Cetylpyridinium chloride mouth rinses alleviate experimental gingivitis by inhibiting dental plaque maturation

Oral rinses containing chemotherapeutic agents, such as cetylpyridinium chloride （CPC）, can alleviate plaque-induced gingival infections, but how oral microbiota respond to these treatments in human population remains poorly understood. Via a double- blinded, randomised controlled trial of 91 subjects, the impact of CPC-containing oral rinses on supragingival plaque was investigated in experimental gingivitis, where the subjects, after a 21-day period of dental prophylaxis to achieve healthy gingivae, received either CPC rinses or water for 21 days. Within-subject temporal dynamics of plaque microbiota and symptoms of gingivitis were profiled via 16S ribosomal DNA gene pyrosequencing and assessment with the Mazza gingival index. Cetylpyridinium chloride conferred gingival benefits, as progression of gingival inflammation resulting from a lack of dental hygiene was significantly slower in the mouth rinse group than in the water group due to inhibition of 17 gingivitis-enriched bacterial genera. Tracking of plaque a and β diversity revealed that CPC treatment prevents acquisition of new taxa that would otherwise accumulate but maintains the original biodiversity of healthy plaques. Furthermore, CPC rinses reduced the size, local connectivity and microbiota-wide connectivity of the bacterial correlation network, particularly for nodes representing gingivitis- enriched taxa. The findings of this study provide mechanistic insights into the impact of oral rinses on the progression and maturation of dental plaque in the natural human population.

Polyethylene glycol rinse solution:An effective way to prevent ischemia-reperfusion injury

AIM: To test whether a new rinse solution containing polyethylene glycol 35 (PEG-35) could prevent ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in liver grafts.

A Retrospective Match Controlled Study of Supersaturated Calcium Phosphate Oral Rinse vs. Supportive Care for Radiation Induced Oral Mucositis

Oral mucositis is a common morbidity induced by radiation therapy and chemo-radiotherapy for head and neck malignancies. This often results in treatment delays, premature treatment cessation and increased cost. New treatments of oral mucositis are emerging but effective remedies remain limited. Between February 2007 and May 2008, 21 patients with head and neck malignancies were treated with a supersaturated calcium phosphate oral rinse (Caphosol) that was performed for 4-10 times daily, each consisting of two one-minute rinses. There were 21 matched patients who received supportive care without the oral rinse. All patients in the two groups were treated with intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for average prescription doses of 66 Gy in 33 fractions. The effects of this rinse vs. supportive care on mucositis, PEG tube requirements, hospitalization, xerostomia, analgesic requirements and weight was respectively evaluated. We have observed statistically significant decreases in the incidence of radiation induced oral mucositis (p=0.0002) with WHO grade 3 (38% vs. 52%) and 4 mucositis (0% vs. 19%), need for PEG tube placement (33% vs. 57%) and hospitalization (0% vs 19%). There was also a favorable impact on the incidence of grade 3 (29% vs. 43%) xerostomia in the treated patients but it was statistically insignificant (p=0.58). Incremental costs related to treatment of oral mucositis were reduced considerably. Our data suggest that use of a supersaturated calcium phosphate oral rinse is an effective treatment for mucositis in patients undergoing IMRT. It may also be helpful in the reduction of hospitalization and PEG tube requirements.

Highly Efficient Rinse-Off/Leave-On Scalp Care Treatments to Reduce Moderate to Severe Dandruff

Background/Aim: Dandruff is a common scalp problem associated with flaky and inflamed skin. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of a shampoo containing piroctone olamine and climbazole and the combination of this shampoo with a scalp tonic containing piroctone olamine and licochalcone A, derived from Glycyrrhiza inflata root extract, to reduce dandruff. Study Design/Methods: After conditioning, 102 subjects (♂ 56 and 46 ♀) with moderate to very strong dandruff affection underwent a randomized half head study for 4 weeks. The volunteers’ heads were washed regularly either with a placebo or the anti-dandruff shampoo, followed by the anti-dandruff tonic application or no treatment. In a 2-week post-treatment phase, subjects only applied placebo shampoo. Every two weeks, trained experts assessed dandruff affection based on a scale of 1 to 6. At study start and after every 2 weeks, cytokine concentrations and anti-fungal activity of test products were determined in scalp wash-ups by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assays or a Malassezia colony-forming assay, respectively. Results: Results of expert grading and anti-fungal activity revealed a significant reduction in dandruff affection and Malassezia colony-forming units after treatment with the anti-dandruff shampoo or its combination with the tonic. Dandruff affection even remained reduced in the post-treatment phase when levels of Malassezia colony-forming units had returned to baseline. Cytokine analyses proved a significant decrease in pro-inflammatory dandruff markers after treatment with both anti-dandruff products. For the shampoo/tonic combination, a superior reduction of one scalp inflammatory marker was determined even after the post-treatment phase. Conclusion: Both the rinse-off shampoo as well as its combination with the leave-on tonic excellently alleviated dandruff and its associated micro-inflammation. Both treatments showed anti-fungal activity. The superior benefit, exerted by the combination, is primarily based on the known anti-inflammatory effect of licochalcone A and the improved scalp substantivity of the leave-on application.

