Relationship between Intimate Partner Violence and Quality of Life among Females Attending the HIV Clinic of a Teaching Hospital in North Central, Nigeria

Background: Intimate partner violence is a serious public health concern worldwide and is linked with serious mental and physical health consequences. Despite its commonality and attendant consequences, proper public healthcare intervention is rudimentary. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between quality of life associated with intimate partner violence among females attending the HIV Clinic at Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Plateau, Nigeria. Methods: This study employed a cross-sectional design and data was collected from 174 female patients attending the HIV Clinic who met the inclusion criteria with the aid of a 73-item semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. This captured socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge and attitude towards intimate partner violence and their experiences of violence and quality of life using the World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale-Brief version (WHOQOL-BREF). Results: Almost half of the respondents, 85 (48.9%) rated their quality of life as good. Respondents experiencing IPV reported poorer quality of life compared to those not experiencing partner violence in all the domains and it was statistically significant in the physical health (p Conclusion: IPV is common among females attending the HIV/AIDS Clinic and those affected reported significantly poorer quality of life.

A Review of Index Case Testing Induced Intimate Partner Violence and Electronic Management of Information in HIV Care

Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is a form of Gender Base Violence (GBV) where an intimate partner perpetrates violence. In the HIV care continua which has the aim of achieving epidemic control based on the goals defined by UNAIDS, 95% of people living with HIV (PLHIV) have to know their HIV status, 95% initiated ARV treatment and 95% are virally suppressed in order to achieve epidemic control. One of the evidence-based strategies used for achieving an optimal number of PLHIV who know their HIV status is the Index Case Testing Strategy (ICT). While the ICT strategy helps the achievement of epidemic control, its implementation increases the incidence of IPV among either serodiscordant or concordant couples. Tackling information about IPV is very sensitive. A review of the literature on the management of HIV patient information has shown that shifting from paper-based management of HIV patient information to computerized Electronic Medical Records (EMR) systems, using software such as OPEN MRS has significantly improved the management of HIV patient information with high-level confidentiality of patient information. The reviews showed that the EMR systems put in place to manage HIV patient information need to integrate the stages used for the management of IPV among PLHIV.

Exploring the Feasibility of Text Messaging Intervention in Intimate Partner Violence

Introduction: Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is defined as controlling, abusive, and aggressive behavior in a romantic relationship. Women between the ages 16 and 24 experience the highest rate of IPV. IPV costs US society at least $13.6 billion annually and is expected to rise to $15.6 billion by 2021. The purpose of this study is to explore the feasibility of Text Messaging Intervention (TMI) in recognizing, responding and preventing IPV among college students. The research questions are: Will TMI 1) improve participant knowledge of warning signs of IPV? (Knowledge) and 2) improve participant confidence to intervene in IPV? (Confidence). Methods: A mixed methods design in data collection and data analysis was used. One-way ANOVA and Chi-square test were used to analyze quantitative data from the pre and post TMI survey. Results of the qualitative data analysis are included verbatim. Results: Results showed that knowledge level pre to post test increased from 2.00 ± 1.00 to 2.7 ± 0.48 (p < 0.001) and confidence level pre to post test increased from 2.89 ± 0.60 to 3.30 ± 0.68 (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Further research is needed in evaluating the feasibility and effectiveness of IPV prevention programs that uses mobile devices to create the best optimal health outcomes.

Identifying Lifetime and Occurrence of Intimate Partner Violence among Women in Sweden Seeking Emergency Care

Background: Sweden is known for its strong views on equality between men and women. Nevertheless, if one scratches the surface, one will realize that intimate partner violence (IPV) is a problem meriting much closer attention. Emergency nurses have an important role in identifying women who have IPV experiences. Objective: To identify and investigate the occurrence of reported experienced IPV during their lifetime among women seeking emergency care. Design: An explorative and comparative design was used based on answers on the Abuse Assessment Screen questionnaire and some demographic data. The data was described and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 21. Results: Of the 300 invited women visiting an emergency department in a small town, 234 completed the questionnaire. Of these 234, 82 (35%) reported having experienced emotional;physical or sexual violence and 31 (13%) reported to being afraid of their partner. Of the women 181 had one child or more and 58 (32%) of these reported having been abused. Of all women, with four or more children, 75% (15) reported to have been abused, while only 25% (5) reported no abuse. Of the 82 women who reported having been abused 12 (15%) reported being abused in the course of the year prior to pregnancy and 9 (11%) during pregnancy, often several times. The main abuser was the woman’s husband, boyfriend, cohabitating partner, ex-partner, or someone else who was seen as a relative, e.g., a parent. Conclusion: Using the questionnaire AAS may contribute to identifying victims of intimate partner violence and increasing health care practitioners’ attentiveness concerning the type of injury, frequency of care seeking and actions that may indicate such violence lead to changes of the woman’s situation.

