Variations of Atmospheric ELF/VLF Radio Noise Due to Seismogenic Modifications in Tropospheric Conductivity

We suggest a possible explanation of the influence of pre-seismic activity on the registration rate of natural ELF(extremely low frequency)/VLF(very low frequency) pulses and the changes of their characteristics. The main idea is as follows. The distribution of the electric field around a thundercloud depends on the conductivity profile of the atmosphere. Quasi-static electric fields of a thundercloud decrease in those tropospheric regions where an increase of air conductivity is generated by pre-seismic activities due to emanation of radioactive gas and water into the lower atmosphere. The electric field becomes reduced in the lower troposphere, and the probability decreases of the cloud-to-ground (CG) strokes in such “contaminated” areas. Simultaneously, the electric field grows inside and above the thunderclouds, and hence, we anticipate a growth in the number of horizontal and tilted inter-cloud (or intra-cloud) (both termed as IC discharges) strokes. Spatial orientation of lightning strokes reduces vertical projection of their individual amplitudes, while the rate (median number strokes per a unit time) of discharges grows. We demonstrate that channel tilt of strokes modifies the spectral content of ELF/VLF radio noise and changes the rate of detected pulses during the earthquake preparation phase.

Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Lightning Activity in Ulanqab City

From January 2020 to December 2021,Ulanqab Meteorological Bureau of Inner Mongolia used VLF/LF lightning locator to carry out three-dimensional lightning monitoring in Ulanqab City,and compared with ADTD lightning location data in the same period.The results show that both VLF/LF lightning locator and ADTD lightning locator had excellent monitoring ability for lightning during flood season in Ulanqab.VLF/LF lightning locator was slightly superior to ADTD lightning locator in observation accuracy,the observation ability of low-current cloud-to-ground lightning,intracloud lightning observation and so on.There were obvious temporal and spatial characteristics of cloud-to-ground lightning during flood season in Ulanqab,and there was a certain correlation between the areas where lightning appeared frequently and surface water.Intracloud lightning was mainly concentrated at a height of 1-7 km.Negative cloud-to-ground lightning accounted for about 75%of total cloud-to-ground lightning,and negative intracloud lightning accounted for 39%of total intracloud lightning.

新型电力系统源网设备典型外部灾害防治挑战与展望

随着“双碳”目标的提出,构建风光新能源迅速发展的新型电力系统成为国家战略。目前,新型电力系统受覆冰、山火、雷击等外部灾害影响严重,新型电力系统外部灾害防治技术研究迫在眉睫。本文分析了几种典型新型电力系统外部灾害风险,探讨了特高压地线覆冰、特高压输电线路附近山火、配网雷击、风机覆冰与雷击、光伏防灾以及储能电池火灾几类新型电力系统外部灾害问题及相应灾害防治技术研究现状,展望了新型电力系统外部灾害防治技术未来发展趋势,以期为新型电力系统外部灾害防治提供研究思路。

融冰风机叶片的接闪特性试验

风力发电机常遭受雷击、覆冰等灾害,严重影响风机正常运行。在叶片上加装电热融冰装置可有效去除叶片覆冰,但对叶片雷击概率以及原有防雷配置(接闪器加引下线)可靠性的影响尚不清晰。为研究融冰装置对叶片接闪特性的影响机理,设计了1:30缩比可旋转的3 MW融冰风机叶片开展长间隙雷击放电试验。试验结果表明雷电先导在叶片迎风面发展时,融冰叶片相比普通叶片更易发生接闪器失效、雷击融冰装置及叶身交界处的现象,最严重情况下接闪器保护效率仅为55%。搭建了融冰叶片电场分布模型,发现融冰装置改变了叶片表面原有电场分布,融冰装置与叶身交界处的电场畸变,更易产生电晕。同时叶片旋转使周围的正电荷以弧形分布,加速了融冰装置上方稳定先导的形成,使其更易遭受雷击,应当加强融冰装置处的雷击防护。所得结果为加强叶片雷击防护与融冰防护的深度结合提供了参考。

Evolution of the Total Lightning Activity in a Leading-Line and Trailing Stratiform Mesoscale Convective System over Beijing

