Association between intestinal neoplasms and celiac disease:A review

Celiac disease(CD)is a chronic immune-mediated intestinal disease with genetic susceptibility.It is characterized by inflammatory damage to the small intestine after ingestion of cereals and products containing gluten protein.In recent years,the global prevalence rate of CD has been approximately 1%,and is gradually increasing.CD patients adhere to a gluten-free diet(GFD)throughout their entire life.However,it is difficult to adhere strictly to a GFD.Untreated CD may be accompanied by gastrointestinal symptoms,such as diarrhea,abdominal pain,and extraintestinal symptoms caused by secondary malnutrition.Many studies have suggested that CD is associated with intestinal tumors such as enteropathyassociated T-cell lymphoma(EATL),small bowel cancer(SBC),and colorectal cancer.In this study,we reviewed related studies published in the literature to provide a reference for the prevention and treatment of intestinal tumors in patients with CD.Compared with the general population,CD patients had a high total risk of SBC and EATL,but not colorectal cancer.The protective effect of GFD on CD-related malignancies is controversial.Further studies are needed to confirm whether GFD treatment can reduce the risk of intestinal neoplasms in CD.

^(18)F-FDG PET/CT for malignant small intestinal neoplasms

In this paper, 18F-FDG PET/CT data of 19 malignant SINs (small intestinal neoplasms) were consecutively reviewed. Nnine patients accepted PET/CT scan for preoperative diagnosis and staging, while ten patients presented follow-up after treatment and restaging. The results were correlated with abdomen enhanced CT and surgical pathological findings. Abdominal pain and weight loss were the most common findings. About 16% SINs located in the duodenum, 52% in the jejunum and 32% in the ileum. Lymphoma was the most frequent neoplasms. PET/CT revealed residual or recurrent malignant SINs in 5 patients who had negative or non-definite findings by abdomen CT and demonstrated extra-abdomen metastasis in 3 patients. Clinical decisions of treatment were changed for 6 patients after PET/CT examinations. The 18F-FDG PET/CT were better than CT in accuracy, negative predictive value and positive predictive value (89.5% vs 68.4%, 100% vs 66.7%, and 81.8% vs 69.2%, respectively). Whole body 18F-FDG PET/CT may be an effective molecular imaging method for staging and restaging of malignant SINs.

Surgical and Radiological Assessment of Small Intestinal Neoplasms

Purpose: To highlight the role of multi-detector computed tomography in evaluation of small intestinal neoplastic lesions. Patient and Methods: Thirty patients suspected to have small bowel neaoplasms were examined with 64 MDCT and underwent surgical exploration. Result: Contrast enhanced MDCT enterography easily diagnosed twenty patients with small intestinal neoplasms which were confirmed with surgical exploration and histopathological results. Conclusions: Our study has been proved that MDCT can be used as a front-line imaging modality for detection of small bowel neoplasms, regarding its ability to show intraluminal, mural and extraintestinal lesions with their characteristic density and features to successfully differentiate between the different neoplasms and sometimes stage them. However, operative exploration with curative resection or biopsy is still the confirmatory diagnostic method.

Radiographic and Ultrasonographic Findings in Three Surgically Confirmed Cases of Small Intestinal Ischemia Related to Mesenteric Volvulus or Intestinal Torsion in Dogs

This case report describes the radiographic and ultrasonographic findings of three surgically confirmed cases of mesenteric volvulus or intestinal torsion in dogs. In all three cases, ultrasonographic findings included segmental ileus and absent or markedly reduced peristalsis of the affected small intestine, and partial loss of wall layering with increased overall echogenicity of the intestinal wall, but with normal to mildly increased wall thickening. No blood flow was detected in the affected small intestinal wall when assessed with colour Doppler. A moderate amount of peritoneal effusion was also detected with hyperechoic omental and mesenteric fat tissue throughout the peritoneal cavity. Few reports describe ultrasonographic findings of small intestinal ischemia in small animals. In all three cases presented here, ultrasound was helpful in demonstrating typical intestinal wall changes and helped to obtain the correct diagnosis of ischemic disease of the small intestine.