Intimate partner violence:A loop of abuse,depression and victimization

Intimate partner violence has been recognized as a serious public health issue.Exposure to violence contributes to the genesis of,and exacerbates,mental health conditions,and existing mental health problems increase vulnerability to partner violence,a loop that imprisons victims and perpetuates the abuse.A recently described phenomenon is when male violence against females occurs within intimate relationships during youth,and it is termed adolescent or teen dating violence.In this narrative review,factors associated with intimate partner violence and consequences of exposure of children to parental domestic violence are discussed,along with possible intensification of violence against women with the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and subsequent lockdown.Intervention programs with a multicomponent approach involving many health care settings and research have a pivotal role in developing additional strategies for addressing violence and to provide tailored interventions to victims.Prevention policy with a particular attention on healthy child and adolescent development is mandatory in the struggle against all forms of violence.

The changes on intimate partner violence against women in the health system in Portugal

In Portugal, over the last 20 years, we have seen great strides in addressing intimate partner violence against women by their male partners. Measuring and understanding progress, and achieving sustainable systems change is a major challenge and to achieve this aim we need to identify events, persons and settings that contribute for the critical factors that create long term transformations in the systems and the creation of new resources [1]. Since the healthcare system is one of the main actors of intervention with survivors, the goal of this project was to interview key stakeholders from the healthcare system in order to understand the main changes they perceive have happened over the past two decades. Based on interviews with key stakeholders, our study explores the evidences of the changes that occurred in the healthcare system, the intersections with other systems and their visions for the future.

Healthcare providers’ perceptions on screening for Intimate Partner Violence in healthcare: A qualitative study of four health centres in Uganda

The current qualitative study explored the perceptions of healthcare providers on screening for Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) in healthcare in Uganda, to develop a conceptual framework for factors likely to hinder/promote IPV screening in the country. Using purposive sampling, the study enlisted 54 healthcare workers (doctors and nurses) from four hospitals (i.e. Gulu referral hospital, Iganga referral hospital, Lacor hospital, Anaka hospital) to participate in eight focus group discussions. Data was thematically analysed using Template Analysis. The study found support for an ecological framework suggesting a complex interaction of factors at the individual (e.g. poor skills in detection of IPV by health workers and unwillingness to disclose abuse by patients), organisational (e.g. understaffing and lack of protocols for IPV screening) and societal (e.g. societal acceptance of abuse of women and poor policy on IPV management) levels as potential barriers to the practice of IPV screening in healthcare Uganda. These findings have important implications on further training of healthcare workers to adequately screen for IPV, re-organisation of the healthcare system so that it is fully-fledged to accommodate IPV screening and improved collaboration between the health sector and other community advocates in IPV management. These initiatives should run concurrently with a concerted community sensitization effort aimed at modifying attitudes towards IPV among care providers and recipients a like, as well as preparing the general population to will-fully disclose IPV to healthworkers. Study limitations and implications for further research are discussed.

Is Intimate Partner Violence a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease in Women? A Review of the Preponderance of the Evidence

This paper examines the relationship between intimate partner violence (IPV) experience in women and cardiovascular disease (CVD), and determines if there is a preponderance of literature evidence. Research is reviewed dealing with the different biopsychosocial factors affecting the relationship between IPV and CVD. As a result of our review, we propose a framework on the biopsychosocial pathway of IPV as a risk factor of CVD of women. Our proposed framework portrays how IPV experiences contribute to long-term biopsychosocial changes that increase the risk of CVD among female victims of IPV. These biopsychosocial changes include chronic inflammation and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction, metabolic or endocrine dysfunction, and mood symptomatology. In our framework, we also included strategies to prevent risks in developing CVD through the three levels of prevention. Because gender disparities exist when examining CVD risk and development, the correlation between IPV and CVD risk in women must be explored. This framework may provide a theoretical foundation for further research on the relationship between IPV and CVD among women.

