs 0.07 ± 0.02 and 0.02 ± 0.01 vs 0.03 ± 0.01, respectively, P < 0.01, for all), and it were significantly lower than those of C group at 6 h (0.05 ± 0.02 vs 0.01 ± 0.01, P < 0.01) and returned to the control level at 12 h (0.04 ± 0.01 vs 0.05 ± 0.02, P > 0.05). In sFas assay, there was no significant difference between P group and C group (3.16 ± 0.75 vs 3.31 ± 0.80, 4.05 ± 1.08 vs 4.32 ± 1.11, 5.93 ± 1.52 vs 5.41 ± 1.47 and 4.62 ± 1.23 vs 4.44 ± 1.16, respectively, P > 0.05, for all). Comparison of P group and C group, the pathological changes were aggravated significantly in P group. Immunohistochemistry staining show the expression of Fas was absent in normal intestinal tissues, however, it gradually increased after induction of pancreatitis in intestinal tissue, then reached their peaks at 12 h.CONCLUSION:Fas were involved in the pathogenesis of pancreatitis associated intestinal injury. The mechanisms of Fas may be associated to Fas mediated T helper cell apoptosis.

Protective effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in intestinal barrier permeability after heterotopic intestinal transplantation

AIM: To explore the protective effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM MSCs) in the small intestinal mucosal barrier following heterotopic intestinal transplantation (HIT) in a rat model.

Paeoniflorin ameliorates chronic colitis via the DR3 signaling pathway in group 3 innate lymphoid cells

Inhibiting the death receptor 3(DR3)signaling pathway in group 3 innate lymphoid cells(ILC3s)presents a promising approach for promoting mucosal repair in individuals with ulcerative colitis(UC).Paeoniflorin,a prominent component of Paeonia lactiflora Pall.,has demonstrated the ability to restore barrier function in UC mice,but the precise mechanism remains unclear.In this study,we aimed to delve into whether paeoniflorin may promote intestinal mucosal repair in chronic colitis by inhibiting DR3 signaling in ILC3s.C57BL/6 mice were subjected to random allocation into 7 distinct groups,namely the control group,the 2%dextran sodium sulfate(DSS)group,the paeoniflorin groups(25,50,and 100 mg/kg),the anti-tumor necrosis factor-like ligand 1A(anti-TL1A)antibody group,and the IgG group.We detected the expression of DR3 signaling pathway proteins and the proportion of ILC3s in the mouse colon using Western blot and flow cytometry,respectively.Meanwhile,DR3-overexpressing MNK-3 cells and 2%DSS-induced Rag1^(-/-)mice were used for verification.The results showed that paeoniflorin alleviated DSS-induced chronic colitis and repaired the intestinal mucosal barrier.Simultaneously,paeoniflorin inhibited the DR3 signaling pathway in ILC3s and regulated the content of cytokines(interleukin-17A,granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor,and interleukin-22).Alternatively,paeoniflorin directly inhibited the DR3 signaling pathway in ILC3s to repair mucosal damage independently of the adaptive immune system.We additionally confirmed that paeoniflorin-conditioned medium(CM)restored the expression of tight junctions in Caco-2 cells via coculture.In conclusion,paeoniflorin ameliorates chronic colitis by enhancing the intestinal barrier in an ILC3-dependent manner,and its mechanism is associated with the inhibition of the DR3 signaling pathway.

Putrescine mitigates intestinal atrophy through suppressing inflammatory response in weanling piglets