RINs简介及对炼油商的影响

2013年后RINs交易价格突然大幅上扬,成为业内关注的焦点问题。本文描述了可再生燃料标识码RINs的概念、形成和交易过程,RFS法规对生物燃料调合目标量的要求,并分析了RINs价格大幅上涨的原因及对炼油商的影响。

美国RINs经验对我国发展生物燃料产业的启示

可再生燃料身份码(RINs)是美国可再生燃料标准(RFS)项目中,用以跟踪可再生燃料利用与监督RFS项目责任方任务量完成状况的一种机制。由美国环保署(EPA)负责监管和执行强制混合要求,并推进RINs的发展。文章通过总结美国RINs的交易机制、发展状况,影响价格的因素,对RINs机制的效果做出评价,发现其在实施过程中存在的问题。对我国发展生物燃料产业提出以下构想:首先,我国生物燃料产业借鉴RINs机制具有其必要性;其次,RINs机制在我国实施有可行性;再次,我国借鉴RINs机制需要配套的政策支持;最后,我国应对RINs机制在运行中存在的问题引以为戒。

Comparison of intra-articular injection of parecoxib vs oral administration of celecoxib for the clinical efficacy in the treatment of early knee osteoarthritis

BACKGROUND Non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAIDs)have played a crucial role in the treatment of osteoarthritis,especially in the early stages.However,the cardiovascular risk and adverse gastrointestinal reactions of oral NSAIDs in elderly people cannot be underestimated.Intra-articular injection of NSAIDs may be a new attempt for early knee osteoarthritis treatment.Parecoxib may be a suitable drug for intra-articular injection.AIM To observe the clinical efficacy of the intra-articular injection of parecoxib for early knee osteoarthritis.METHODS Early knee osteoarthritis patients(n=110)were retrospectively analyzed.These patients were divided into three groups:Basic treatment+oral glucosamine(group A,n=37),oral celecoxib+basic treatment+oral glucosamine(group B,n=37),and intra-articular injection of parecoxib+basic treatment+oral glucosamine(group C,n=36).Intra-articular injection of parecoxib was performed once every 2 wk at a dose of 40 mg each time,for three times total.The three groups were compared in terms of visual analogue scale(VAS)scores,Hospital for Special Surgery(HSS)scores and patient satisfaction before and after treatment.The levels of inflammatory cytokines in the synovial fluid were detected in the three groups before and after treatment.RESULTS All patients were followed up for an average of 15.5±2.7 mo.The clinical efficacy was estimated by VAS and HSS scores at 12 mo after treatment.Inflammatory cytokine levels in the synovial fluid were evaluated at 3 mo after treatment.VAS and HSS scores were significantly improved in each group compared with before(P<0.001).There were significant differences among the three groups in VAS and HSS scores(P<0.001).The clinical efficacy of group C was superior to that of groups A and B(P<0.001),while group B outperformed group A in this respect(P<0.001).The patient satisfaction was the highest in group C(P<0.001).After treatment,the levels of tumor necrosis factorα(TNF-α)and interleukin(IL)-6 in the synovial fluid decreased in each group compared with before(P<0.001),while the levels of IL-10 increased(P<0.001).The three groups differed significantly in the levels of TNF-a,IL-6 and IL-10 in the synovial fluid after treatment(P<0.001).CONCLUSION For patients with early knee osteoarthritis,intra-articular injection of parecoxib could effectively improve clinical symptoms.This method may be a reliable alternative for early knee osteoarthritis.

