The national forest inventory in China:history-results-international context

Background： National forest resource assessments Inventories （NFI＇s）, constitute an important nationa and monitoring, commonly known as National Forest information infrastructure in many countries. Methods： This study presents details about developments of the NFI in China, including sampling and plot design and the uses of alternative data sources, and specifically · reviews the evolution of the national forest inventory in China through the 20th and 21st centuries, with some reference to Europe and the US; · highlights the emergence of some common international themes： consistency of measurement; sampling designs; implementation of improved technology; expansion of the variables monitored more efficient scientific transparency;· presents an example of how China＇s expanding NFI exemplifies these global trends. Results： Main results and important changes in China＇s NFI are documented, both to support continued trend analysis and to provide data users with historical perspective. Conclusions： New technologies and data needs ensure that the Chinese NFI, like the national inventories in other countries, will continue to evolve. Within the context of historical change and current conditions, likely directions for this evolution are suggested.

Spatial distribution and inventory of natural gas hydrate in the Qiongdongnan Basin,northern South China Sea

Natural gas hydrate is a potential clean energy source and is related to submarine geohazard,climate change,and global carbon cycle.Multidisciplinary investigations have revealed the occurrence of hydrate in the Qiongdongnan Basin,northern South China Sea.However,the spatial distribution,controlling factors,and favorable areas are not well defined.Here we use the available high-resolution seismic lines,well logging,and heat flow data to explore the issues by calculating the thickness of gas hydrate stability zone(GHSZ)and estimating the inventory.Results show that the GHSZ thickness ranges between mostly~200 and 400 m at water depths>500 m.The gas hydrate inventory is~6.5×109-t carbon over an area of~6×104 km2.Three areas including the lower uplift to the south of the Lingshui sub-basin,the Songnan and Baodao sub-basins,and the Changchang sub-basin have a thick GHSZ of~250-310 m,250-330 m,and 350-400 m,respectively,where water depths are~1000-1600 m,1000-2000 m,and2400-3000 m,respectively.In these deep waters,bottom water temperatures vary slightly from~4 to 2℃.However,heat flow increases significantly with water depth and reaches the highest value of~80-100 mW/m2 in the deepest water area of Changchang sub-basin.High heat flow tends to reduce GHSZ thickness,but the thickest GHSZ still occurs in the Changchang sub-basin,highlighting the role of water depth in controlling GHSZ.The lower uplift to the south of the Lingshui sub-basin has high deposition rate(~270-830 m/Ma in 1.8-0 Ma);the thick Cenozoic sediment,rich biogenic and thermogenic gas supplies,and excellent transport systems(faults,diapirs,and gas chimneys)enables it a promising area of hydrate accumulation,from which hydrate-related bottom simulating reflectors,gas chimneys,and active cold seeps were widely revealed.

Review and Progress of China’s Forest Continuous Inventory System

China was one of the earliest countries to set up a system to continuously inventory natural forest resources. From the beginning of the 1970s until today, seven forest resource inventories have been carried out. This research summarizes the progress of forest continuous inventories and analyzes the existing deficiencies ofChina’s forest continuous inventory system and forest management plan inventory. As stated above, this research offers corresponding countermeasures and suggestions: establishing a sample plot system for comprehensive national forest inventory and monitoring with each province’s continuous forest inventory based on the foundation of the national sample plot system, able to develop the province as a subset of the overall province-level forest resource inventory according to the actual conditions in each province. Through annual multi-resource/multi-benefit surveying of the forests, the monitoring of forest amounts, quality, functions and benefits will be assisted in its entirety. The further integration of the forest continuous inventory and the forest management plan inventory is also discussed. This research also proposes the varied probability sampling method with sub-compartments as the basic sampling unit (or combinations of sub-compartments). This will also satisfy the requirements of ecological inventory by region.

Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Atmospheric Brown Carbon Emis-sion from Combustion Sources in China

Atmospheric Brown Carbon(BrC)with strong wavelength-dependence light-absorption ability can significantly affect radiative forcing.Highly resolved emission inventories with lower uncertainties are important premise and essential in scientifically evaluating impacts of emissions on air quality,human health and climate change.This study developed a bottom-up inventory of primary BrC from combustion sources in China from 1960 to 2016 with a spatial resolution at 0.1°×0.1,based on compiled emission factors and detailed activity data.The primary BrC emission in China was about 593 Gg(500-735 Gg as interquartile range)in 2016,contributing to 7%(5%-8%)of a previously estimated global total BrC emission.Residential fuel combustion was the largest source of primary BrC in China,with the contribution of 67%as the national average but ranging from 25%to 99%among different provincial regions.Signi-ficant spatial disparities were also observed in the relative shares of different fuel types.Coal combustion contribution varied from 8%to 99%across different regions.Heilongjiang and North China Plain had high emissions of primary BrC.Generally,on the national scale,spatial distribution of BrC emission density per area was aligned with the population distribution.Primary BrC emission from combustion sources in China have been declined since a peak of~1300 Gg in 1980,but the temporal trends were distinct in different sectors.The high-resolution inventory developed here enables radiative forcing simulations in future atmospheric models so as to promote better understanding of carbonaceous aerosol impacts in the Earth's climate system and to develop strategies achieving co-benefits of hu-man health protection and climate change.

Greenhouse gas emissions from pig and poultry production sectors in China from 1960 to 2010

Pig and poultry production in China had experienced considerable changes from 1960 to 2010. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of these changes on greenhouse gas emission inventeries （expressed as CO2 equivalent） from these two sectors. The inventories included methane emissions from enteric fermentation, methane and nitrous oxide production from manure management. The greenhouse gas emissions from these sources in 2010 in pig sector were 17, 62 and 21%, respectively, and that in poultry sector （including chicken, duck, goose and others） were 1, 18 and 81%, respectively. Total CO2 equivalent increased from 1960 to 2010 in both pig （11 582 to 55564 Gg yr-1） and poultry （1 497 to 14 873 Gg yr-1） sectors. Within poultry sector, emissions from chicken, duck, goose and others accounted for 74, 15, 11 and 0.01% in 2010, respectively. However, during the last 50 years, these emissions continuously reduced when related to production of I kg of pork （8.01 to 1.14 kg kg-1）, poultry meat （1.19 to 0.37 kg kg-1） and egg （0.47 to 0.33 kg kg-1）, which is mainly associated with the continuous improvement in production efficiency in all management systems. These results provide benchmark information for Chinese authorities to develop appropriate policies and mitigation strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from pig and poultry sectors.

Identification of ^(137)Cs Reference Sites in Southeastern China

The 137Cs vertical distributions in uncultivated and cultivated soils, developed from Quaternary red clay, granite, argillaceous shale, and red sandstone, were studied to develop reliable guidelines for selecting reference sites in southeastern China, which is dominated by strong acidic and/or clay-textured soils, and examine their reliability by comparing them to the reported 137Cs reference inventory data to see whether they agreed with the global distribution pattern. It was observed that a relatively high proportion of 137Cs was concentrated in the surface layers of soils with relatively high clay content. In the paddy soils developed from granite more 137Cs penetrated to depths below the plow layer (about 45.3%), when compared to those from the other three parent materials. The relatively low soil 137Cs inventories on crests excluded using the crest as the 137Cs reference site; instead the paddy field on the hillock plain was selected. Furthermore, within a specific county characterized by great systematic spatial variations of rainfall and topography across the landscape, a significant (P<0.01) and positive linear relationship (r2=0.81) between local 137Cs inventory and corresponding local annual rainfall was observed. Thus, for areas with large variations in rainfall, a single uniform value of local 137Cs reference inventory should be used with caution.