Clinical significance of mesenteric panniculitis-like abnormalities on abdominal computerized tomography in patients with malignant neoplasms

AIM To clarify the association of malignancy with mesenteric panniculitis-like changes on computed tomography(CT).METHODS All abdominal CT scans performed at North Shore University HealthS ystem showing mesenteric panniculitis from January 2005 to August 2010 were identified in the Radnet(Rad Net Corporation, Los Angeles, CA) database. Patients with a new or known diagnosis of a malignancy were included for this analysis. Longitudinal clinical histories were obtained from electronic medical records.RESULTS In total, 147794 abdominal CT scans were performed during the study period. Three hundred and fiftynine patients had mesenteric panniculitis(MP)-like abnormalities on their abdominal CT. Of these patients, 81 patients(22.6%) had a known history of cancer at the time of their CT scan. Nineteen(5.3%) had a new diagnosis of cancer in concurrence with their CT, but the majority of these(14/19, 74%) were undergoing CT as part of a malignancy evaluation. Lymphomas were the most common cancers associated with MPlike findings on CT(36 cases, 36%), with follicular lymphoma being the most frequent subtype(17/36). A variety of solid tumors, most commonly prostate(7) and renal cell cancers(6) also were seen. CT follow up was obtained in 56 patients. Findings in the mesentery were unchanged in 45(80%), worsened in 6(11%), and improved in 5 patients(9%). Positron emission tomography(PET) scans performed in 44 patients only showed a positive uptake in the mesenteric mass in 2 patients(5%). CONCLUSION A new diagnosis of cancer is uncommon in patients with CT findings suggestive of MP. MP-like mesenteric abnormalities on CT generally remain stable in patients with associated malignancies. PET scanning is not recommended in the evaluation of patients with mesenteric panniculitis-like findings on CT.

Diagnosis of follicular lymphoma of the gastrointestinaltract:A better initial diagnostic workup

Due to an increasing incidence and more frequent recognition by endoscopists, gastrointestinal follicular lymphoma has been established as a variant of follicular lymphoma. However, due to its rarity, there are no established guidelines on the optimal diagnostic strategy for patients with primary gastrointestinal follicular lymphoma or secondary gastrointestinal involvement of systemic follicular lymphoma. This review offers an overview and pitfalls to avoid during the initial diagnostic workup of this disease entity. Previously reported case reports, case series, and retrospective studies are reviewed and focus on the disease's endoscopic and histological features, the roles of computed tomography and positron emission tomography scanning, the clinical utility of the soluble interleukin-2 receptor, and the possible pathogenesis.

Gastrointestinal perforation in metastatic colorectal cancer patients with peritoneal metastases receiving bevacizumab

