Wake-Up Security:Effective Security ImprovementMechanism for Low Power Internet of Things

As time and space constraints decrease due to the development of wireless communication network technology,the scale and scope of cyber-attacks targeting the Internet of Things(IoT)are increasing.However,it is difficult to apply high-performance security modules to the IoT owing to the limited battery,memory capacity,and data transmission performance depend-ing on the size of the device.Conventional research has mainly reduced power consumption by lightening encryption algorithms.However,it is difficult to defend large-scale information systems and networks against advanced and intelligent attacks because of the problem of deteriorating security perfor-mance.In this study,we propose wake-up security(WuS),a low-power security architecture that can utilize high-performance security algorithms in an IoT environment.By introducing a small logic that performs anomaly detection on the IoT platform and executes the security module only when necessary according to the anomaly detection result,WuS improves security and power efficiency while using a relatively high-complexity security module in a low-power environment compared to the conventional method of periodically exe-cuting a high-performance security module.In this study,a Python simulator based on the UNSW-NB15 dataset is used to evaluate the power consumption,latency,and security of the proposed method.The evaluation results reveal that the power consumption of the proposed WuS mechanism is approxi-mately 51.8%and 27.2%lower than those of conventional high-performance security and lightweight security modules,respectively.Additionally,the laten-cies are approximately 74.8%and 65.9%lower,respectively.Furthermore,the WuS mechanism achieved a high detection accuracy of approximately 96.5%or greater,proving that the detection efficiency performance improved by approximately 33.5%compared to the conventional model.The performance evaluation results for the proposed model varied depending on the applied anomaly-detection model.Therefore,they can be used in various ways by selecting suitable models based on the performance levels required in each industry.

GROUND BOUNCING NOISE REDUCTION TECHNIQUE CONSIDERING WAKE-UP DELAY IN MTCMOS CIRCUITS

Multi-Threshold CMOS(MTCMOS) is an effective technique for controlling leakage power with low delay overhead.However the large magnitude of ground bouncing noise induced by the sleep to active mode transition may cause signal integrity problem in MTCMOS circuits.We propose a methodology for reducing ground bouncing noise under the wake-up delay constraint.An improved two-stage parallel power gating structure that can suppress the ground bouncing noise through turn on sets of sleep transistors consecutively is proposed.The size of each sleep transistor is optimized by a novel sizing algorithm based on a simple discharging model.Simulation results show that the proposed techniques achieve at least 23% improvement in the product of the peak amplitude of ground bouncing noise and the wake-up time when compared with other existing techniques.

A 2.1 μA WAKE-UP CIRCUIT FOR CHINESE ETC SYSTEM

This paper proposes a low power wake-up baseband circuit used in Chinese Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) system. To reduce the static power consumption, a low power biasing strategy is proposed. The proposed circuit is fabricated in TSMC 0.18 μm technology with an area of 0.09 mm 2 . Its current consumption is only 2.1 μA under 1.8 V power supply. It achieves a sensitivity of 0.95 mV at room temperature with a variation of only ±28% over -35℃ to 105℃.

RESEARCH AND APPLICATION OF LF WAKE-UP TECHNOLOGY TO MICRO-POWER ACTIVE RFID

Tags of micro-power active RFID system are usually supllied by cells battery, the power consumption is a crucial factor. The currently applied operating mode is of timing wake-up. In this paper, presented the method of LF wake-up technology , discussed how to use it to solve the low-power problem of active RFID tag. Put forward the crucial electrocircuit and working program flow. Practices show that this solution is capable of solving the problem of low-power of active RFID.

A Low Power Non-Volatile LR-WPAN Baseband Processor with Wake-Up Identification Receiver

The paper proposes a low power non-volatile baseband processor with wake-up identification(WUI) receiver for LR-WPAN transceiver.It consists of WUI receiver,main receiver,transmitter,non-volatile memory(NVM) and power management module.The main receiver adopts a unified simplified synchronization method and channel codec with proactive Reed-Solomon Bypass technique,which increases the robustness and energy efficiency of receiver.The WUI receiver specifies the communication node and wakes up the transceiver to reduce average power consumption of the transceiver.The embedded NVM can backup/restore the states information of processor that avoids the loss of the state information caused by power failure and reduces the unnecessary power of repetitive computation when the processor is waked up from power down mode.The baseband processor is designed and verified on a FPGA board.The simulated power consumption of processor is 5.1uW for transmitting and 28.2μW for receiving.The WUI receiver technique reduces the average power consumption of transceiver remarkably.If the transceiver operates 30 seconds in every 15 minutes,the average power consumption of the transceiver can be reduced by two orders of magnitude.The NVM avoids the loss of the state information caused by power failure and energy waste caused by repetitive computation.