Forest Carbon Storage and Tree Carbon Pool Dynamics under Natural Forest Protection Program in Northeastern China

The Natural Forest Protection(NFP) program is one of the Six Key Forestry Projects which were adopted by the Chinese Government since the 1980s to address important natural issues in China. It advanced to protecting and restoring the structures and functions of the natural forests through sustainable forest management. However, the role of forest carbon storage and tree carbon pool dynamics since the adoption of the NFP remains unknown. To address this knowledge gap, this study calculated forest carbon storage(tree, understory, forest floor and soil) in the forest region of northeastern(NE) China based on National Forest Inventory databases and field investigated databases. For tree biomass, this study utilized an improved method for biomass estimation that converts timber volume to total forest biomass; while for understory, forest floor and soil carbon storage, this study utilized forest type-specific mean carbon densities multiplied by their areas in the region. Results showed that the tree carbon pool under the NFP in NE China functioned as a carbon sink from 1998 to 2008, with an increase of 6.3 Tg C/yr, which was mainly sequestrated by natural forests(5.1 Tg C/yr). At the same time, plantations also acted as a carbon sink, reflecting an increase of 1.2 Tg C/yr. In 2008, total carbon storage in forests covered by the NFP in NE China was 4603.8 Tg C, of which 4393.3 Tg C was stored in natural forests and 210.5 Tg C in planted forests. Soil was the largest carbon storage component, contributing 69.5%–77.8% of total carbon storage; followed by tree and forest floor, accounting for 16.3%–23.0% and 5.0%–6.5% of total carbon storage, respectively. Understory carbon pool ranged from 1.9 to 42.7 Tg C, accounting for only 0.9% of total carbon storage.

China's Wetland Databases Based on Remote Sensing Technology

Wetland databases can provide the basic data that necessary for the protection and management of wetlands. A large number of wetland databases have been established in the world as well as in China. In this paper, we review China's wetland databases based on remote sensing(RS) technology after introducing the background theory to the application of RS technology in wetland surveys. A key conclusion is that China's wetland databases are far from sufficient in fulfilling protection and management needs. Our recommendations focus on the use of the hyper-spectral imagery, microwave data, multi-temporal images, and automatic classifications in order to improve the accuracy and efficiency of wetland inventory. Further, attention should also be paid to detect major biophysical features of wetlands and build wetland databases in years after the 1980 s in China. Considering that great gap exists between RS experts and wetland experts, further cooperation between wetland scientists and RS scientists are needed to promote the application of RS in the foundation of wetland databases.

Inventory Research of Greenhouse Gas about Energy Sector Activities in Jiangsu Province and Analysis on Relevant Problems

The emission of greenhouse gas generated by energy activity had the maximum influence on total emission. We introduced research content and method of inventory for greenhouse gas generated by energy activity in Jiangsu in 2005 and 2010, and obtained finial results. According to the sum of green gas emission from various parts, greenhouse gas emission of energy activity in Jiangsu occupied 76% -79% of total emission in 2005 and 2010. Meanwhile, the problems encountering in preparation process of inventory were summed and deeply analyzed, such as data ob- taining and processing, inconsistent statistical channel and actual measurement of emission factor. Finally, some suggestions about carrying out provincial greenhouse gas inventory work of energy activity in the future were put forward.

华北平原地区HCFC-142b排放清单建立及环境影响分析

选择华北平原地区作为研究对象,采用排放因子法建立该区域2000~2060年HCFC-142b排放清单,探讨了其空间分布特征,并对不同行业开展了排放结果的敏感性分析.结果显示,该地区2000~2019年HCFC-142b累计排放量为34.0kt.其中,江苏、山东和河南是排放量最大省份,累计排放量分别为595.1t、267.6t和196.5t.XPS泡沫排放最大,其次是ICR行业,两个行业对排放结果最敏感的因子分别是初始排放因子和设备废弃率.排放预测显示,在《蒙特利尔议定书》管控下,该地区2020~2060年的累计减排潜力为151.9kt(9.9kt CFC-11-eq;350.9mt CO_(2)-eq).