Intra-articular delivery of tetramethylpyrazine microspheres with enhanced articular cavity retention for treating osteoarthritis

Tetramethylpyrazine(TMP) is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine with strong antiinflammatory and cartilage protection activities, and thus a promising candidate for treating osteoarthritis. However, TMP is rapidly cleared from the joint cavity after intra-articular injection and requires multiple injections to maintain efficacy. The aim of this study was to encapsulate TMP into poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)(PLGA) microspheres to enhance the TMP retention in the joint, reducing injection frequencies and decreasing dosage. TMP microspheres were prepared by emulsion/solvent evaporation method. The intra-articular retention of the drug was assessed by detecting the drug concentration distributed in the joint tissue at different time points. The therapeutic effect of TMP microspheres was evaluated by the swelling of knee joints and histologic analysis in papain-induced OA rat model. The prepared freezedried microspheres with a particle size of about 10 μm can effectively prolong the retention time of the drug in the articular cavity to 30 d, which is 4.7 times that of the TMP solution.Intra-articular injection of TMP microspheres efficiently relieved inflammatory symptoms,improved joint lesions and decreased the depletion of proteoglycan. In conclusion, intraarticular injection of TMP loaded microspheres was a promising therapeutic method in the treatment of OA.

Intra-articular transplantation of porcine adipose-derived stem cells for the treatment of canine osteoarthritis: A pilot study

AIM: To test whether intra-articular injection of porcine adipose-derived stem cells(ADSCs) can treat canine osteoarthritis(OA).METHODS: To enroll in this study dogs must have stifle joint OA that had lasted ≥ 3 mo and been treated with OA medication without significant improvement. Three dogs fulfilled these criteria and were thus subjects for ADSCs treatment. ADSCs were isolated from abdominal adipose tissue of a 2-mo-old female Yorkshire pig. Their stem cell marker expression was examined by immunofluorescence staining. For treatment, 5 million ADSCs were injected into the diseased joint of each dog. In the next 48 h, the patient was observed for signs of inflammatory and allergic reactions. Thepatient was then discharged to the owner and, at 2, 6, and 12 wk, followed up with orthopedic assessment, owner questionnaire, X-ray imaging, and force-plate gait analysis.RESULTS: Porcine ADSCs expressed mesenchymal stem cell markers CD90 and CD105. Injection of porcine ADSCs into canine stifle joints did not cause any inflammatory or allergic reactions. Orthopedic evaluation found improvements in two dogs, particularly at the longest time point. Owners' evaluation found increased capacity and decreased pain in all three dogs' activities such as walking and running. Radiographic evaluation did not find statistically significant differences before and after treatment. Force-plate analysis found significant improvements in all three dogs after treatment.CONCLUSION: Xenotransplantation of ADSCs for the treatment of OA is feasible. Further studies are needed to validate this novel treatment modality, which can then be implemented for the routine treatment of OA in veterinary medicine.

External fixation is more suitable for intra-articular fractures of the distal radius in elderly patients

The purpose of this study was to compare the functional outcomes, psychological impact, and complication rates associated with external fixation and volar or dorsal plating in relation to the functional parameters following treatment of intra-articular fractures of the distal radius （IFDR） in patients older than 65 years. We hypothesized that using volar or dorsal plating would improve functional outcomes, but that it would be associated with more complications and equivalent functional outcomes when compared with the external fixation group. A total of 123 consecutive patients suffering from IFDR were recruited into the study. The patients were measured for clinical, radiological, and psychosocial functioning outcomes and were followed up after I week and 3, 6 and 12 months. After 3 months, the plating group had better pronation （P = 0.001）, supination, （P = 0.047） and extension （P = 0.043） scores. These differences were somewhat attenuated by 6 months and disappeared at I year. The plating group had a greater occurrence of wound infection （P = 0.043）, tendonitis, （P = 0.024） and additional surgery compared with the external fixation group. The only TNO-AZL Adult Quality of Life scores in the plating group that were lower than those in the external fixation group were in the ＂gross motor＂ category （walking upstairs, bending over, walking 500 yards; P = 0.023）. Internal fixation was more advantageous than external fixation in the early rehabilitation period; after I year the outcomes were similar. The plating group showed significantly higher levels of wound infection and tendonitis and had a greater need for additional surgeries.

An intra-articular injectable phospholipids-based gel for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis(RA)is a chronic inflammatory and destructive arthropathy with a high deformity rate.Despite numerous studies and clinical trials,no curative treatment is available for large weight-bearing joints.Intra-articular(IA)injections could deliver high concentrations of drug to the afflicted joint and improve the drug efficacy while reducing systemic toxicity.However,free drugs are rapidly cleared from synovial fluid and do not significantly halt the progression of joint disease.Herein,a phospholipids-based controlledrelease gel was prepared for sustained IA delivery of celastrol(CEL)and the therapeutic efficiencywas evaluated in a rheumatoid arthritis rabbitmodel.The CEL-loaded gel(CEL-gel)contained up to 70%phospholipids yetwas easy to inject.After injecting into the joint cavity,CEL-gel achieved sol to gel phase transition without special stimuli and gelling agent.In vitro release and in vivo pharmacokinetic studies evidenced the stable and sustained release action of CEL-gel.A single IA injection of CEL-gel could maintain therapeutic efficiency for about 25 d and showed much better anti-arthritic efficacy compared to repeated injections of free drug solution(CEL-sol).Furthermore,the IA injection of CEL-gel greatly reduced the systemic toxicity of CEL.With good biocompatibility and biodegradability,CEL-gel might be a promising IA drug delivery system.

