Brainstem gliomas comprise both slow-growing and highly aggressive tumors,the latter carrying a dismal prognosis of approximately 10 months in children.Given their common locations along the brainstem,they are often n...Brainstem gliomas comprise both slow-growing and highly aggressive tumors,the latter carrying a dismal prognosis of approximately 10 months in children.Given their common locations along the brainstem,they are often not amenable to surgical resection.There are currently a host of exploratory therapies under investigation ranging from immunotherapy,small molecular inhibitors,epigenetic-modifying agents,and radiation protocols to combat these difficult-to-treat tumors.Recent discoveries highlighting the role of H3 histone mutations in diffuse midline glioma oncogenesis have yielded a variety of new targetable antigens and aberrant signaling pathways.Although many of these studies have shown promise in terms of inhibiting tumor growth and disease progression,results to date have been modest in their ability to translate into meaningful clinical benefit.This review will serve as an updated report on the current state of literature concerning pre-clinical and clinical therapies being investigated for brainstem glioma.In addition,this review will serve as a guide for clinicians as we review the evolving nomenclature of brainstem gliomas,commonly presenting symptoms,diagnostic tools,and standard therapies.展开更多
MM14Fe79.9B6.1/Nd13.5Fe80.5B6 magnets were fabricated by dual alloy method（MM, misch metal）. Some magnets have two Curie temperatures. Curie temperatures Tc1corresponds to the main phase which contains more La Ce, a...MM14Fe79.9B6.1/Nd13.5Fe80.5B6 magnets were fabricated by dual alloy method（MM, misch metal）. Some magnets have two Curie temperatures. Curie temperatures Tc1corresponds to the main phase which contains more La Ce, and Tc1 decreases from 276.5℃ to 256.6℃ with the content of MM increasing from 30.3 at.% to 50.6 at.%. The variation of Br with the increase of MM indicates the existence of inter-grain exchange coupling in the magnets. When MM/R ≤ 30.3 at.%,the magnetic properties can reach the level of the intrinsic coercivity Hcj≥ 7.11 kOe and the maximum energy product（BH）max≥ 41 MGOe. Compared with Nd, La and Ce are easier to diffuse to the grain boundaries in the sintering process,and this will cause the decrease of H（cj） Due to the diffusion between the grains, the atomic ratio of La, Ce, Pr, and Nd in each grain is different and the percentage of Nd in all grains is higher than that in misch metal.展开更多
Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma(DIPG)is a lethal pediatric brain tumor and the leading cause of brain tumor–related death in children.As several clinical trials over the past few decades have led to no significant i...Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma(DIPG)is a lethal pediatric brain tumor and the leading cause of brain tumor–related death in children.As several clinical trials over the past few decades have led to no significant improvements in outcome,the current standard of care remains fractionated focal radiation.Due to the recent increase in stereotactic biopsies,tumor tissue availabilities have enabled our advancement of the genomic and molecular characterization of this lethal cancer.Several groups have identified key histone gene mutations,genetic drivers,and methylation changes in DIPG,providing us with new insights into DIPG tumorigenesis.Subsequently,there has been increased development of in vitro and in vivo models of DIPG which have the capacity to unveil novel therapies and strategies for drug delivery.This review outlines the clinical characteristics,genetic landscape,models,and current treatments and hopes to shed light on novel therapeutic avenues and challenges that remain.展开更多
文摘Brainstem gliomas comprise both slow-growing and highly aggressive tumors,the latter carrying a dismal prognosis of approximately 10 months in children.Given their common locations along the brainstem,they are often not amenable to surgical resection.There are currently a host of exploratory therapies under investigation ranging from immunotherapy,small molecular inhibitors,epigenetic-modifying agents,and radiation protocols to combat these difficult-to-treat tumors.Recent discoveries highlighting the role of H3 histone mutations in diffuse midline glioma oncogenesis have yielded a variety of new targetable antigens and aberrant signaling pathways.Although many of these studies have shown promise in terms of inhibiting tumor growth and disease progression,results to date have been modest in their ability to translate into meaningful clinical benefit.This review will serve as an updated report on the current state of literature concerning pre-clinical and clinical therapies being investigated for brainstem glioma.In addition,this review will serve as a guide for clinicians as we review the evolving nomenclature of brainstem gliomas,commonly presenting symptoms,diagnostic tools,and standard therapies.
基金Project supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant Nos.2014CB643702 and 2016YFB0700903)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51590880)the Knowledge Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.KJZD-EW-M05)
文摘MM14Fe79.9B6.1/Nd13.5Fe80.5B6 magnets were fabricated by dual alloy method（MM, misch metal）. Some magnets have two Curie temperatures. Curie temperatures Tc1corresponds to the main phase which contains more La Ce, and Tc1 decreases from 276.5℃ to 256.6℃ with the content of MM increasing from 30.3 at.% to 50.6 at.%. The variation of Br with the increase of MM indicates the existence of inter-grain exchange coupling in the magnets. When MM/R ≤ 30.3 at.%,the magnetic properties can reach the level of the intrinsic coercivity Hcj≥ 7.11 kOe and the maximum energy product（BH）max≥ 41 MGOe. Compared with Nd, La and Ce are easier to diffuse to the grain boundaries in the sintering process,and this will cause the decrease of H（cj） Due to the diffusion between the grains, the atomic ratio of La, Ce, Pr, and Nd in each grain is different and the percentage of Nd in all grains is higher than that in misch metal.
基金supported by grants from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research(PJT-155967 and PJT-153104),Meagan's Hug(Meagan Bebenek Foundation),b.r.a.i.nchild and the Wiley Fund.
文摘Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma(DIPG)is a lethal pediatric brain tumor and the leading cause of brain tumor–related death in children.As several clinical trials over the past few decades have led to no significant improvements in outcome,the current standard of care remains fractionated focal radiation.Due to the recent increase in stereotactic biopsies,tumor tissue availabilities have enabled our advancement of the genomic and molecular characterization of this lethal cancer.Several groups have identified key histone gene mutations,genetic drivers,and methylation changes in DIPG,providing us with new insights into DIPG tumorigenesis.Subsequently,there has been increased development of in vitro and in vivo models of DIPG which have the capacity to unveil novel therapies and strategies for drug delivery.This review outlines the clinical characteristics,genetic landscape,models,and current treatments and hopes to shed light on novel therapeutic avenues and challenges that remain.