Background: Polyamines are essential for cell growth and beneficial for intestinal maturation. To evaluate the effects of putrescine on alleviating intestinal atrophy and underlying molecular mechanisms, both in vivo feeding trial and in vitro cell culture were conducted. Weanling pigs were fed a diet supplemented with 0, 0.1%, 0.2% or0.3% putrescine dihydrochloride, whereas porcine intestinal epithelial cells(IPEC-J2) were challenged with lipopolysaccharide(LPS) in the presence of 200 μmol/L putrescine.Results: Dietary supplementation with 0.2% putrescine dihydrochloride decreased the incidence of diarrhea with an improvement in intestinal integrity. Inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase activity decreased the proliferation and migration of IPEC-J2 cells, and this effect was alleviated by the supplementation with putrescine. The phosphorylation of extracellular signal regulated kinase and focal adhesion kinase was enhanced by putrescine. LPS increased the expression of inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor α(TNF-α), interleukin 6(IL-6) and IL-8],and inhibited cell proliferation and migration in IPEC-J2 cells. Adding exogenous putrescine suppressed the expression of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8, and recovered cell migration and proliferation in LPS-treated IPEC-J2 cells. Dietary putrescine supplementation also reduced the m RNA levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 and their upstream regulator nuclear receptor kappa B p65 subunit in the jejunal mucosa of piglets.Conclusions: Dietary supplementation with putrescine mitigated mucosal atrophy in weanling piglets through improving anti-inflammatory function and suppressing inflammatory response. Our results have important implications for nutritional management of intestinal integrity and health in weanling piglets and other neonates.

发酵黄芪对肉鸡小肠黏膜上皮杯状细胞数量及MUC2基因表达的影响

为了研究发酵黄芪对肉鸡小肠黏膜上皮杯状细胞数量及MUC2基因表达的影响,随机选择1日龄且初始体重相近的健康肉鸡60羽,分为4组,分别为未发酵黄芪组、发酵黄芪组、乳酸菌组和空白对照组,试验周期为42 d,于21日龄和42日龄屠宰取样。分别利用石蜡切片-PAS染色和RT-PCR方法,计数各试验组小肠黏膜上皮杯状细胞数量及其分泌的黏蛋白MUC2基因表达的差异性变化。结果显示:与空白对照组相比,发酵黄芪组21日龄肉鸡十二指肠、空肠和回肠黏膜中杯状细胞数量分别增加了61.30%、77.63%、61.75%(P<0.01),其分泌的黏蛋白MUC2基因的相对表达分别提高了67.89%、64.35%、67.14%(P<0.01);发酵黄芪组42日龄肉鸡十二指肠、空肠和回肠黏膜中杯状细胞数量分别增加了70.89%、56.38%、40.18%(P<0.01),其分泌的黏蛋白MUC2基因的相对表达量分别提高了58.21%、54.61%、56.06%(P<0.01);未发酵黄芪组也有所提高(P<0.05),而乳酸菌组略有差异。结果表明:在肉鸡生长过程中,发酵黄芪能够提高各段小肠黏膜上皮内杯状细胞数量以及黏蛋白MUC2基因的相对表达量,且其效果优于乳酸菌和未发酵黄芪。

MUC2基因沉默对脂多糖干扰Caco-2/HT-29细胞紧密连接蛋白表达的影响

肠道黏膜屏障阻碍病原物质入侵的第一道防线是由黏蛋白-2(MUC2)组成的肠道黏液层,覆盖于上皮细胞表面,由杯状细胞分泌而成。脂多糖(lipopolysaccharides, LPS)可通过损伤肠黏膜从而干扰屏障功能的正常发挥。论文对Caco-2/HT-29(3∶1)共培养模拟肠道上皮细胞,通过沉默黏蛋白-2(siMUC2)分析脂多糖对肠道黏液层屏障及其上皮紧密连接结构的影响。结果显示,与对照组相比,LPS组E-钙黏素(E-cadherin)、闭合蛋白mRNA表达量均明显降低。与LPS组相比,LPS+siMUC2组中连接蛋白(claudin)、连接附着分子(JAMA)、E-cadherin以及桥粒(desmosome) mRNA水平显著降低,细胞连接蛋白mRNA水平的下调可能影响细胞通透性进而导致屏障功能紊乱。说明黏蛋白-2作为黏液层骨架蛋白成分可以保护细胞紧密连接蛋白免受LPS的干扰。LPS可诱导Caco-2/HT-29细胞模型黏蛋白-2表达增多以及E-cadherin、闭合蛋白mRNA表达下调。当黏蛋白-2基因被沉默后,LPS可导致细胞紧密连接蛋白mRNA表达量的显著下降,提示肠道上皮细胞紧密连接的屏障功能可能被破坏。