AIM:To investigate the safety and efficacy of adding bevacizumab to first-line chemotherapy in metastatic colorectal cancer patients with peritoneal disease.METHODS:We compared rates of gastrointestinal perforation in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer and peritoneal disease receiving first-line chemotherapy with and without bevacizumab in three distinct cohorts:(1) the AGITG MAX trial(Phase Ⅲ randomised clinical trial comparing capecitabine vs capecitabine and bevacizumab vs capecitabine,bevacizumab and mitomycin C);(2) the prospective Treatment of Recurrent and Advanced Colorectal Cancer(TRACC) registry(any first-line regimen ± bevacizumab);and(3) two cancer centres in New South Wales,Australia [Macarthur Cancer Therapy Centre and Liverpool Cancer Therapy Centre(NSWCC) from January 2005 to Decenber 2012,(any first-line regimen ± bevacizumab).For the AGITG MAX trial capecitabine was compared to the other two arms(capecitabine/bevacizumab and capecitabine/bevacizumab/mitomycin C).In the AGITG MAX trial and the TRACC registry rates of gastrointestinal perforation were also collected in patients who did not have peritoneal metastases.Secondary endpoints included progression-free survival,chemotherapy duration,and overall survival.Time-toevent outcomes were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test.RESULTS:Eighty-four MAX,179 TRACC and 69 NSWCC patients had peritoneal disease.There were no gastrointestinal perforations recorded in either the MAX subgroup or the NSWCC cohorts.Of the patients without peritoneal disease in the MAX trial,4/300(1.3%) in the bevacizumab arms had gastrointestinal perforations compared to 1/123(0.8%) in the capecitabine alone arm.In the TRACC registry 3/126(2.4%) patients who had received bevacizumab had a gastrointestinal perforation compared to 1/53(1.9%) in the chemotherapy alone arm.In a further analysis of patients without peritoneal metastases in the TRACC registry,the rate of gastrointestinal perforations was 9/369(2.4%) in the chemotherapy/bevacizumab group and 5/177(2.8%) in the chemotherapy alone group.The addition of bevacizumab to chemotherapy was associated with improved progression-free survival in all three cohorts:MAX 6.9 m vs 4.9 m,HR = 0.64(95%CI:0.42-1.02);P = 0.063;TRACC 9.1 m vs 5.5 m,HR = 0.61(95%CI:0.37-0.86);P = 0.009;NSWCC 8.7 m vs 6.8 m,HR = 0.75(95%CI:0.43-1.32);P = 0.32.Chemotherapy duration was similar across the groups.CONCLUSION:Patients with peritoneal disease do not appear to have an increased risk of gastrointestinal perforations when receiving first-line therapy with bevacizumab compared to systemic therapy alone.

Primary early-stage intestinal and colonic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: Clinical features, management, and outcome of 37 patients

AIM： To analyze the clinical features, management, and outcome of treatment of patients with primary intestinal and colonic non-Hodgkin＇s lymphoma （PICL）. METHODS： A retrospective study was performed in 37 patients with early-stage PICL who were treated in our hospital from 1958 to 1998. Their clinical features, management, and outcome were assessed. Prognostic factors for survival were analyzed by univariate analysis using the Kaplan-Meier product-limit method and log-rank test. RESULTS： Twenty-five patients presented with Ann Arbor stage Ⅰ PICL and 12 with Ann Arbor stage Ⅱ PICL. Thirty-five patients underwent surgery （including 31 with complete resection）, 22 received postoperative chemotherapy or radiotherapy or both. Two patients with rectal tumors underwent biopsy and chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy. The 5- and 10-year overall survival （OS） rates were 51.9% and 44.5%. The corresponding diseasefree survival （DIS） rates were 42.4% and 37.7%. In univariate analysis, multiple-modality treatment was associated with a better DFS rate compared to single treatment （P= 0.001）. While age, tumor size, tumor site, stage, histology, or extent of surgery were not associated with OS and DFS, use of adjuvant chemotherapy significantly improved DFS （P = 0.031） for the 31 patients who underwent complete resection. Additional radiotherapy combined with chemotherapy led to a longer survival than chemotherapy alone in six patients with gross residual disease after surgery or biopsy.CONCLUSION： Combined surgery and chemotherapy is recommended for treatment of patients with PICL, Additional radiotherapy is needed to improve the outcome of patients who have gross residual disease after surgery.

Primary intestinal malignant fibrous histiocytoma:two case reports

Malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) occurs most commonly in the extremities and trunk, but rarely in the intestine. Here we report two cases of primary intestinal MFH. The first case was a 70-year old man admitted for recurrent right lower quadrant abdominal pain. At laparotomy, a tumor was found originating from the cecum, with a suspicious metastatic nodule on the surface of the right lobe of the liver. A right hemicolectomy was performed followed by an ileotransverse end-to-end anastomotic reconstruction. The second case was a 43-year old man with intussusceptions of the small intestine. An emergent laparotomy revealed 4 pedunculated masses in the small bowel and a partial resection of the small intestine was performed. Though the symptoms were not typical, based on histological and immunohistochemical studies, the patients were diagnosed as MFH of the intestine. They were not treated with chemotherapy or radiotherapy and both died within 3 mo. MFH of the intestine is an extremely rare neoplasm with an aggressive biological behavior. The pathogenesis of this disease has not been clarified to date. Complete surgical excision is preferred, adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy may be advisable.