Data from the Beijing SAFIR 3000 lightning detection system and Doppler radar provided some insights into the three-dimensional lightning structure and evolution of a leading-line and trailing-stratiform （LLTS） mesoscale convective system （MCS） over Beijing on 31 July 2007. Most of the lightning in the LLTS-MCS was intracloud （IC） lightning, while the mean ratio of positive cloud-to-ground （＋CG） lightning to –CG lightning was 1：4, which was higher than the average value from previous studies. The majority of CG lightning occurred in the convective region of the radar echo, particularly at the leading edge of the front. Little IC lightning and little ＋CG lightning occurred in the stratiform region. The distribution of the CG lightning indicated that the storm had a tilted dipole structure given the wind shear or the tripole charge structure. During the storm’s development, most of the IC lightning occurred at an altitude of ～9.5 km; the lightning rate reached its maximum at 10.5 km, the altitude of IC lightning in the mature stage of the storm. When the thunderstorm began to dissipate, the altitude of the IC lightning decreased gradually. The spatial distribution of lightning was well correlated with the rainfall on the ground, although the peak value of rainfall appeared 75 min later than the peak lightning rate.

Interaction between Adjacent Lightning Discharges in Clouds

Using a 3D lightning radiation source locating system （LLS）, three pairs of associated lightning discharges （two or more adjacent lightning discharges following an arbitrary rule that their space-gap was less than 10 km and their time-gap was less than 800 ms） were observed, and the interaction between associated lightning discharges was analyzed. All these three pairs of associated lightning discharges were found to involve three or more charge regions （the ground was considered as a special charge region）. Moreover, at least one charge region involved two lightning discharges per pair of associated lightning discharges. Identified fl＇om electric field changes, the subsequent lightning discharges were suppressed by the prior lightning discharges. However, it is possible that the prior lightning discharge provided a remaining discharge channel to facilitate the subsequent lightning discharge. The third case provided evidence of this possibility. Together, the results suggested that, if the charges in the main negative charge region can be consumed using artificial lightning above the main negative charge regions, lightning accidents on the ground could be greatly reduced, on the condition that the height of the main negative charge region and the charge intensity of the lower positive charge region are suitable.

Numerical simulations of the bi-level and branched structure of intracloud lightning flashes

Intracloud (IC) lightning flashes have been simulated in fine resolution (12.5 m) by using a bidirectional stochastic lightning parameterization scheme within 2-dimensional domain. The simu-lated results show that the IC flashes have a bilevel channel structure and the altitudes of the hori-zontal channels are at the same heights of potential wells, which are supported by the previous VHF source observations and balloon soundings of electric field profile in the thundercloud. Further con-clusions are: (1) After an IC flash is initiated near the boundary between positve and nagetive charge zone, the negative (or positive) leader tends to propagate into the positive (or negative) charge zone. Both types of positive and negative IC flashes have been reproduced and their polarity depends on the up and down disposition of the positive and negative charge regions. (2) The extension range of leaders is correlative with the cloud charge distribution. The leader is possible to extend through the inverted charge region all over where it is extending, but keeps away from the isolated charge area of the same polarity. (3) The channel structures also depend on the electric potential distributions in the thundercloud. Before propagating into the central area of potential wells, the leader tends to extend along the direction with the maximum of potential gradient. Once extending away from the center of potential wells, the leader tends to extend along the direction with the slowest potential change. (4) The IC flash channels have the fractal feature with fractal dimension 1.45 before leaders pass through the central area of charge regions. The exponent decreases rapidly once leaders extend into the low-density charge regions. (5) The induced charges of opposite polarity are deposited in the leader channels within preexisting positive and negative charge regions during IC flash discharges. This causes a new and complicated charge distribution in the thundercloud, and the potential extremum drops from 200 to 20 Mv when the IC flash terminates.

Analysis of the Initial Stage Intracloud Lightning Using the Pulse Location Technique Based on the Fast Electric Field Change

Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100029 2 Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000 3 Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Lanzhou 730000 4 Nanjing University of Information Science＆Technology,Nanjing 210044 Using both fast and slow electric field change sensors and field mill,multi-station observations on lightning flashes over China inland plateau areas were conducted during the summer of 2004.All of the stations were synchronized by GPS with a time-resolution of±50 ns.Using the different time of arrival（DTOA）and based on the fast electric field change sensor,a lightning radiation location technique was developed.Radiation pulses in the initial stages of five intracloud（IC）lightning discharges which occurred on 20 August were analyzed.The results indicate that the technique developed could effectively locate the lightning radiation sources.Furthermore,the lightning discharges were compared with the Doppler radar data.The results show that the radiation sources were well associated with the storm development.When the storm was at the mature stage with an echo top of about 10.9 km,the radiation sources ranged from 5.2 to 8.3 km above mean sea level;when the storm gradually became weaker,with echo top of about 7.9 km,the radiation sources ranged from 3.0 to 5.9 km.In particular,one of the IC lightning discharges ranged from 3.0 to 4.9 km during the dissipation stage of the storm.The results also indicate that the radiation sources were closely associated with the high reflectivity region（25–50 dBZ）of the storm,which,to some extent,demonstrates the reliability of the location results,thereby showing that multi-station observations of fast electric field change sensors could be a useful tool for monitoring the storm development.Location errors from radiation sources were also compared with the radar data and the results of a simple simulation.It was found that the errors were getting smaller when the radiation sources approached the center of the detection network, and vice versa.Compared with the limited experimental observations,the simulation results were found capable of effectively reflecting the location errors.