脓毒症外泌体miR-1306-5p对肠黏膜上皮细胞炎症、凋亡和氧化应激的影响

目的研究脓毒症血浆源性外泌体微小RNA-1306-5p(miR-1306-5p)对肠黏膜上皮细胞的炎症、凋亡和氧化应激损伤的调控作用,并探讨潜在机制。方法分离脓毒症血浆源性外泌体和健康血浆外泌体,分为健康血浆外泌体组和脓毒症血浆源性外泌体组。用电镜观察外泌体,分析两组外泌体物理参数,并检测外泌体中miR-1306-5p的表达。将肠黏膜上皮细胞分为对照组、miR-1306-5p模拟物的阴性对照组(mimic-NC组)、miR-1306-5p模拟物组(mimic组)、mimic联合过表达Polo样激酶1(PLK1)的空载体组(mimic-PLK1-EV组)、mimic联合过表达PLK1组(mimic+PLK1-OE组)。采用实时荧光定量PCR检测各组中miR-1306-5p和PLK1 mRNA的表达,蛋白质印记法检测miR-1306-5p的靶基因PLK1、胱天蛋白酶(caspase)3、B淋巴细胞瘤-2(Bcl-2)、Bcl2-相关X蛋白(Bax)的表达,双荧光素酶报告基因法检测miR-1306-5p和PLK1的结合作用,采用流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡,酶联免疫吸附试验检测培养细胞的上清液中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素(IL)-1β、IL-6、IL-8的表达,试剂盒法检测细胞中活性氧(ROS)、丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的表达。结果脓毒症血浆源性外泌体和健康血浆外泌体均呈椭球形,物理参数之间的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),与健康血浆外泌体组比较,脓毒症血浆源性外泌体组中的miR-1306-5p的表达上调(P<0.05)。双荧光素酶报告基因法证实,PLK1是miR-1306-5p的靶基因。与mimic-NC组比较,mimic组miR-1306-5p、TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8、IL-1β、caspase3、Bax、ROS、MDA的表达上调,细胞凋亡率增加,PKL1、Bcl-2、GSH、SOD的表达下调,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与mimic+PLK1-EV组比较,mimic+PLK1-OE组TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8、IL-1β、caspase3、Bax、ROS、MDA的表达明显下调,细胞凋亡率降低,PKL1、Bcl-2、GSH、SOD的表达上调,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论脓毒症血浆源性外泌体miR-1306-5p通过靶向抑制PKL1促进肠黏膜上皮细胞的炎症、凋亡和氧化应激损伤。

Effect of Astragalus membranaceus injection on the activity of the intestinal mucosal mast cells after hemorrhagic shock-reperfusion in rats

Background The mechanism of mucosal damage induced by ischemia-reperfusion （IR） after hemorrhagic shock is complex; mast cells （MC） degranulation is associated with the mucosal damage. Astragalus membranaceus can protect intestinal mucosa against intestinal oxidative damage after hemorrhagic shock, and some antioxidant agents could prevent MC against degranulation. This study aimed to observe the effects of astragalus membranaceus injection on the activity of intestinal mucosal mast cells （IMMC） after hemorrhage shock-reperfusion in rats Methods Thirty-two Wistar rats were randomly divided into the normal group, model group, low dosage group, （treated with Astragalus membranacaus injection, 10 g crude medication/kg） and high dosage group （treated with Astragalus membranacaus injection, 20 g crude medication/kg）. The rat model of hemorrhagic shock-reperfusion was induced by hemorrhage for 60 minutes followed by 90 minutes of reperfusion. The animals were administrated with 3 ml of the test drug solution before reperfusion. At the end of study, intestinal pathology, ultrastructure of IMMC, and expression of tryptase were assayed. The levels of malondisldehyde （MDA）, TNF-α, histamine, and superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity in intestine were detected, and the number of IMMC was counted. Results The Chiu＇s score of the rats in the model group was higher than in other groups （P〈0.01）. The Chiu＇s score in the high dosage group was higher than that in the low dosage group （P〈0.05）. Hemorrhage-reperfusion induced IMMC degranulation： Astragalus membranaceus injection attenuated this degranulation. Expression of tryptase and the number of IMMC in the model group increased compared with the other groups （P〈0.01） and was significantly reduced by the treatments of Astragalus membranaceus injection at both doses. There was no significant difference between the two treatment groups （P〉0.05）. MDA content and concentration of TNF-α in the model group were higher than that in the other three groups （P〈0.05）, and the concentration of TNF-α in the low dosage group was higher than that in the high dosage group （P〈0.05）. SOD activity and the concentration of histamine in the model group were lower than the other three groups （P〈0.05）. There was a negative correlation between the Chiu＇s score and the concentration of histamine and a positive correlation between the Chiu＇s score and the concentration of TNF-α and between the SOD activity and the concentration of histamine in the four groups （P〈0.05）. Conclusion Astragalus membranaceus injection may reduce the damage to small intestine mucosa by inhibiting the activated IMMC after hemorrhagic shock.