Associations of Mental and Behavioral Problems among Children Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence Previously and Visits with Their Fathers Who Perpetrated the Violence

Background: Intimate partner violence has long-term and negative effects on the health of mothers and children worldwide. This study aimed to identify the mental and behavioral effects of past exposure to intimate partner violence among children and examine their associations with the children’s visits with their fathers who perpetrated the intimate partner violence. Methods: A cross-sectional study of women who had been abused by their intimate partners and had one or more children aged 4 - 18 years old was conducted from March 2015 to December 2016. Questionnaires were used to collect (1) demographic data about the mothers and children, (2) information about the children’s visits with the mother’s former partner (i.e., father), and (3) psychological data using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Child Behavior Checklist/4 - 18. Results: The average scores and rates of internalizing, externalizing, and total problems among the children who had been exposed to intimate partner violence were: 10.8 (SD = 10.4), 26 (51.0%);9.0 (SD = 9.0), 14 (27.5%);and 26.3 (SD = 21.5), 15 (29.4%), respectively. Children’s visits with fathers who were IPV perpetrators were significantly associated with the internalizing (AOR = 12.6, β = 0.56;p β = 0.48;p Conclusion: Attention should focus on traumatized children exposed to intimate partner violence, and thorough and cautious assessments and decisions regarding visits with their fathers who are IPV perpetrators are essential to safeguard and improve their mental and behavioral health.

Exposure to Intimate Partner Violence, Core Self-Evaluations, and Psychological Adaptation of Chinese Adolescents

This study aimed to investigate the link between the exposure to intimate partner violence(IPV),core self-evaluations(CSE),and psychological adaptation of Chinese adolescents,through analysis of the results from the Survey of Children’s Exposure to Domestic Violence Scale,Core Self-Evaluations Scale,and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire,involving a total of 597 Chinese middle school students.It is indicated that the exposure to IPV is positively correlated with lower levels of psychological adaptation and CSE,and CSE is positively correlated with higher levels of psychological adaptation.Mediation analysis revealed that CSE partially mediated the association between the exposure to IPV and psychological adaptation.These results suggest that educators and parents should help adolescents tackle their emotional and behavioral problems by reducing the risk of IPV exposure and increasing their CSE.

Intimate Partner Violence in Papua New Guinea

The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence, associated risk factors, consequences and preventive measures oflPV （intimate partner violence） within the selected population in Goroka, Papua New Guinea. Questions derived from the prevalidated scales were used to measure the IPV. Questionnaires were distributed to both men and women aged from 18 to 60. The participants were staff and students of University of Goroka, staff of the Goroka Secondary school and North Goroka Primary school, Teachers in-charges of the elementary schools in the Eastern Highlands Province and the villagers from Asaroufa and Kotuni villages. Of the 95 respondents, 78.95% were victims of IPV. Among the victims 37.33% were males and 62.67% females. The physical, sexual and psychological abuses were experienced by both men and women. The significant risk factors found to be associated with violence were young age, low education, low socioeconomic status, marital conflicts, history of abuse during childhood, and male patriarchal values. The interpersonal relationship tends to be an important factor for prevailing violence free environment within the intimate partners. Intimate partner violence is prevalent in PNG. The strongest independent predictors were the excessive drinking of alcohol and marital conflict. Preventive measures such as compulsory and free technical education for all children less than 14 years old and life skills training and violence awareness campaign for both men and women must be provided to reduce the intimate partner violence.

Accessibility of Justice for Intimate Partner Violence Victims in the Customary Court at Rohingya Refugee Camp, Bangladesh

This paper explored the norms and mechanisms of access to justice regarding intimate partner violence(IPV),the constraints that affect refugee women when seeking measures against IPV,and the experiences and views of justice providers in giving access to justice to IPV victims in a customary court.This is a qualitative study where purposive sampling was applied.Five,eight,and four in-depth interviews with IPV victims,justice makers from BMC/CMC,and other concerning organizations were conducted,respectively.Moreover,two key-informant interviews were also conducted.Data were analyzed utilizing thematic analysis.The findings revealed that the multi-sectoral approach is the framework in responding to IPV cases followed by each actor,including the BMC and CMC,who are protecting the rights of IPV victims.However,this community-based committee is the first spot to mitigate IPV cases,and the trial procedures are not consistent with national laws and international human rights standards;the committee uses their life experiences,religious norms,and socio-cultural values.IPV victims and the customary court experience obstacles in case reporting,trial processing,and denial of legal justice.Moreover,the committee is more active in keeping the family and societal harmony rather than in protecting the individual(women).United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees(UNHCR)should accelerate efforts to protect,respect,and fulfill the needs of IPV victims in all sectors.Training on human rights and gender,the determination of the rules and regulations of the customary court to protect IPV victims,the development of appropriate sanctions for perpetrators,and the remedies for victims are suggestions from the research to get justice for the IPV victims.