Helicobacter pylori infection with intestinal metaplasia: An independent risk factor for colorectal adenomas

AIM To explore the association between Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection status, intestinal metaplasia (IM), and colorectal adenomas. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed 1641 individuals aged >= 40 years who underwent physical examination, laboratory testing, C-13-urea breath testing, gastroscopy, colonoscopy, and an interview to ascertain baseline characteristics and general state of health. Histopathological results were obtained by gastric and colorectal biopsies. RESULTS The prevalence of H. pylori infection and adenomas was 51.5% (845/1641) and 18.1% (297/1641), respectively. H. pylori infection was significantly correlated with an increased risk of colorectal adenomas (crude OR = 1.535, 95% CI: 1.044-1.753, P = 0.022; adjusted OR = 1.359, 95% CI: 1.035-1.785, P = 0.028). Individuals with IM had an elevated risk of colorectal adenomas (crude OR = 1.664, 95% CI: 1.216-2.277, P = 0.001; adjusted OR = 1.381, 95% CI: 0.998-1.929, P = 0.059). Stratification based on H. pylori infection stage and IM revealed that IM accompanied by H. pylori infection was significantly associated with an increased risk of adenomas (crude OR = 2.109, 95% CI: 1.383-3.216, P = 0.001; adjusted OR = 1.765, 95% CI: 1.130-2.757, P = 0.012). CONCLUSION H. pylori-related IM is associated with a high risk of colorectal adenomas in Chinese individuals.

A ruptured large extraluminal ileal gastrointestinal stromal tumor causing hemoperitoneum

We describe an 87-year-old woman with a large ileal gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) causing hemoperitoneum. A CT scan demonstrated a large heterogeneous mass measuring about 13 cm × 11 cm in the pelvis and hemoperitoneum, with a non-uniform enhancement pattern. The mass was diagnosed as a GIST originating from the gastrointestinal tract. She underwent an urgent laparotomy and an ileal GIST with a rupture was found 130 cm from the anal to the Treitz’s ligament. Hemoperitoneum caused by ileal GIST rupture is a rare condition. Bleeding in the large tumor leading to rupture of the capsule might cause hemoperitoneum in the present case.

Lamb’s tripe extract and vitamin B12 capsule plus celecoxib reverses intestinal metaplasia and atrophy:A retrospective cohort study

BACKGROUND Chronic atrophic gastritis(AG)with intestinal metaplasia(IM)significantly increases the risk of gastric cancer.Some medicines have showed definite therapeutic effects in AG and IM regression.AIM To validate the efficacy of Lamb’s tripe extract and vitamin B12 capsule(LTEVB12)initial therapy and celecoxib rescue therapy for IM and AG.METHODS A total of 255 patients were included to receive LTEVB12 initial therapy(2 capsules each time,three times daily for 6 mo)in hospital in this study.The patients with failure of IM regression continued to receive celecoxib rescue therapy(200 mg,once daily for 6 mo).After each therapy finished,the patients underwent endoscopy and biopsy examination.The regression efficiency was assessed by the operative link on gastritis assessment(OLGA)and the operative link on the gastric intestinal metaplasia assessment(OLGIM)staging system.Logistic regression analysis was applied to identify factors associated with the curative effect.RESULTS For LTEVB12 initial therapy,the reversal rates of IM and AG were 52.95%and 48.24%,respectively.Analogously,for celecoxib rescue therapy,the effective rates for IM and AG were 56.25%and 51.56%,respectively.The IM regression rate of complete therapy was up to 85.03%.In different OLGA and OLGIM stages of IM patients,therapeutic efficiency showed a significant difference in each group(P<0.05).For both therapies,patients with high stages(III or IV)of both the OLGA and OLGIM evaluation systems showed a higher IM or AG regression rate than those with low stages(I or II).Among patients with high stages(OLGIM III and IV),the IM regression rate was above 70%for each therapy.Eating habits,fresh vegetable intake,and high-salt diet were identified as independent factors for the IM reversal effect of LTEVB12 therapy,especially high-salt diet(odds ratio=1.852,P<0.05).CONCLUSION Monotherapy could reverse IM and AG.LTEVB12 initial therapy and celecoxib rescue therapy significantly increase the regression effect.IM may not be the point of no return among gastric precancerous lesions.

