The Intersection of a Maximal Intransitive Subgroup with a Maximal Imprimitive Subgroup

In this paper, we investegate the intersection of a maximal intransitive subgroup with a maximal imprimitive subgroup. And, the structure of the second maximal intransitive subgroup of an alternating group is determined.

Movement of Intransitive Permutation Groups Having Maximum Degree

Let G be a permutation group positive integer. Then the movement of G on a set Ω with no fixed points in Ω, and m be a is defined as move（G）：=supГ{[Г^9 ／Г｜｜g ∈ G}. It F was shown by Praeger that if move（G） = m, then ｜Ω｜ ≤ 3m ＋ t - 1, where t is the number of G-orbits on ≤. In this paper, all intransitive permutation groups with degree 3m ＋ t - 1 which have maximum bound are classified. Indeed, a positive answer to her question that whether the upper bound ｜Ω｜ = 3m ＋ t - 1 for ｜Ω｜ is sharp for every t 〉 1 is given.

Analysis of system trustworthiness based on information flow noninterference theory

The trustworthiness analysis and evaluation are the bases of the trust chain transfer. In this paper the formal method of trustworthiness analysis of a system based on the noninterfer- ence （NI） theory of the information flow is studied. Firstly, existing methods cannot analyze the impact of the system states on the trustworthiness of software during the process of trust chain trans- fer. To solve this problem, the impact of the system state on trust- worthiness of software is investigated, the run-time mutual interfer- ence behavior of software entitles is described and an interference model of the access control automaton of a system is established. Secondly, based on the intransitive noninterference （INI） theory, a formal analytic method of trustworthiness for trust chain transfer is proposed, providing a theoretical basis for the analysis of dynamic trustworthiness of software during the trust chain transfer process. Thirdly, a prototype system with dynamic trustworthiness on a plat- form with dual core architecture is constructed and a verification algorithm of the system trustworthiness is provided. Finally, the monitor hypothesis is extended to the dynamic monitor hypothe- sis, a theorem of static judgment rule of system trustworthiness is provided, which is useful to prove dynamic trustworthiness of a system at the beginning of system construction. Compared with previous work in this field, this research proposes not only a formal analytic method for the determination of system trustworthiness, but also a modeling method and an analysis algorithm that are feasible for practical implementation.

Wittgenstein on the Experience of Meaning： Historical and Contemporary Perspectives

This paper discusses a neglected theme in Wittgenstein＇s writings on meaning and psychology from the early 1930s until 1949. Throughout this period Wittgenstein deals with aspects of meaning of words and pictures that cannot be accounted for in dispositional terms but have to be related to experience and perception. Wittgenstein＇s reading of William James, I argue, has sharpened his eye for the many pitfalls in coming to terms with this experiential notion of meaning. James＇s treatment of experiences of meaning succumbs to the temptation to postulate ~~meaning-bodies,＂ bearers of meaning apart from the way and context in which we use the particular words. I argue that the conflation of what Wittgenstein calls the transitive and intransitive use of words is at the root of postulating meaning-bodies. I also argue that contemporary treatments of experiences of meaning are similarly vulnerable to James＇s confusion.