我国遗产管理人制度适用困境与完善

《中华人民共和国民法典》正式确立了遗产管理人制度,彰显了对继承人及利害关系人的权利保护和促进遗产这一特殊财产秩序高效有序再分配的价值。当前遗产管理人制度在制度认知和遗产管理人选任、职责、责任、报酬等方面存在诸多制度缺位,未来应持续加强遗产管理人制度宣传,逐步完善任职资格与选任程序、补足遗产管理人退出机制、细化遗产管理人职责、建立财产联动查询机制。

中国大陆生物质燃烧排放的污染物清单

根据2000年各省市生物质的消耗资料,结合排放因子,计算了中国大陆生物质燃烧所排放的SO2、NOx、NH3、CH4、EC、OC、VOC、CO、CO2的总量及各省市的排放清单,并进一步细化到县、区级行政区.研究表明,生物质燃烧排放的污染物在地区间的分布极不均衡,排放量较大的包括华东、中南地区的各省市;各种生物质燃烧对各污染物的排放量的贡献差异很大,其中秸秆和薪柴是最主要来源;单位面积生物质燃烧排放污染物的量较高的地区由东北至中南围绕中国的主要农业产地呈带状分布.

中国氮氧化物排放清单及分布特征

根据能源消费历史状况和氮氧化物(NOX)排放因子,估算了近20年来中国NOX的排放变化,并讨论了1995~1998年分省区、分行业、分燃料的NOX排放清单及特征.中国NOX排放总量已由1980年的4.76Mt快速增加到1996年的12.0Mt,之后,NOX排放持续增加的趋势得到遏制,1998年NOX排放总量与1996年峰值相比下降了约0.82Mt.NOX排放在燃料、行业及地域分布上均不平衡的特征没有根本改变：燃煤排放NOX一直占总量的70%以上;绝大部分NOX来自工业、电力和交通部门,约占90%左右,且交通部门NOX排放比例逐年上升,已由1995年的10.4%快速增长到1998年的约13.0%;中东部的河北、辽宁、江苏、山东、河南、广东等省区NOX排放量较大,均超过0.5Mt,而宁夏、青海和海南等边远省区NOX排放量很低,小于0.1Mt.

中国区域反应性气体排放源清单

反应性气体是形成气溶胶及酸雨、光化学烟雾等环境问题的重要前体物,采用政府部门公布的基础数据(包括社会-经济数据、化石燃料和生物质燃料消耗、废物处理数据等,绝大部分为县级水平)及一些较新的、中国特有的排放因子,计算了中国大陆2007年高时空分辨率的关键反应性气体SO2、NOx、CO、NH3、VOCs的排放源清单.计算出的全国和各地区的排放量使用了0.5°×0.5°的网格来显示,结果表明,各反应性气体的估算年排放量分别为:SO23158.4万t,主要是燃煤所致;NOx、CO分别为2492.6,15785.2万t,均主要来源于燃煤和生物质燃烧;NH31601.7万t,主要源于动物排放和农田化肥的使用;VOCs3709.8万t,主要源于溶剂挥发、废物处理、交通源等.本研究计算的排放结果比以前的清单稍高,主要是由于部分排放量以前被低估了;东部地区的排放量比西部高.反应性气体的排放具有较强的季节性,主要是由于自然因素及居民采暖、农业秸秆的露天焚烧的季节性等所致.

中国燃煤汞排放清单的初步建立

建立中国分省燃煤汞排放清单 ,对于研究汞的大气化学转化、迁移和沉降 ,制定中国汞污染控制对策具有重要意义 .本研究按经济部门、燃料类型、燃烧方式和污染控制技术将排放源划分为 6 5种不同类型 ,根据各类型的煤炭消费量、燃料汞含量和汞排放因子计算汞排放量 ,最终建立了分省燃煤汞排放清单 .用 2组原煤汞含量数据资料计算的 2 0 0 0年中国燃煤大气汞排放量分别为 16 .1 6t和 2 .19 5t,其中绝大部分汞排放来自工业、电力和生活消费 ,分别占 4 6 %、35 %和 14 % .Hg0 、Hg2 + 和Hgp在中国燃煤大气汞排放中所占的比例分别为 16 %、6 .1%和 2 3% .中国燃煤汞排放在各地区间有较大差异 ,排放量较大的省份有河南、山西、河北、辽宁和江苏 ,均超过 10t/a .