Peutz-Jeghers syndrome with small intestinal malignancy and cervical carcinoma

We report a case of 30-year-old woman with Peutz- Jeghers syndrome (PJS). Because of small intestinal obstruction, she received the small intestinal polypectomy in 2001, and the pathological diagnosis was Peutz-Jeghers polyp canceration (mucinous adenocarcinoma, infiltrating full-thickness of the intestine). The patient did not feel uncomfortable after 6 mo of chemotherapy and other management. We kept a follow-up study on her and found that she suffered from cervical cancer in 2007, with a pathological diagnosis of cervical adenosquamous carcinoma.The patient presented with typical features of PJS, but without a family history. The PJS accompanied with both small intestinal and cervical malignancies has not been reported so far in the world.

Recurrent intussusception as initial manifestation of primary intestinal melanoma:Case report and literature review

Enteric intussusception caused by primary intestinalmalignant melanoma is a very rare cause of intestinalobstruction.We herein present a case of a 42-yearold female patient with no prior medical history ofmalignant melanoma,who was admitted with persistentabdominal pain,nausea,and vomiting.A computedtomography scan revealed an intestinal obstruction dueto ileocolic intussusception.An emergency laparoscopy and subsequent laparotomy revealed multiple small solid tumors across the whole small bowel.An oncologic resection was not feasible due to the insufficient length of the remaining small bowel.Only a small segment of ileum,which included the largest tumors causing the intussusception,was resected.The pathologic examination revealed two intestinal malignant melanoma lesions.A systematic clinical examination,endoscopic procedures,and fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography scan all failed to reveal any indication of cutaneous,anal,or retinal melanoma.Hence,the tumor was classified as a primary intestinal malignant melanoma with multiple intestinal metastases.Since a complete oncologic resection of tumors was not possible,in order to prevent future intestinal obstruction,a surgical resection of the largest lesions was performed with palliative intention.The epidemiology,clinical m a n i fe s t a t i o n s,d i a g n o s i s a n d m a n a g e m e n t o f primary intestinal malignant melanoma,and intestinal intussusception in adults are discussed along with a review of the current literature.

Wireless capsule endoscopy in detecting small-intestinal polyps in familial adenomatous polyposis

AIM:To detect the prevalence of small bowel polyps by wireless capsule endoscopy(WCE)in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis(FAP).METHODS:We examined prospectively 14 patients with FAP to assess the location,size and number of small-intestinal polyps.Patients'age,sex,years of observation after surgery,type of surgery,duodenal polyps and colorectal cancer at surgery were analyzed.RESULTS:During WCE,polyps were detected in 9/14(64.3%)patients.Duodenal adenomatous polyps were found in nine(64.3%)patients,and jejunal and ileal polyps in seven(50%)and eight(57.1%),respectively.The Spigelman stage of duodenal polyposis was associated with the presence of jejunal and ileal polyps.Identification of the ampulla of Vater was not achieved with WCE.Importantly,the findings of WCE had no immediate impact on the further clinical management of FAP patients.No procedure-related complications were observed in the patients.CONCLUSION:WCE is a promising noninvasive new method for the detection of small-intestinal polyps.Further investigation is required to determine which phenotype of FAP is needed for surveillance with WCE.

Gastrin,somatostatin,and experimental disturbance of the gastrointestinal tract in rats

INTRODUCTIONThe field of gastrointestinal hormones has expanded at a dizzying rate[1-4].Gastrointestinal hormones as regulatory peptides that appear to be major components of bodily integration and have important regulatory actions on physioligical function of the gastrointestinal tract .The successful isolation of some gastrointestinal hormones and the development of sensitive methods for their detection have led to the unexpected finding that they also exist in the brain .