肠-关节轴:肠黏膜免疫与类风湿关节炎的关系探讨

类风湿关节炎(RA)是一类病因未明的慢性、以炎性滑膜炎为主的自身免疫性疾病,其发生、发展与肠黏膜免疫密切相关。肠道菌群失调、肠屏障完整性受损、肠黏膜局部自身抗体的产生以及肠固有层免疫细胞的变化等因素均可成为RA致病的潜在风险。本文详细探讨了肠道黏膜免疫与RA之间的关系(肠-关节轴),以期为RA的治疗提供新的思路和理论依据。

CD226在小鼠小肠3型固有淋巴样细胞(ILC3)中的表达

目的 观察CD226在小肠3型固有淋巴样细胞(ILC3)上的表达情况。方法 采用生物信息学方法分析小鼠CD226在ILC中的表达。分离正常C57BL/6J小鼠小肠黏膜固有层淋巴细胞(LPL),流式细胞术检测CD226在ILC1和ILC3上的表达。构建葡聚糖硫酸钠(DSS)诱导小鼠肠炎模型,观察CD226在ILC3上表达的变化情况。结果 小鼠小肠ILC1和ILC3均表达CD226;肠炎模型中ILC3所占比例降低,但CD226在ILC3上的表达水平升高。结论 小鼠小肠表达CD226,DSS诱导的肠炎模型中虽然ILC3比例降低,但CD226在ILC3的表达增加。

清肠温中方联合粪菌移植对溃疡性结肠炎小鼠肠黏膜免疫的调控作用

目的:探究清肠温中方联合粪菌移植对溃疡性结肠炎小鼠肠黏膜免疫应答的调控作用。方法:将30只健康的SPF级雌性C57BL/6小鼠按照1∶4的比例随机分为空白组(6只)、干预组(24只)。空白组小鼠全程自由饮用无菌水,并自第8天起给予无菌水灌胃,同时收集新鲜粪便,便制作粪便滤液;干预组自由饮用2.5%葡聚糖硫酸钠(dextran sulfate sodium,DSS)溶液7天建立UC模型后,随机分为模型组、清肠温中方组、粪菌移植组、清肠温中方联合粪菌移植组(联合组),各组干预7天。观察小鼠一般情况,测量体质量、检测粪便潜血、记录粪便性状,计算疾病活动指数。干预结束后处死小鼠,结肠石蜡切片HE染色,光镜下观察组织病理学改变;取脾脏,运用流式细胞术检测γδT细胞、CD4^(+)T细胞;取小鼠结肠组织,运用RT-qPCR检测TLR2 mRNA、pIgR mRNA的表达,Elisa检测sIgA的含量。结果:与空白组小鼠相比,DSS诱导结肠炎小鼠呈现明显的肠道炎症,主要表现为不同程度的便血、体质量下降、大便稀溏等;而当DSS停用后,各项临床表征开始缓解,各干预组小鼠呈现相对快速地恢复过程,疾病活动指数及组织病理学评分较模型组小鼠明显降低(P<0.05)。对肠黏膜免疫相关指标检测结果发现,模型组小鼠γδT细胞、CD4^(+)T细胞含量及结肠TLR2 mRNA表达明显升高(P<0.05或P<0.01),结肠pIgR mRNA、结肠sIgA表达较空白组明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01)。经过1周的治疗后,各干预组小鼠γδT细胞、CD4^(+)T细胞、结肠TLR2 mRNA表达明显降低(P<0.05),结肠pIgR mRNA、结肠sIgA表达明显升高(P<0.05或P<0.01);其中联合组改善肠黏膜损伤方面更为明显。结论:清肠温中方联合粪菌移植可通过影响肠黏膜免疫应答,改善溃疡性结肠炎小鼠的肠道炎症,促进肠黏膜损伤的修复。