An Energy-Efficient Duty-Cycled Wake-Up Radio Protocol for Avoiding Overhearing in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wake-up radio (WuR) system is often presented as the best candidate for replacing traditional duty cycled Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The Double Radio (DoRa) protocol is a new MAC protocol for in-band WuR system with addressing capabilities. While the DoRa protocol improves the WSNs energy efficiency, it still suffers from an overhearing problem when the WuR system is very often requested. The WuR wastes a noticeable amount of energy when overhearing to wake-up demand intended to other nodes, but it is neither measured nor solved in other works. In this paper, an adaptive duty-cycled DoRa (DC-DoRa) is then proposed to solve the overhearing problem. The primary concept of the work is to enable the WuR functionality before the node is addressed and to disable the WuR after the node sent data. Extensive simulations under OMNeT++ using real input parameters are then performed to show the significant energy-savings through the two protocols and the nearly suppression of overhearing with DC-DoRa. In fact, the mean power consumption is three-order below using the DoRa protocol compared to traditional MAC protocols. While overhearing can represent up to 93% of the WuR energy consumption with the DoRa protocol, it is reduced to only 1% with the DC-DoRa protocol.

Esophageal nasopharyngeal catheter in the wake-up anesthesia of the brain function area operations

Objective To evaluate the feasibility and safety of the self developed sound outside the ventilation device-esophageal nasopharynx catheter in brain functional areas surgery applications. Methods 13 patients involved functional areas of brain surgery were chosed. After induction of general anesthesia,the catheters were placed in the esophagus,then connected to anesthesia machines to an external

Reliable ferroelectricity down to cryogenic temperature in wakeup free Hf_(0.5)Zr_(0.5)O_(2)thin films by thermal atomic layer deposition

The performance and reliability of ferroelectric thin films at temperatures around a few Kelvin are critical for their application in cryo-electronics.In this work,TiN/Hf_(0.5)Zr_(0.5)O_(2)/TiN capacitors that are free from the wake-up effect are investigated systematically from room temperature(300 K)to cryogenic temperature(30 K).We observe a consistent decrease in permittivity(εr)and a progressive increase in coercive electric field(Ec)as temperatures decrease.Our investigation reveals exceptional stability in the double remnant polarization(2P_(r))of our ferroelectric thin films across a wide temperature range.Specifically,at 30 K,a 2P_(r)of 36μC/cm^(2)under an applied electric field of 3.0 MV/cm is achieved.Moreover,we observed a reduced fatigue effect at 30 K in comparison to 300 K.The stable ferroelectric properties and endurance characteristics demonstrate the feasibility of utilizing HfO_(2)based ferroelectric thin films for cryo-electronics applications.

Munro等级评估护理对老年肺癌胸腔镜手术患者术中获得性压力性损伤的影响

目的探究Munro等级评估护理对老年肺癌胸腔镜手术患者术中获得性压力性损伤的影响。方法选取淮安市第一人民医院在2021年10月—2023年9月期间手术室接收的108例老年肺癌胸腔镜手术患者作为此次研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为参照组和研究组,参照组54例实施常规手术室护理措施,研究组54例实施Munro等级评估护理措施,对两组临床指标、护理服务满意度、术中并发症等指标变化进行对比分析。结果研究组患者平均脉压、血氧饱和度等高于参照组,呼吸道压力、术中出血量、术中输液量、APACHEⅡ等低于参照组(均P<0.05);研究组患者健康教育、护士服务态度、用药及营养指导、压力性损伤预防相关护理、心理护理等护理服务质量满意度评分高于参照组(P<0.05);研究组患者术中低血压、术中急性压力性损伤、术中休克、术中低体温等术中并发症发生率低于参照组(P<0.05)。结论对老年肺癌胸腔镜手术患者采取Munro等级评估护理,可有效改善患者临床手术各项指标,提高护理服务满意程度,预防术中并发症发生。