Continuous Intra-Articular Ropivacaine/Tramadol Combination Infusion Therapy Improves Postoperative Outcome of Total Knee Arthroplasty

Objectives: To evaluate the postoperative analgesic yield of continuous intra-articular (IA) ropivacaine/tramadol infusion as against infusion of ropivacaine alone after total knee arthroplasty. Patients and Methods: Sixty patients accompanied by arthrosis were randomly divided into three equal groups: The ropivacaine group, which obtained a continuous intraarticular (IA) infusion of ropivacaine alone;the combination group, which obtained a continuous (IA) infusion of a combination of ropivacaine and tramadol at a rate of 6 ml/h for 72 h postoperatively;and the control group, which did not receive IA medications. After release of the ischemic tourniquet and assurance of haemostasis, a vacuum drainage tube was applied. The (IA) infusion was delivered through a multipored catheter for 72 h. Postoperative pain was assessed using visual analogue pain scale (VAS), and intravenous meperidine was administered as rescue analgesia if the (VAS) pain score was greater than or equal to (4) or on patient’s request. The total rescue analgesia consumption, angle of flexion of the knee and hospital stay were recorded. Results: The ability to achieve better angle of flexion was significantly higher in the combination group compared with the other groups, with a significant difference in favour of the ropivacaine group compared with the control group. At 2 h postoperatively, the mean pain (VAS) scores were significantly lower in patients who received (IA) analgesia compared with the control group and in the ropivacaine/tramadol group versus the ropivacaine group. The number of requests and total dose of rescue analgesia consumed were significantly lower with (IA) analgesia, with a significant difference in favour of the combination group. There was significant correlation between pain (VAS) scores and angle of flexion of the knee joint. Conclusion: Continuous (IA) ropivacaine/tramadol infusion safely reduced postoperative pain and spared administration of rescue analgesics with a significantly improved range of joint movement.

Primary Combined Intra-articular and Extra-articular Synovial Osteochondromatosis of Shoulder: a Case Report

PRIMARY synovial chondromatosis is a rarecondition in which foci of cartilage develop in thesynovial membrane of joints, bursae and tendonsheaths. It typically involves a single large jointin a young adult male.1 The ectopic foci of cartilage canresult in painful joint effusion, and the generation of loosebodies can cause mechanical symptoms.2,3 The etiology ofprimary synovial chondromatosis remains unknown, butmetaplastic theory is the most popular hypothesis. Thecommonly involved joints are knee, elbow, and hip.^4 Theshoulder is a rare site of synovial chondromatosis2,3,5 andthe extra-articular involvement even rarer, with only fewcases presented in literature. This report presents a rarecase of primary combined intra-articular andextra-articular synovial chondromatosis of shoulder jointtreated with arthroscopy.

Target Transfusion Intra-Articular Therapy for Osteoarthritic Joints

The comparison of biochemical composition and biophysical properties of synovial fluid and blood serum leads to a conclusion about the pathogenetic expediency of using serum as a corrector of synovial medium of osteoarthritic joints. Serum modification was realized by preliminary prescription of a single-dose drug to the patient. Then, the patient’s blood was sampled in the period of its maximal saturation with the drug. Autoserum from such blood samples was injected thrice into the knee joints affected by osteoarthritis of the 2nd or 3rd stages. The value of treatment results after 4 - 6 months of described therapeutics shows a significantly better therapeutic effect in the experimental of patient’s group as compared with the control group. The effect is connected with pain diminishing, normalization of the tissue joint nutrition, suppression of the local inflammation, and improvement of cartilage lubrication.

Effect of intramuscular calcitonin injection combined with intra-articular ozone injection on the expression of the IL family and MMPs family of knee osteoarthritis

Objective: To study the effect of intramuscular calcitonin injection combined with intra-articular ozone injection on the expression of the IL family and MMPs family of knee osteoarthritis. Methods: A total of 128 patients with knee osteoarthritis who were treated in the hospital between January 2015 and January 2017 were collected and divided into control group and observation group by random number table, each with 64 cases. Control group received intra-articular ozone injection therapy, and observation group received intramascular calcitonin injection combined with intra-articular ozone injection therapy. The differences in serum levels of IL family members and MMPs family members were compared between the two groups before and after treatment. Results: Before treatment, the differences in serum levels of IL family members and MMPs family members were not statistically significant between the two groups. 1 week after treatment, serum levels of IL family members IL-1β, IL-15, IL-17 and IL-18 as well as MMPs family members MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3 and MMP-13 of both groups of patients were significantly lower than those before treatment, and serum IL-1β, IL-15, IL-17, IL-18, MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3 and MMP-13 levels of observation group were significantly lower than those of control group. Conclusion: Intramuscular calcitonin injection combined with intra-articular ozone injection therapy can effectively inhibit the expression of IL family and MMPs family in patients with knee osteoarthritis.