Critical analysis of the effects of proton pump inhibitors on inflammatory bowel disease:An updated review

This letter critically evaluates the effects of proton pump inhibitors(PPIs)on inflammatory bowel disease,particularly focusing on Crohn's disease(CD)and ulcerative colitis(UC),as discussed in Liang et al’s recent review.While the review provides significant insights,it relies heavily on cross-sectional and observational studies,which limits the ability to draw causal inferences.The heterogeneous study populations and inconsistent definitions of long-term PPI use further complicate the findings.This letter also highlights the need for rigorous control of confounding factors and considers the potential publication bias in the existing literature.The implications of these issues are discussed in the context of both CD and UC,and future research directions are proposed to address these shortcomings.

类固醇受体辅活化子-3对严重烧伤小鼠肠黏膜屏障功能损伤的影响

目的探究类固醇受体辅活化子-3(SRC-3)对严重烧伤小鼠肠黏膜屏障功能损伤的影响。方法2022年1―4月将SPF级雌性SRC-3基因敲除(SRC-3-/-)小鼠作为对实验组(n=36),并以野生型(SRC-3+/+)小鼠作为对照组(n=36),两组小鼠均诱导建立背部30%体表总面积(TBSA)Ⅲ度烧伤模型。在烧伤后第1、3、5天时,荧光素异硫氰酸酯-葡聚糖(FITC-dextran)灌胃检测肠道通透性,酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)法检测血清白细胞介素6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)水平和血浆二胺氧化酶(DAO)活性以及内毒素(ET)水平,苏木精-伊红(HE)和阿尔新蓝-过碘酸-希夫(AB-PAS)染色评估肠黏膜损伤和杯状细胞黏液分泌情况,免疫组织化学(IHC)染色检测黏蛋白2(Muc2)的表达,蛋白质印迹法检测肠黏膜中Muc2、IL-6和TNF-α蛋白表达。结果在烧伤后第1、3、5天时,与对照组(SRC-3+/+小鼠)相比,实验组SRC-3-/-小鼠血清FITC-dextran浓度[(1156.21±107.65)μg/L比(685.14±79.36)μg/L、(1425.81±115.36)μg/L比(743.72±82.29)μg/L、(1613.27±120.94)μg/L比(824.35±85.44)μg/L]、血浆DAO活性和ET水平、肠黏膜损伤评分、PAS+杯状细胞数量、血清和肠黏膜中IL-6、TNF-α水平显著升高,AB+杯状细胞数量、肠黏膜中Muc2表达水平显著降低(P<0.05)。结论SRC-3缺失可以在严重烧伤后损害杯状细胞的分化成熟,减少肠黏液的合成与分泌,加重肠黏膜屏障功能障碍。

益中条达方治疗肝郁脾虚型慢性缺血性结肠炎临床研究

目的:观察益中条达方联合常规西药治疗肝郁脾虚型慢性缺血性结肠炎(IC)的临床疗效。方法:选取肝郁脾虚型慢性IC患者72例,按随机数字表法分为试验组和对照组各36例。对照组予常规西药治疗,试验组在对照组基础上予益中条达方口服,2组疗程均为2周。比较2组治疗前后主要症状积分、白细胞计数(WBC)、血红蛋白(Hb)、C-反应蛋白(CRP)水平、肠镜下肠黏膜病变严重程度分级。结果:治疗后,2组腹痛程度、腹泻次数、便血时间评分及主要症状总积分较治疗前降低(P<0.05),且试验组各项评分低于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗后,2组WBC、CRP水平较治疗前降低,Hb水平较治疗前升高(P<0.05);且试验组WBC、CRP水平低于对照组,Hb水平高于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗后,2组肠镜下肠黏膜病变严重程度分级均较治疗前改善(P<0.05),且试验组肠镜下肠黏膜病变严重程度分级优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:益中条达方联合常规西药治疗肝郁脾虚型慢性IC患者的临床疗效较好,能有效缓解患者临床症状,降低炎症反应,改善肠黏膜病变情况。