多模态多维影像融合技术在脑胶质瘤手术中的应用

目的总结1.5T术中磁共振成像联合神经导航技术用于脑胶质瘤外科手术的初步经验。方法回顾49例脑深层或功能区胶质瘤患者临床资料,分析高场强术中磁共振成像联合神经导航技术对其手术策略、肿瘤切除程度、神经功能保留情况及对神经功能转归的影响。结果每例患者均于术中行磁共振成像扫描1～3次,平均(1.57±0.68)次。首次术中磁共振成像肿瘤全切除者17例、不同程度肿瘤残留者32例,显著影响手术策略构成比约为65.31%(32/49)。残留者中9例术中磁共振成像或神经电生理监测提示肿瘤边缘毗邻脑功能区或重要解剖结构,未行全切除;余23例重新注册经导航指引最终实现影像学全切除。初次手术肿瘤全切除率为34.69%(17/49),术中磁共振成像联合神经导航辅助下实现全切除率46.94%(23/49);最终影像学全切除率提高至81.63%(40/49)。术后6个月随访,19例神经功能改善,30例神经功能恢复或接近术前水平;无一例肿瘤进展。结论高场强磁共振成像联合神经导航技术用于脑胶质瘤外科手术可提高肿瘤全切除率,保护患者神经功能。

术中磁共振成像在经鼻-蝶入路垂体瘤切除术中的应用研究

目的探讨术中磁共振成像结合神经影像导航系统在经鼻-蝶入路垂体肿瘤切除术中的应用价值。方法采用术中MRI扫描辅助神经导航系统指导经鼻-蝶入路垂体肿瘤切除范围,分析术中MRI对手术过程和患者预后的影响。结果术中MRI扫描系统平均扫描(2.11±0.41)次,所需时间15～20min/次;手术时间共延长47～60min,平均(51.20±0.66)min。38例患者术中MRI共发现11例存在肿瘤残余,其中8例于更新神经导航计划后进一步扩大手术范围全切除肿瘤,3例因肿瘤质地坚韧且与周围解剖结构粘连紧密,仅行部分切除;初次全切除率为71.05%(27/38),在术中MRI导航系统辅助下最终全切除率达92.10%(35/38),提高了21.05%(8/38;χ2=4.290,P=0.018)。术后无一例发生与磁共振检查相关性并发症。结论经鼻-蝶入路垂体肿瘤切除术中应用MRI结合神经导航技术,为指导手术进程及实时判断手术效果提供了客观依据,从而避免了因术中脑组织漂移造成的术前导航偏差,提高肿瘤全切除率。

输尿管软镜联合经皮肾镜治疗复杂性肾结石患者的护理

目的总结输尿管软镜联合经皮肾镜（endoscopic combined intra—renal surgery，ECIRS）治疗复杂性肾结石患者中的护理要点。方法回顾性分析2009年9月至2012年4月，在长海医院泌尿外科中心接受了输尿管软镜联合经皮肾镜治疗的32例复杂性肾结石患者的临床资料，总结了术前护理准备、术中配合以及术后仪器设备的清洗保养消毒等经验。结果所有患者均成功建立经皮肾镜通道，手术时间为56～170min，平均（75±20．5）min；术中出血30~210ml，平均（90±30．7）ml。所有患者均顺利实施手术，术中无大出血，无周围器官损伤，未发生肾盂穿孔等严重并发症。患者术后住院天数为4～7d，平均（5±1．2）d。结石最大直径4．8cm，平均（2．2±0．9）cm。有2例患者（6．25％）出现术后发热（体温〉38℃），经抗感染治疗后患者痊愈出院。结论术前掌握经皮肾镜和输尿管软镜等器械的特点，熟练手术操作步骤，术中与术者良好的沟通，是保证手术成功的关键。