青藏高原东北部地区夏季雷电特征的观测研究

介绍了2002年夏季在海拔2650m的青海东部地区所进行的雷电综合观测实验及初步研究结果。实验中采用了GPS同步的6个站闪电快、慢电场变化和平均电场的同步观测,配合1ms的高速摄像对该地的雷暴电荷结构、闪电放电特征等进行了研究。初步研究结果表明,青海东部的雷暴云当顶时,地面电场既可受云内的负电荷所控制,也可能受正电荷所控制,揭示了雷暴电荷结构的复杂性。同时,闪电特征也存在一定的特殊性,所发生的地闪先导常以多分叉的形式慢速向地面行进,并在地面形成两个或两个以上的接地点;梯级先导的发展速度约为0.8～1.18×105m·s-1。同时在地闪发生之前和之后常有持续时间较长、闪道清晰的云内放电过程发生。高速摄像观测首次发现,在一次云内正电荷控制地面电场的雷暴条件下,云内放电过程呈现出双层结构特征。放电首先从上部负电荷区和下部正电荷之间的地方激发,然后上、下同时发展。在开始阶段只能看到向下的负流光通道,当上、下发展的通道分别到达负、正电荷区时,明亮的的主通道形成。之后放电在下部正电荷区以多分叉的形式水平扩展,下部的水平扩展停止后,主通道上部的放电开始水平扩展,是一种反极性的云内放电过程。

山东地区冰雹云的闪电活动特征

利用山东电力部门提供的雷电定位资料,对10次冰雹过程的地闪活动特征进行了分析。通过分析发现,雹暴中正地闪占总地闪的比例平均为57.39%,远高于当地正地闪比例的气候特征值13.48%。地面降雹区基本出现在正地闪密集（活跃）区或邻近区域。在雹云快速发展阶段,地闪频数存在明显的“跃增”;在减弱消散阶段,地闪频数显著减少,但正地闪比例有所提高。负地闪频数峰值的出现通常提前于降雹0～20 min,正地闪频数峰值的出现一般滞后于降雹发生时间。整个降雹阶段对应于正地闪的活跃阶段。另外,结合对卫星观测的总闪电资料分析,发现冰雹云的云闪与地闪的比值远高于一般的雷雨过程,其云闪密度也远高于雷雨过程。以上这些特征对于冰雹的识别和对冰雹的超短时预报具有指示意义。

甘肃中川地区云闪的多站同步观测及雷暴的等效电荷结构

利用甘肃中川地区GPS同步的7个测站闪电慢天线获得的电场变化资料,通过非线性最小二乘法对2004年8月20日一次雷暴过程中的10次云闪进行了拟合分析,估算了其所中和的电矩、取向及空间位置等参量。结果表明,其中5次云闪是雷暴云中部主负电荷区与其下部正电荷区之间的放电,另外5次是中部主负电荷区与其上部正电荷区之间的放电,对应的放电中心的海拔高度分别在3.2～5.6 km和6.8～7.7 km,中和电矩分别约为4.56～61.0 C·km和1.06～15.9 C·km。发生在雷暴云上部正电荷区与中部主负电荷区之间的闪电所中和电矩较发生在雷暴云中部主负电荷区与下部正电荷区之间的闪电所中和电矩小。结果证实了中国内陆高原地区雷暴云的上部和下部有两个正电荷区存在,与闪电放电相联系的雷暴云电荷结构可用简化的三极性来代表。