Pretreatment of cromolyn sodium prior to reperfusion attenuates early reperfusion injury after the small intestine ischemia in rats

AIM: To investigate the effects of Cromolyn Sodium (CS) pretreated prior to reperfusion on the activity of intestinal mucosal mast cells (IMMC) and mucous membrane of the small intestine in ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury of rats. METHODS: Thirty-two Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into four groups: sham group (group S), model group (group M), high and low dosage of CS groups, (treated with CS 50 mg/kg or 25 mg/kg, group C1 and C2). Intestinal IR damage was induced by clamping the superior mesenteric artery for 45 min followed by reperfusion for 60 min. CS was intravenouly administrated 15 min before reperfusion. Ultrastructure and counts of IMMC, intestinal structure, the expression of tryptase, levels of malondisldehyde (MDA), TNF-α, histamine and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of the small intestine were detected at the end of experiment. RESULTS: The degranulation of IMMC was seen in group M and was attenuated by CS treatment. Chiu’s score of group M was higher than the other groups. CS could attenuate the up-regulation of the Chiu’s score, the levels of MDA, TNF-α, and expression of tryptase and the down-regulation of SOD activity and histamine concentration. The Chiu’s score and MDA content were negatively correlated, while SOD activity was positively correlated to the histamine concentration respectively in the IR groups. CONCLUSION: Pretreated of CS prior to reperfusion protects the small intestine mucous from ischemia- reperfusion damage, the mechanism is inhibited IMMC from degranulation.

安胃汤含药血清对胃黏膜肠上皮化生细胞内质网应激-自噬通路的影响

目的观察安胃汤(黄连、制半夏、白芍等)含药血清对胃黏膜肠上皮化生(GIM)细胞的影响,并基于内质网应激(ERS)-自噬通路探讨其作用机制。方法将SD大鼠随机分为空白组及安胃汤低、中、高剂量组(5.4、10.7、21.4 g·kg^(-1)·d^(-1)),每组5只;每日1次,连续灌胃给药7 d,制备空白血清及安胃汤含药血清。采用150μmol·L^(-1)鹅去氧胆酸(CDCA)干预24 h,诱导人胃黏膜上皮细胞(GES-1),复制GIM细胞模型。将细胞分为正常对照组(未经CDCA干预的GES-1细胞)、模型组及安胃汤低、中、高剂量组,以10%空白血清及安胃汤低、中、高剂量含药血清干预24 h。采用Western Blot法检测肠上皮细胞的特异因子MUC2、VILLIN、CDX2蛋白表达情况;MTT法检测细胞增殖活力;流式细胞术检测细胞周期及细胞凋亡;免疫荧光法检测细胞中ATF6蛋白表达水平;RT-qPCR法检测细胞中GRP78、LC3-Ⅱ、Beclin1 mRNA表达水平;Western Blot法检测细胞中GRP78、LC3-Ⅱ、LC3-Ⅰ及Beclin1蛋白表达水平。结果与正常对照组(0μmol·L^(-1))比较,CDCA 50、100、150、200μmol·L^(-1)浓度组GES-1细胞的MUC2、VILLIN、CDX2蛋白表达均显著上调(P<0.01);模型组细胞的增殖水平显著升高(P<0.01);细胞在G2/M期的细胞比例显著升高(P<0.01),在G0/G1期和S期的细胞比例明显降低(P<0.05,P<0.01);细胞的凋亡率显著降低(P<0.01);ATF6蛋白表达显著下调(P<0.01);GRP78、LC3-Ⅱ、Beclin1 mRNA表达显著下调(P<0.01);GRP78、Beclin1、LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ蛋白表达显著下调(P<0.01)。与模型组比较,安胃汤含药血清低、中、高剂量组GIM细胞的增殖水平均显著降低(P<0.01);细胞在G2/M期的细胞比例显著降低(P<0.01),在G0/G1期和S期的细胞比例显著升高(P<0.01);细胞的凋亡率显著升高(P<0.01);ATF6蛋白表达显著上调(P<0.01);GRP78、LC3-Ⅱ、Beclin1 mRNA表达均明显上调(P<0.05,P<0.01);GRP78、Beclin1、LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ蛋白表达显著上调(P<0.01)。结论安胃汤含药血清可将CDCA诱导的GIM细胞周期阻滞在S期,并抑制其增殖,诱导其凋亡,可能与其调控ERS途径,诱导细胞自噬相关。