Risk Factors with Intimate Partner Violence among Women Seeking Emergency Care

Background: Identifying women at risk for violence caused by intimate partner violence is difficult in connection with visits at emergency department. Aims and objectives: The aim of this study was to explore and describe risk factors of IPV reported by women in connection with seeking emergency care, Design: This study is part of a larger study using an explorative and comparative design. Method: Based upon data from a questionnaire and some demographic data, 82 women who reported to have experienced intimate partner violence answered the Danger Assessment Scale. Results: The results showed that the violence escalated in frequency and severity when a weapon such as a knife or gun was used to harm the women. When the abuser used narcotics and threatened the woman with a weapon, the risk of being injured increased. The odds for being threatened to death when the abuser was reported to use narcotics and illegal drugs was about thirteen times higher compared to the case when the abuser was not using narcotics. Other life threatening factors were discovered such as the man’s capability of killing the woman. Conclusion: By using a questionnaire about the violence, healthcare personnel can identify women who are at risk of being severely injured or killed. By identifying these women, one can take action to provide for their safety. Relevance to Clinical Practice: Using the Danger Assessment instrument can facilitate health care personnel’s ability at emergency departments to identify women at risk for lethal violence.

Sociodemographic Background and Psychosocial Behaviors of Perpetrators of Intimate Partner Violence: A Hospital-based Retrospective Study

Background:Intimate partner violence(IPV)is a worldwide issue with a high prevalence rate seen inAsia.Aims and Objectives:To plan and implement preventive measures,it is important to understand the characteristics,background,and medico-legal significance,especially from the perspective of perpetrators.Materials and Methods:This study is a questionnaire-based retrospective study conducted among perpetrators of IPV who presented to a tertiary care hospital in Sri Lanka.Results:Out of 325 subjects,97.2%were males and 64.0%were aged 26–45 years.Most(80.9%)perpetrators were older than the victimized partner,with a mean age gap of 4.3 years.Only 2.8%had achieved higher education and 78.5%had been married to the victim for more than5 years.Alcohol and/or other substances were abused by 75.4%and 11.1%of them were diagnosed with a psychiatric illness.Perpetrators have been exposed to child abuse(CA)as minors(50.1%),with physical CA being the most common,whereas 42.5%had witnessed IPV during their childhood.Ill-treatment by the spouse(odds ratio[OR]=24[95%confidence interval(CI):5.6,99.9])and substance use(OR=22[95%CI:5.1,91.5])were significantly associated with perpetrating emotional violence.A victim having an extramarital affair was 5.1 times more likely to be subjected to sexual IPV,whereas previous IPV,parental deprivation,and affairs of perpetrator were proved to be protective factors.IPV had negatively affected the economy of 71.3%of families.Legal procedures were expected by 22.4%,whereas 60%wanted to negotiate with their spouses.Conclusion:Families having low income and alcohol/substance abuse should be targeted to plan preventive programs at the community level.Proper counseling and follow-up of victims of CA can be used as a primary preventive measure of IPV.

Can Sense of Coherence Indicate Resilience and Mitigate the Cycle of Violence in Parenting?

Background: Harsh parenting practices during childhood have long-term negative effects on children’s mental health. A focus of nursing care on women’s resilience should be implemented because mothers who have experienced violence tend to be harsh parents. Aim: This study investigated the association between mothers’ violent experiences and harsh parenting (HP) and examined the effects of a sense of coherence (SOC) on this association, assuming that SOC can be an indicator of resilience. Method: In this prospective cohort study of 487 mothers, data were collected on SOC and history of intimate partner violence (IPV) at 1 year after childbirth and HP of their child at 18 months after childbirth. Results: In the 277 responses analyzed by multiple logistic regression analysis, a strong SOC moderating the effect on HP was observed for current IPV and witnessing IPV in childhood, but not for experiencing childhood corporal punishment. Discussion: SOC is a useful indicator of resilience in female victims of violence and is effective in regulating stress spillover. However, its effects are weakened by the learned acquisition aspect of violence. Conclusion: In nursing, providing support to alleviate stress and relearn parenting based on an assessment of the mother’s history of violence and SOC as the resilience indicator is important in curbing HP.