Pilot Study on Gas Patterns of Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth Following Ingestion of Lactulose

Background & Aims: Fermentation site and increasing time of symptomatic gas would be different between irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and small intestine bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). The aim of this study was to determine the time for increase in abdominal gas following ingestion of lactulose and the possibility of differential diagnosis of SIBO and IBS. Methods: A prospective study was conducted on a series of IBS patients (n = 14) who were referred to the Oroku-Hospital (Okinawa, Japan) from June 6, 2014 to December 30, 2014. Imaging was first performed in early morning after fasting. After ingestion of lactulose, 1 - 4 plain abdominal radiographs were taken for investigation of increased gas during the indicated timeframe. Regions of interest of the gas areas were highlighted on the images obtained. Gas images were divided into three areas, the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine, and each total area was calculated. Results: At a dose of 10 g lactulose and an observation time of two hours, patients displayed no symptoms, and the gas volume was only slightly increased. However, when the dose of lactulose was increased (13 g/50 kg), and the observation time for the lactulose challenge was extended to 240 - 300 minutes, the results clearly demonstrated an increase in the gas produced in IBS patients. Conclusions: An increased dose of lactulose coupled with an extended observation time for the lactulose challenge clearly demonstrated an increase in the gas produced in IBS patients. Alterations in diet rather than antibiotics might reduce IBS symptoms.

Current updates and future directions in diagnosis and management of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms

Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms are a heterogenous group of rare neoplasms that are increasingly being discovered,often incidentally,throughout the gastrointestinal tract with varying degrees of activity and malignant potential.Confusing nomenclature has added to the complexity of managing these lesions.The term carcinoid tumor and embryonic classification have been replaced with gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm,which includes gastrointestinal neuroendocrine and pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms.A comprehensive multidisciplinary approach is important for clinicians to diagnose,stage and manage these lesions.While histological diagnosis is the gold standard,recent advancements in endoscopy,conventional imaging,functional imaging,and serum biomarkers complement histology for tailoring specific treatment options.In light of developing technology,our review sets out to characterize diagnostic and therapeutic advancements for managing gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors,including innovations in radiolabeled peptide imaging,circulating biomarkers,and endoscopic treatment approaches adapted to different locations throughout the gastrointestinal system.

Gastric-and intestinal-type marker expression in invasive ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas

BACKGROUND:Although invasive ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas(PDAC) manifests as a relatively uniform histomorphological feature of the pancreatobiliary type,it may be complicated by metaplastic changes and heterogeneous gastric and intestinal elements.This study aimed to investigate the complication rate and clinicopathological significance of such heterogeneous elements.METHODS:Fifty-nine patients who underwent resection of PDAC were examined in this study.Immunohistochemically,tumors showing high expression(>25%) of the intestinal-type(INT) marker CDX2 were classified as PDAC with INT.Those with high expression(>25%) of the gastric-type(GAS) marker MUC5AC were classified as PDAC with GAS,while those with high expression of both markers were classified as PDAC with INT/GAS.These patients were compared with those with PDAC of the negative group in which neither markers was highly expressed to examine their clinicopathological significance.RESULTS:In the 59 patients,31(52.5%) showed high CDX2 or MUC5AC expression.Twenty-eight patients(47.5%) belonged to a negative group,11(18.6%) to a PDAC with INT group,15(25.4%) to a PDAC with GAS group,and 5(8.5%) to a PDAC with INT/GAS group.No significant differences were observed for age,gender,size,localization,T classification,or prognosis among the four groups.Although the PDAC with GAS group had well differentiated types significantly more than the other groups,the rate of lymph node metastasis in this group was significantly higher(PDAC with GAS:73%;other groups:36%).CONCLUSION:Complications with heterogeneous elements are not uncommon in PDAC,and this should be considered during the diagnosis and treatment of PDAC along with histogenesis of the disease.