二氢杨梅素对代谢相关脂肪性肝病小鼠结肠黏膜屏障功能改善作用研究

目的 研究二氢杨梅素(dihydromyricetin,DHM)对代谢相关脂肪性肝病(metabolic-associated fatty liver disease,MAFLD)的改善作用,并揭示其调节肠黏膜屏障功能的作用机制。方法 32只雄性C57BL/6J小鼠随机分为4组(n=8):CON(对照,脂肪供能比为10%饮食)组、高脂饮食(HFD,脂肪供能比为45%)组、HFD+DHM组(添加质量比0.6%DHM的高脂饲料)和DHM组(添加质量比0.6%DHM的对照饲料),干预12周。每周测量小鼠体质量、摄食量;处死前进行空腹血糖、葡萄糖耐量和肠道通透性检测;试剂盒检测血清生化指标、脂多糖(LPS);肝组织进行油红O染色和HE染色,观察组织病理学变化;RT-qPCR和Western blot法检测肠上皮紧密连接蛋白、抗菌肽及肝脏炎症因子表达水平;流式细胞术检测结肠3型固有淋巴样细胞(group 3 innate lymphoid cells,ILC3)比例以及IL-22表达水平。结果 与CON组比较,HFD组小鼠体质量增加,糖耐量受损,血清总胆固醇、甘油三酯、谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶升高,肝脏脂质沉积和炎性因子IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α mRNA表达水平升高,肠道通透性和血清LPS增加,肠黏膜紧密连接蛋白ZO-1、Occludin及抗菌肽RegⅢβ、RegⅢγ表达水平降低,结肠ILC3及IL-22^(+)ILC3比例降低(P<0.05)。与HFD组比较,HFD+DHM组糖耐量受损明显改善,肝脏脂质沉积和炎性因子表达减少,血清LPS水平降低,肠紧密连接蛋白和抗菌肽表达水平增加,肠道通透性减少,结肠ILC3和IL-22^(+)ILC3比例增加(P<0.05)。结论 DHM可能通过改善肠黏膜屏障功能减少肝脏脂质堆积和炎症反应,改善MAFLD疾病进程。

Mechanism of Acupuncture and Moxibustion on Promoting Mucosal Healing in Ulcerative Colitis

The latest guideline about ulcerative colitis(UC) clinical practice stresses that mucosal healing, rather than anti-inflammation, is the main target in UC clinical management. Current mucosal dysfunction mainly closely relates to the endoscopic intestinal wall(mechanical barrier) injury with the imbalance between intestinal epithelial cells(IECs) regeneration and death, as well as tight junction(TJ) dysfunction. It is suggested that biological barrier(gut microbiota), chemical barrier(mucus protein layer, MUC) and immune barrier(immune cells) all take part in the imbalance, leading to mechanical barrier injury. Lots of experimental studies reported that acupuncture and moxibustion on UC recovery by adjusting the gut microbiota, MUC and immune cells on multiple targets and pathways, which contributes to the balance of IEC regeneration and death, as well as TJ structure recovery in animals. Moreover, the validity and superiority of acupuncture and moxibustion were also demonstrated in clinic. This paper aims to review the achievements of acupuncture and moxibustion on mucosal healing and analyse the underlying mechanisms.