Valency Increasing in South Ethio-Semitic

The present paper focuses on a descriptive method of valency-increasing devices in five South Ethio-Semitic languages(Amharic,Harari,Kɨstane,Məsqan,and Endəgaɲ).The five languages were selected for two reasons.The first reason is that conducting a valency study on all South Ethio-Semitic languages would have been impossible.With limited resources and time,it will prove difficult to cover all languages.The second reason is that,except for Amharic,these languages are known for being the least studied.Most of them even lack sufficient recording and description.So this research needs to choose the representative language in each branch.As a result,no explicit theoretical framework is followed;data analysis is guided solely by a descriptive perspective.The study’s data was gathered by consulting native speakers via elicitation.Valency has been considered as both a semantic and syntactic notion.As a semantic notion,it is used to refer to the participants in an event;as a syntactic notion,it is used to indicate the number of arguments in a construction.There are different types of transitivity classes of verbs in the South Ethio-Semitic Language,which is spoken in Ethiopia:intransitive,transitive,and ditransitive.Apart from these,there are verbs that can be used both intransitively and transitively.The facts that provide clear evidence for grammatical relations in South Ethio-Semitic languages are crucial to the study of the concept of valency-increasing devices.As is the case in many languages,South Ethio-Semitic languages possess morphosyntactic means through which the valency of verbs can be adjusted.The application of these morphosyntactic processes decreases or increases the valency of verbs.This article looks at valency-increasing devices in Causative and Applicative South Ethio-Semitic languages.

Estimation of Decision Alternatives on the Basis of Interval Pairwise Comparison Matrices

This paper deals with the calculation of a vector of reliable weights of decision alternatives on the basis of interval pairwise comparison judgments of experts. These weights are used to construct the ranking of decision alternatives and to solve selection problems, problems of ratings construction, resources allocation problems, scenarios evaluation problems, and other decision making problems. A comparative analysis of several popular models, which calculate interval weights on the basis of interval pairwise comparison matrices (IPCMs), was performed. The features of these models when they are applied to IPCMs with different inconsistency levels were identified. An algorithm is proposed which contains the stages for analyzing and increasing the IPCM inconsistency, calculating normalized interval weights, and calculating the ranking of decision alternatives on the basis of the resulting interval weights. It was found that the property of weak order preservation usually allowed identifying order-related intransitive expert pairwise comparison judgments. The correction of these elements leads to the removal of contradictions in resulting weights and increases the accuracy and reliability of results.

A Study of the Middle Construction in English with Special Reference to Learner's Dictionaries

Although the middle construction has attracted significant attention from syntacticians, its identity still remains controversial and it is not treated as a separate grammatical category in any English learner＇s dictionary. This article, based on the data collected from three English learner＇s dictionaries, investigates the middle construction in terms of its syntactic and semantic properties and the constraints on its use. It shows that the three learner＇s dictionaries treat the middle construction in inconsistent and problematic manners. The middle use of a verb is not distinguished from either transitive verbs with an implicit object or intransitive verbs, which may hinder English learners＇ acquisition of the construction. The article proposes that middle verbs should be treated as a separate subcategory of verbs on a par with transitive and intransitive verbs so that learners will become more aware of them and learn to use them correctly.

Emergent interactions influence functional traits and success of dune building ecosystem engineers

Aims Dune building processes are affected by interactions between the growth of ecosystem engineering dune grasses and environmen-tal factors associated with disturbance such as sand burial and sea spray.Research investigating how species interactions influence dune community structure and functional trait responses in high abiotic stress environments is minimal.We investigated how spe-cies interactions influence the functional trait responses of three dominant dune grasses to common abiotic stressors.Methods We performed a multi-factorial greenhouse experiment by plant-ing three common dune grasses(Ammophila breviligulata Fern.,Uniola paniculata L.and Spartina patens Muhl.)in different interspecific combinations,using sand burial and sea spray as abiotic stressors.Sand burial was applied once at the beginning of the study.Sea spray was applied three times per week using a calibrated spray bottle.Morphological functional trait meas-urements(leaf elongation,maximum root length,aboveground biomass and belowground biomass)were collected at the end of the study.the experiment continued from May 2015 to August 2015.Important Findings Species interactions between A.breviligulata and U.paniculata negatively affected dune building function traits of A.breviligulata,indicating that interactions with U.paniculata could alter dune community structure.Furthermore,A.breviligulata had a negative interaction with S.patens,which decreased S.patens functional trait responses to abiotic stress.When all species occurred together,the interactions among species brought about coexistence of all three species.Our data suggest that species interactions can change traditional functional trait responses of dominant species to abiotic stress.