活体部分小肠移植患者围手术期营养支持策略

目的探讨肠内、肠外营养支持在临床活体部分小肠移植患者围手术期的应用策略及意义.方法我国首例父子间活体部分小肠移植围手术期肠外和肠内的营养支持比例和内容.术后1 d 开始肠外和肠内营养,术后31 d 停止肠外营养开始全部为肠内营养支持.指标:体质量,血清清蛋白,D-木糖吸收试验,氮平衡;移植肠功能监测用钡餐,内镜.结果经围手术期不同时期的营养支持方案,患者的各项营养指标基本正常,术后6 mo 体质量达56 kg.结论正确的围手术期营养支持策略(合理的比例和时机,早期肠内营养)有利于活体部分小肠移植患者的恢复和肠功能的改善.

多技术辅助下幕上胶质瘤的显微外科治疗

目的探讨神经导航联合术中超声多技术辅助下切除幕上脑胶质瘤的临床疗效。方法将53例幕上胶质瘤手术病人按手术方式不同分成两组,其中采取神经导航联合术中超声多技术辅助显微镜下切除肿瘤(多技术辅助组)26例,单纯显微镜下切除肿瘤(显微镜组)27例。比较分析两组病人的肿瘤定位准确率、手术全切除率、术后并发症发生率、手术时间、住院时间、术后3个月KPS评分等差异。结果多技术辅助组肿瘤定位准确率、肿瘤全切除率及术后3个月KPS评分均明显高于显微镜组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组在术后并发症、手术时间和住院时间方面差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论神经导航联合术中超声多技术辅助下显微手术切除幕上胶质瘤,临床疗效肯定,值得推广应用。

术中超声引导荷瘤门静脉染色在肝癌手术中的临床应用

目的:探讨术中超声引导下荷瘤门静脉置管染色指导肝癌切除手术的临床价值。方法:对45例肝癌患者随机分为试验组22例,对照组23例,试验组应用术中超声引导穿刺选择性荷瘤门静脉置管染色指导肝切除术,对照组应用术中超声定位行传统肝切除手术,观察试验组染色成功率,比较两组在手术时间、手术出血量和手术合并症方面的差异;同时对全组45例患者的术前、术中超声以及病理结果进行比较观察。结果:试验组染色成功率86.4%(19/22),两组在手术时间、手术出血量和手术合并症方面比较无显著性差异;45例肝癌63个癌肿结节的术中超声诊断率98.4%(62/63)明显高于术前超声的84.1%(53/63)(P<0.05),对静脉内瘤栓的诊断率94%(16/17)亦明显高于术前超声53%的诊断率(9/17)(P<0.01)。结论:术中超声诊断率高,荷瘤门静脉染色对指导手术方案的制定有着重要的临床价值。

心脏直视手术中经食管超声心动图描记术的临床研究

目的：探讨术中经食管超声心动图描记术（ＩＴＥＥ）的临床应用价值。方法：回顾性研究总结１０６例接受ＩＴＥＥ检查的患者。结果：６６．０％的患者行瓣膜手术，其中包括二尖瓣成形术、二尖瓣替换术、主动脉瓣替换术、三尖瓣成形术及主动脉瓣、二尖瓣双瓣替换术；１２．３％的患者行左心室流出道疏通术；１１．３％的患者行带瓣主动脉替换术；１０．４％的患者行先天性心脏病矫治术，其中２例患者行经皮穿刺心房间隔缺损钮扣装置封堵术。结论：ＩＴＥＥ能即时评价人工瓣膜位于体内的功能状态，检出瓣周漏；准确地判断左心室流出道疏通的效果；ＩＴＥＥ检查在经皮穿刺缺损封堵术中也有较大的应用潜力。