绵阳市男男性行为者经历亲密关系暴力现状及其关联因素

目的了解四川省绵阳市男男性行为者(MSM)经历亲密关系暴力(IPV)现状,分析其关联因素。方法于2022年1至12月采用“滚雪球”抽样法选取984名MSM作为研究对象,进行问卷调查,采用χ^(2)检验和Logistic回归模型分析经历IPV的关联因素。结果共调查984人,经历IPV者占3.7%,其中肢体暴力占8.3%、语言暴力占69.4%、性暴力和其他暴力各占11.1%,经历IPV来自固定性伴占50.0%、偶遇性伴占30.6%、都有占19.4%。经多因素分析结果显示,市级城市居住(OR=4.831)、性角色被插入方/均可(OR=3.652)、肛交人数≥4人(OR=2.740)、高性感觉寻求(OR=2.470)者经历IPV的可能性更大,知晓艾滋病知识(OR=0.141)、害怕感染人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)(OR=0.240)者经历IPV的可能性更小。结论MSM经历IPV以固定性伴和语言暴力为主,其经历IPV与性角色、肛交人数和性感觉寻求等因素相关,经历IPV会增大HIV感染风险,要针对性开展健康教育和行为干预。

精神病态与亲密伴侣暴力的关系:自尊的调节作用

目的:探讨精神病态与亲密伴侣暴力(IPV)之间的关系,以及自尊水平在两者关系中的调节作用。方法:采用Levenson精神病态自评量表(LSRP)中的初级精神病态子量表、Straus简版冲突策略量表(CTS2S)以及Rosenberg自尊量表(SES),对江苏、河南两省共476名重点高校大学生、研究生和高校周边的社区居民进行问卷调查。结果:比较确定有精神病态的发病率为5.88%,可能有精神病态的发病率为45.80%,可能有和可能无精神病态在不同年龄组、文化程度、婚恋状态、身份上差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。精神病态与自尊显著负相关(r=-0.913,P<0.01),精神病态与IPV总分显著正相关(r=0.470,P<0.01),自尊与IPV总分显著负相关(r=-0.387,P<0.01)。自尊在精神病态与IPV之间起调节作用(β=-0.171,P<0.01)。结论:精神病态正向预测IPV,自尊在精神病态与IPV的关系之间起调节作用。只有当自尊水平低时,精神病态才会对IPV产生正向影响。

Intimate partner violence against women. Does violence decrease after the entry of the alleged offender into the criminal justice system?

Intimate partner violence(IPV)is simultaneously assumed as a serious crime and a major public health issue,having recurrences as one of its main characteristics and,consequently,re-entries of some alleged offenders in the criminal justice system(CJS).The main goal of this study is to assess if in cases of female victims of IPV,violence decreases after the first entry of the alleged offender in the CJS.A retrospective study was performed based on the analysis of police reports of alleged cases of IPV during a 4-year period.The final sample(n=1488)was divided into two groups according to the number of entries in the CJS(single or multiple)followed by a comparative approach.Results suggest that violence decreases after the first entry of alleged offenders in the CJS.Re-entries were found in only 15.5%of the cases but they were accountable for 3.3 times more crimes on average.Besides,victims of recidivism presented more injuries and required more medical care.Thus,a small group of alleged offenders seems to be more violent and accountable for most of the IPV crimes registered in the CJS suggesting that regardless of legal sanctions aiming to deter violence,these measures may not be enough for a certain group of offenders.This study sustains the need for a predictive model to quantify the risk of repeated IPV cases within the Portuguese population.

亲密伴侣暴力的成因:社会学习和女性主义理论下基于态度的解释

个体对于亲密伴侣暴力的态度可以显著预测其亲密伴侣暴力相关的行为,这一点不仅体现在施暴者和受害者的身上,也体现在第三方的干预意愿与反应上。通过引入态度变量,研究者得以将亲密伴侣暴力的成因问题转换为亲密伴侣暴力态度的成因问题,突破原有的研究局限。从社会学习理论与女性主义理论的视角,亲密伴侣暴力态度串联起两条解释路径:相关社会学习经历/父权制意识形态-亲密伴侣暴力态度-亲密伴侣暴力。未来研究应将这两种理论的独特视角——社会学习理论重视的成因过程与女性主义理论强调的缘起根源——结合起来,综合危险因素与保护因素,从个体水平到群体水平,建立起多元交互的亲密伴侣暴力态度解释模型。