某省级电网220kV及以上输电线路故障统计与分析

针对目前已有的输电线路故障原因不明确问题,提出了输电线路故障分类方法,阐述了不同故障分类的特点。统计了2005—2014年某省级电网输电线路故障情况。并分析了该省气温与输电线路冰灾故障的关系。分析了山火跳闸风险的时间分布规律,阐述了持续干旱对输电线路山火故障的推动作用。结果表明,雷击、山火、冰灾及外力破坏是影响输电线路安全稳定运行的主要因素,冻雨持续日数是影响冰灾故障次数的关键因素;该省3—8月为输电线路受雷电活动影响较严重的月份,13:00—19:00是1 d中雷击跳闸次数最多的时间段。最后,针对自然灾害输电线路故障统计规律提出了从灾害预测、监测、评估、处置等方面加强电网防灾减灾新理论、新技术、新装备的研发应用的建议;针对非自然灾害输电线路故障统计规律提出了强化监管手段、提高风险预控能力的管理措施。

闪电电磁辐射中的爆发式窄脉冲序列分析

分析了发生于闪电放电过程中一类特殊放电现象——爆发式窄脉冲序列。结果表明,在30min内测得的69例闪电放电过程中,全部存在此类爆发式窄脉冲序列。针对6例典型闪电中包含的190例爆发式窄脉冲序列进行了详细分析,发现窄脉冲典型宽度约为1μs,典型脉冲间隔4~8μs。根据脉冲时间间隔变化和极性转换将其划分为正常型、反向型、对称型和反转型。负地闪和云闪产生的爆发式窄脉冲序列特征无明显差别,而正地闪中的爆发式窄脉冲序列极性反转较为频繁。分析认为,不同类型的RBPs可能对应流光等击穿过程在不同极性小电荷区间行进的过程。

输电线路运行安全影响因素分析及防治措施

输电线路覆盖区域广阔,特别是超、特高压线路输电距离长且有的重要通道密集布置多回线路,沿途气象、地理环境复杂,在极端气候条件下线路跳闸对电网的运行安全可能产生严重的影响。为了分析线路运行安全影响因素及防治措施,在统计近年来高压输电线路跳闸率和运行故障的基础上,分析雷击、冰害、山火、风偏、污闪等主要故障形式及其特点,在此基础上提出了针对性的防治措施,在总结线路运维技术和需求的基础上提出了今后的研究思路和发展方向。分析表明雷击仍然是影响线路运行安全的重要因素,而山火和冰害引发跳闸有增加的趋势,污闪跳闸则得到了有效的控制。针对不同跳闸给出了具体的防治措施,如山火故障,需要从通道规划、巡防、监测、预警、预判、应急运行等多种措施着手,减少山火对线路安全运行的影响。有必要在运维大数据综合分析、自动化检测装置和机械化检修设备、多种监测方式相结合的一体化监测系统和输电线路一体化运维体系等方面开展研究,使感知监测、状态分析、检修维护形成一个互动、整体、高效、智能化的运维体系。

青藏高原腹地的雷电物理特征

通过利用大气平均电场仪和快、慢电场变化仪等仪器设备对青藏高原腹地那曲地区的雷电物理特征进行了分析。发现高原雷暴天气过程中发生的闪电与低海拔地区的相比存在许多的特殊性。这些特殊性主要表现在:闪电在短时间内可以引起较大的电场变化,接近±50kV/m;在一次雷暴天 气过程中的短时强降水可以改变大气平均电场的极性,存在着多个FEAWP过程。较多的地闪只有一次回击,占总地闪数的36.3%,地闪回击数最多的可达到17次,平均为4.11次。地闪中正地闪比率较高可以达到32％。对于负地闪继后回击的电场幅度与首次回击的比与其他地区相比非常高,其平均值为1.42,其中最大值为11.64,最小值为0.17。占总数62％的地闪的连续电流发生在首次回击之后,其持续时间绝大多数在60-160ms之间。

闪电甚高频宽频包络亚微秒辐射特征

利用时间分辨率为0.1μs的快天线电场变化和126MHz(带宽6MHz)甚高频(VHF)辐射资料,对甘肃平凉地区雷暴过程中闪电辐射特征进行了分析研究;并引入脉冲丰度这一概念,对地闪各特征阶段VHF辐射脉冲进行定量分析。统计分析发现:在地闪首次回击前,各特征阶段脉冲丰度有明显不同,回击过程脉冲丰度最高,并且其VHF辐射脉冲幅值远大于其余阶段;而在回击之后,有时仍存在很强的VHF辐射,其辐射脉冲幅值甚至超过了回击过程和梯级先导过程;云闪的初始阶段VHF辐射会有间歇性变化,其脉冲序列持续时间一般很短,活跃阶段VHF辐射脉冲较丰富,云闪末尾阶段VHF辐射脉冲稀少。最后对这些现象进行了理论探讨,认为地闪各特征阶段脉冲丰度的明显不同,是地闪各阶段放电强度以及放电机制的不同造成的。