常见化学烧伤的救治方法

随着新化工产品的不断涌现,化学烧伤在工作中发生率明显升高,化学烧伤的损伤一般发生在工作环境中,严重程度和化学品的性质、剂量、浓度、接触时间和接触面积、急救措施等有着密切的关系。目前较多医疗机构内缺乏化学烧伤救治的标准操作流程,本文通过介绍常见局部化学烧伤的处理的基本原则,为临床治疗提供参考。

臭氧水处理对罗非鱼鱼糜品质及体外消化特性的影响

将臭氧水漂洗的罗非鱼鱼片制成鱼糜,研究漂洗质量浓度和漂洗时间对鱼糜品质和体外消化特性的影响,并通过分析肌原纤维蛋白氧化程度探讨臭氧水漂洗提高罗非鱼鱼糜品质的原因。结果表明,臭氧水漂洗后鱼糜白度、硬度和胶着度显著提高(P<0.05),10 mg/L臭氧水漂洗10 min时鱼糜的凝胶特性最佳。随着臭氧水漂洗质量浓度的增加和漂洗时间的延长,鱼糜硫代巴比妥酸反应物值呈上升趋势,肌原纤维蛋白的羰基含量上升、总巯基含量逐渐降低。感官评价结果显示10 g/mL臭氧水漂洗10 min时感官品质最佳。十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳图谱显示,10~18 mg/L臭氧水漂洗使蛋白交联形成较小的可溶性聚集体,大于18 mg/L臭氧水漂洗后蛋白形成较大的不溶性聚集体。根据拉曼光谱结果可知,10~18 mg/L臭氧水漂洗使肌原纤维蛋白二级结构逐渐展开,α-螺旋逐渐转化为β-折叠和无规卷曲。体外消化结果表明,臭氧水漂洗提高了鱼糜在消化过程中的水解程度,其中10 mg/mL臭氧水漂洗10 min时水解程度最高,消化后小分子肽(100~1000 Da)含量显著高于其他实验组(P<0.05)。综上所述,肌原纤维蛋白适度氧化能提高罗非鱼鱼糜的品质,10 mg/mL臭氧水漂洗10 min时,鱼糜感官品质最好,凝胶特性及体外消化特性最佳。

FeCl_(3)淋洗修复Pb-Ni复合污染土壤机制研究

Pb、Ni复合污染对土壤的危害大,协同修复难度高。本文以修复建设用地为目标,模拟配制了不同污染程度的Pb、Ni复合污染土壤,以FeCl_(3)为淋洗剂,考察淋洗时间、淋洗剂浓度和液固比等关键参数对Pb、Ni复合污染土壤的影响及其修复机制。结果表明:当FeCl_(3)浓度为0.6 mol/L,液固比为5∶1、淋洗时间为10 h时,Pb、Ni的淋洗效果最好,Pb低、中、高污染土壤的淋洗率分别为80.75%、89.32%和91.45%,Ni低、中、高污染土壤的淋洗率分别为77.31%、92.01%和96.29%;FeCl_(3)对Pb和Ni的快速反应阶段在0~4 h时间段内,至12 h时基本达到平衡。采用双常数和Elovich模型拟合淋洗动力学过程发现,FeCl_(3)对Pb和Ni的淋洗主要是非均相扩散过程;FeCl_(3)对Pb和Ni不同污染程度土壤的去除效果排序为高污染>中污染>低污染,对重金属的去除能力排序为Ni>Pb,FeCl_(3)可有效去除Pb和Ni的弱酸可溶态和可还原态。经FeCl_(3)淋洗后的土壤中Pb和Ni含量均低于第一类建设用地的管制值,对人体健康危害小。

硅钢推拉式酸洗机组酸洗能力提升与效果

随着市场对硅钢需求的增加,原工序中的酸洗产能已不能满足生产需要,因此对漂洗段及循环系统、酸洗槽进行了改进。改进后产线的酸洗能力提高,酸槽酸液浓度梯度优化后,酸洗能力进一步改善,同时,设备和工艺的改进也降低了能耗、减少了机组的废液排放。