中国^(137)Cs本底值区域分布研究

137Cs区域本底值的确定是应用137Cs法研究土壤侵蚀的首要问题。本文利用Walling和He的137Cs本底值计算模型和软件对中国137Cs本底值区域分布进行了模拟计算。结合前人对中国不同区域137Cs本底值的研究结果,将各区域137Cs实测本底值同模拟值进行比较,指出了模拟结果存在的主要问题,在此基础上讨论了中国137Cs本底值的区域分布特点和影响中国137Cs区域本底值的主要因素。

秸秆露天焚烧排放的TSP等污染物清单

根据2000—2003年各省市农作物的产量,估算了农业秸秆的总量;结合从有关文献查阅的排放因子,计算了各年份我国大陆秸秆露天焚烧所排放的TSP、PM10、SO2、NOX、NH3、CH4、EC、OC、VOC、CO、CO2的总量及各省市的排放清单,并进一步细化到县、区级行政区。研究表明,由于经济发展水平和生活习惯的不同,秸秆露天焚烧排放的污染物在地区间的分布极不均衡,排放量较大的包括华东、东北地区的各省市;单位排放污染物量较高的地区由东北至华东呈带状分布。

中国生物质燃烧排放SO_2、NO_x量的估算

根据各地区生物质燃料消耗状况和SO2 、NOx 排放因子 ,估算了 2 0世纪 90年代中国生物质能源利用过程中的SO2 、NOx 排放量 ,并给出了分省区、分生物质燃料类型的排放清单 .研究表明 ,中国生物质燃料消耗及其排放的SO2 、NOx 量分别从 1991年的 38 1万t和 5 4 9万t下降为 1999年的 33 2万t和 45 3万t.在地区、燃料类型上分布不平衡 :SO2 和NOx 排放量均较大的包括山东、江苏、河北、内蒙古、湖北等 .其中 ,内蒙古SO2 排放量最大 ,而山东省NOx 排放量最高 ;秸杆是SO2 和NOx 排放的最主要来源 ,薪柴次之 ;牲畜粪便对SO2 贡献率接近 30 % ,而对NOx 贡献率仅 3%— 4%

中国大陆CO人为源排放清单

在经济部门、燃料类型、燃烧方式/工艺技术3个层次对排放源进行划分的基础上,根据各类源的能源消耗/产品产量及相应的排放因子,建立了中国大陆2001年分省区CO人为源排放清单.结果表明,中国大陆2001年CO人为源排放量为1·5×108t.生物质、煤炭和汽油是CO排放的主要来源,分别占总排放的35·24%、31·67%和20·31%;CO主要来源于居民生活(32·15%)、工业燃烧(23·77%)和机动车排放(21·75%).CO排放的地区分布极不均衡,山东、河北、山西、辽宁等12个省区的年排放量在5·0×106t以上,集中了全国总排放的2/3;上海、北京和天津3市的年均排放强度最高(大于100t·km-2·a-1);而西藏、青海、新疆和内蒙古4个省区的CO排放强度均不足5t·km-2·a-1·

中国陆地土壤有机碳储量估算及其不确定性分析

土壤有机碳密度和储量的统计对于研究土壤碳循环至关重要。为提高土壤有机碳密度和储量的估算精度,明晰导致估算存在不确定性的内在原因,根据第二次土壤普查资料,采用两种方式、两种土层厚度、两个公式以及3种碳密度取值方法估算了中国土壤有机碳储量,结果表明,中国陆地土壤有机碳储量大致在50.6～154.0 Pg(1 Pg=1015g)之间,平均储量为(102.3±51.7)Pg;估算的不确定性处于25.5%～30.4%之间。中国陆地土壤有机碳储量估算结果差异以及不确定性主要来源于以下几个方面:碳密度的取值方法不同,估算深度不一致,计算公式不统一,基础数据不一样以及制图尺度差异。本文研究结果认为基于G IS数字土壤图,采用标准1 m厚度土层,运用不考虑大于2 mm砾石含量的碳密度计算公式以及分土层累计计算法是估算中国陆地土壤有机碳储量最优方法。