鄂西三峡地区雷电定位系统与卫星闪电观测数据的比较分析

鄂西三峡地区是我国重要的输电线路走廊,雷击闪络事故比较严重。为研究这一地区雷电活动规律,对2005-2008年电网雷电定位系统(lightning location system,LLS)和卫星搭载的闪电图像传感器(lightning imagesensor,LIS)数据进行了配对比较研究。其中,以LIS数据为基准,在5ms时间误差范围内寻找LLS中与之配对的地闪数据,从2264个LIS闪电数据中成功配对出391组数据,配对数据平均地闪定位误差距离为0.114°(约11km),标准偏差为0.087,说明LIS和LLS数据对应性良好,具有很高的精度和平稳度。通过配对数据可以计算出鄂西三峡地区云闪与地闪比值Z1,其值大于通过传统平均闪电密度方法计算出的云闪与地闪比值Z0。同时,对比Prentice等人实测的云闪与地闪比值,则介于Z0和Z1之间。分析原因为,LIS对云层底部或高度较低处发生地闪的探测效率较低,导致计算结果差异。并且,通过配对数据还可以分析云闪与地闪比值Z1的时间、空间分布规律,发现鄂西三峡地区的Z1在2、5、9月有最大值(都>10),Z1空间分布与平均海拔高度相关系数为-0.33。研究表明,基于实时数据分析的雷电数据配对方法,能较好地反映雷暴的局部空间、时间规律。

北京地区的雷电物理特征

为加深对北京地区雷电特征的认识,并为北京地区的防雷设计提供依据,利用2008-2009年快、慢天线雷电电场变化仪得到的资料对北京地区的雷电物理特征进行了统计分析。结果表明,每次地闪回击数频率分布和回击间的时间间隔都呈现出明显的正态分布特征。单次回击地闪的比例高达45%,平均地闪回击为3次,观测到的最大回击数为15次。相邻两次回击间隔时间在40 ms和110 ms出现峰值,观测到的最短回击间隔为2.2 ms,回击间隔分布在40～100 ms之间的高达60%以上。373例继后回击与首次回击强度之比平均为0.65,13%的地闪过程中至少有1次比首次回击强的继后回击。继后回击幅度较强,通常会伴随较短的先导持续时间和较长的回击间隔。

西北太平洋热带气旋的闪电活动、雷达反射率和冰散射信号特征分析

利用热带测雨卫星(TRMM)携带的测雨雷达(PR)、闪电成像仪(LIS)和微波辐射计(TMI)的同步探测资料,选取1998—2008年登陆中国的46个热带气旋,分析了其不同强度阶段的闪电活动、雷达反射率和冰散射信号的分布特征,以及闪电的发生与雷达反射率和冰散射信号之间的关系。结果发现:强度较弱的热带气旋平均闪电次数相对较高;当强度达到强热带风暴阶段后,强度越强,闪电数量反而越少。热带气旋强度不同,闪电的空间分布也有差别,热带风暴、强台风和超强台风阶段眼壁区闪电密度最大,而其他阶段则在外雨带区密度最大。热带气旋大部分区域被层云和弱对流降水控制,0℃层以上雷达反射率迅速减小,冰散射信号也普遍较弱。虽然热带气旋的眼壁区对流活动最强,但相比于外雨带却较不易发生闪电。在同等大小的雷达反射率下,闪电更易发生在台风和强热带风暴阶段,超强台风阶段发生闪电阈值最高。由于闪电的发生与软雹、冰晶和过冷水等微物理参量以及上升气流速度紧密相关,因此闪电资料可以提供关于热带气旋不同区域的微物理过程和动力过程信息。

一次飑线过程的全闪活动特征分析

结合VLF／LF全闪定位系统、多普勒天气雷达、探空资料，对2013年7月5日江苏地区一次典型飑线过程的全闪活动特征进行了详细分析。结果表明：云地闪比的下降、上升预示着飑线过程中雷暴的加强、减弱；云闪主要分布在4～8 km高度，云闪频数最大值出现在5 km处；结合云闪变化情况和探空资料推测雷暴云内电荷为三极性电荷结构；对流区的闪电密度远大于层状云区。相比于正地闪，负地闪集中在雷达回波的强对流区。云闪发生位置更具随机性，易发生在弱回波区和层状云区；闪电的发生与云顶高度有很高的相关性，云闪发生位置与剖面反射率因子中强回波区的发展有很好的一致性。