影像监测术中控制人工全髋关节假体置入

目的 探讨人工全髋关节置换术（total hip arthroplasty，THA）中影像监测控制假体放置的方法，提高初次THA假体置人的精确度。方法2000年4月～2005年8月，采用影像监测术中控制假体置人技术组（imaging，Ⅰ组）THA69例75髋，男32例，女37例；年龄46～75岁，平均62．3岁。同期采用通用技术组（standard，S组）THA72例78髋，男33例，女39例；年龄43～75岁，平均60．5岁。患者术前诊断为股骨颈骨折（GardenⅢ、Ⅳ）：Ⅰ组23例23髋。S组25例25髋；髋臼发育不良（Campbell Ⅰ、Ⅱ）：Ⅰ组9例10髋，S组11例13髋；骨性关节炎：Ⅰ组16例17髋，S组15例15髋；股骨头坏死（FicatⅢ、Ⅳ）：Ⅰ组15例16髋，S组17例17髋，类风湿关节炎：Ⅰ组6例9髋，S组4例8髋。其中骨水泥型假体Ⅰ组21髋，S组22髋；非骨水泥型假体Ⅰ组12髋，S组11髋；混合型假体Ⅰ组42髋，S组45髋。Ⅰ组采用通用技术加术中X线透视控制假体置入，对臼外倾角、臼前倾角、颈长度和偏心距进行量化性监测。S组采用目测加定位器控制假体置入。对两组患者的手术切口长度、出血量、输血量、手术时间、X线透视次数、感染、术后功能恢复以及术后X线影像监测假体位置进行比较。结果 Ⅰ组随访60例65髋，S组63例69髋，随访时间6个月～5年4个月，平均随访时间Ⅰ组3．6年，S组3．7年。两组的手术切口长度、出血量、输血量、手术时间、X线透视次数以及术后X线评价假体位置、术后1年功能恢复差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05），Ⅰ组THA效果明显优于S组。结论影像监测THA能显著提高假体放置的精确度，减少不良的THA手术。拥有C臂X线透视机的县级医院可以开展这种技术。

^(11)C-Met PET与MRI影像融合技术在胶质瘤术前评价和术中导航中的应用价值

研究背景随着多模态影像融合技术在临床的应用,11C-Met PET与MRI融合技术也应用于临床,本研究通过比较胶质瘤在11C-Met PET与MRI中不同影像显示结果,探讨11C-Met PET与MRI影像融合技术在脑胶质瘤外科手术前评价、术中导航和手术切除过程中的应用价值。方法手术前于神经导航工作站对25例胶质瘤患者进行11C-Met PET与MRI影像融合,勾画肿瘤边界、计算肿瘤体积并进行分类。结果据影像学分类,25例胶质瘤患者中1例Ⅱ级、6例Ⅲ级和8例Ⅳ级MRI所显示的肿瘤灶轮廓大部分位于PET内(Ⅰ类);2例Ⅲ级PET所显示的肿瘤灶轮廓大部分位于MRI内(Ⅱ类);6例Ⅱ级和2例Ⅲ级MRI与PET显示的病灶轮廓无从属关系(Ⅲ类)。结论 PET在揭示胶质瘤增殖活性和描述肿瘤界限方面具有特殊优势,通过MRI与PET所显示的肿瘤轮廓关系,可用于术前初步预测肿瘤病理分级,有助于制定详细的手术计划。

尖吻蝮蛇血凝酶对股骨干骨折术中出血的影响

目的观察尖吻蝮蛇血凝酶对股骨干骨折术中出血的影响。方法选择中上1/3处股骨干骨折实施钢板内固定患者46例,采用就诊顺序编码方法,将患者分为血凝酶组(23例)和对照组(23例)。血凝酶组术前30 min给予注射用血凝酶2 U静脉注射,术后第1天再用血凝酶2 U静脉注射。对照组除不给予血凝酶外,其他操作和用药同血凝酶组。观察两组术中出血及术后24 h引流量。结果同对照组比较,血凝酶组术中出血及术后24 h引流量明显减少(P<0.05),术前及术后24 h凝血因子检测差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论术前静脉注射尖吻蝮蛇血凝酶,可明显减少术中出血量,对于手术创面大和剥离组织较多的手术具有良好的止血作用。

人工膝关节置换术围手术期康复的效果

目的探讨人工膝关节置换病人围手术期系统康复训练的效果。方法选择行人工膝关节置换的病人80例115膝,在围手术期实施系统的康复锻炼,包括逐步进行的肌力、关节活动度、步态等训练。结果随访36～48个月,按照HSS膝关节评分,优105膝,良8膝,优良率为98.3%。结论人工膝关节置换术后康复是影响手术疗效的重要因素,合理的康复锻炼有助于达到手术效果,提高病人满意度。