Optimization purchase price and the profit policy undervendor managed inventory

The optimization policy of the purchase price and the profit under vendor managed inventory(VMI) is studied. For a salable product, supply chain mode of VMI is established, which is based on deterministic demand, having initial stock and having stock-out cost. With the further analysis of the mode, VMI is found to increase profits of the buyer in the short-term motivation. But VMI will reduce profits of the supplier under the matching condition. And in the short-term motivation, VMI will increase the purchase price to compensate the transfer cost of the supplier. As a result, the foundation of theory is provided to implement VMI in the supply chain, and have some definituded project significance.

Establishment of Grain Farmers' Supply Response Model and Empirical Analysis under Minimum Grain Purchase Price Policy

Based on farmers' supply behavior theory and price expectations theory,this paper establishes grain farmers' supply response model of two major grain varieties (early indica rice and mixed wheat) in the major producing areas,to test whether the minimum grain purchase price policy can have price-oriented effect on grain production and supply in the major producing areas. Empirical analysis shows that the minimum purchase price published annually by the government has significant positive impact on farmers' grain supply in the major grain producing areas. In recent years,China steadily raises the level of minimum grain purchase price,which has played an important role in effectively protecting grain farmers' interests,mobilizing the enthusiasm of farmers' grain production,and ensuring the market supply of key grain varieties.

Comparative Analysis of the Purchase Price of Raw Milk in the World

This paper selects 20 countries from the major dairy producing continents such as Oceania,the Americas,Europe and Asia,for the comparative analysis of the purchase price of raw milk in the world. Based on the summarization of general features of the world raw milk prices,this paper elaborates the fluctuations in the purchase price of raw milk in Oceania,the Americas,Europe and Asia,respectively,and carries out the comparative study of the gap between the domestic purchase price of raw milk and the world purchase price of raw milk.

Impacts of the Minimum Purchase Price Policy for Grain on the Planting Area of Rice in Hubei Province Based on a Mixed Linear Model

Impacts of the minimum purchase price policy for grain on the planting area of rice in Hubei Province were analyzed based on a mixed linear model.After the indicator system containing the minimum purchase price policy and other factors influencing the planting area of rice was constructed,principal component analysis of the system was conducted,and then a mixed linear model where the planting area of rice was as the dependent variable was established.The results show that after the exclusion of the interference from other factors,the minimum purchase price policy for grain had a positive impact on the planting area of rice in Hubei Province.That is,the minimum purchase price policy significantly stimulated the growth of rice planting area in Hubei Province.

Price-taker在两个电力市场中的交易决策 (一)购电商的策略

多市场交易量分配问题是电力市场参与者竞标决策中的重要问题之一。研究了考虑电价风险的情况下,Price—taker购电商在两个市场之间的交易量优化问题。讨论了购电商在两市场中优化分配问题的建模及解析解,引入风险因子概念,并用条件概率模型反映电价的不确定性,目标是总费用及风险均较低。用美国加州电力市场的实际数据进行了仿真。

Comparative Analysis of Food Price Policies in the Developed Countries

As the basis for maintenance of national security and global strategic material,food has always captured the attention of governments in the world.After reaching a certain stage of industrialization,most countries will take the food support and protection measures,and the policy objectives and policy tools have evolved into a set of policy systems through continuous adjustment,but the intervention in food price has always been present.The food price intervention only plays a role in regulating food market supply and demand and guaranteeing minimum income for grain producers,and it can not reflect the cost of food production and continuously improve grain producers' income,but because of its simple operation,low cost and immediate effect,it is suitable for the countries with a large number of grain producers but small operation scale in the short term.

The Price Forecasting of Military Aircraft Based on SVR

The difficulty of the prediction of military aircraft purchase price lies in the small sample data, and the sample data have the complicated non-linear characteristics. By analyzing the influence of parameters of aircraft purchase price, SVR is proposed to predict the aircraft purchasing price model, and uses the model to predict the aircraft purchase price. The calculation results show that the prediction of the purchase price to establish military aircraft model has higher prediction accuracy.

Chinese Honey Positioning and Price Trend in Domestic Market

China's bee industry is a small proportion of domestic agriculture with fewer farmers, and the government didn't attach much attention to or give supports to it. Agricultural production sector does not fully recognize the economic value of honeybee pollination. Chinese beekeepers gain profits only from products such as honey, royal jelly and bee pollen. Because of the production mode that aims at gathering and producing more honey while neglecting the health care of bees and the quality of products; export enterprises lack guidance and knowledge in export inspection and quarantine and technical regulations, and thus, the average price of China's bee honey exports is much lower than that of other countries in the world. Meanwhile, in domestic market, given the sustained development of China's macro economy and increasing incomes of residents, people show increasing interests in the health care function of honey. Based on the survey data of honey market in Beijing, Hangzhou, Qingdao, Zhengzhou and Chengdu from 2012 to 2015, the paper analyzes the price feature of China's honey market and its formulation basis, and also compares prices of honey with the same quality in different markets. Moreover, the paper combines data from fixed observation places of honey products production, which is carried out by the economic research group of bee industry in 11 provinces, to discuss reasons for continuous honey price rising in domestic market. Lastly, the paper uses the honey as an example to analyze pricing strategy of agricultural products with health care functions. The paper hold the opinions that the keys to solve the problem that high quality agricultural material couldn't sell in high price and good and bad are mixed in the market, is to build up quality and price mechanism in the processing of raw material purchasing to the terminal market, publicize more products information and superior customer attractiveness on health care effect.

基于柔性契约的应急物资政企联合储备定价博弈模型

为提高突发事件应急物资保障能力与韧性、控制政府采购成本,构建基于柔性契约的应急物资政企联合储备定价博弈模型。以政府采购成本最小化、供应商利润最大化为目标,运用逆向归纳法依次求解供应商最优实物、原材料储备量决策和政府最优定价决策,并进行数值模拟仿真验证及变量敏感性分析。研究结果表明:与政府单独储备模式相比,该模型能够提升应急物资储备水平,提高政府应对突发事件的能力,同时降低政府采购成本并提高供应商收益,实现政企双方共赢。高灾害概率促使政府增加储备、企业调整生产,政府大规模的常规采购会给企业带来稳定收益,企业在现货市场供给率较大时会提高原材料储备量。灾害发生概率、现货市场采购价格、政府常规采购量、现货市场供给率等因素对政企双方决策及成本收益均有影响。研究结果可为政企双方应急物资储备量、采购价格以及激励双方合作储备提供决策参考。

市场定位对生鲜连锁超市选择供应商行为的影响——依据产品质量和价格视角

农户按照超市采购要求合理控制产品质量和生产成本是有效应对现代企业和大市场的重要前提。然而,农户关于超市采购决策,特别是产品质量和采购价格决策方面的知识非常有限。这不利于农户的生产和销售决策。依据产品质量和价格视角,对沈阳市12家生鲜食品连锁超市的相关负责人进行调研,使用SPSS26软件,分析生鲜食品连锁超市之间的商品采购,即选择供应商行为的决策差异。研究发现,超市的市场定位与其对供应商产品质量的要求之间存在显著正相关关系;超市的产品质量要求水平与采购价格之间存在正相关关系。提出有效锁定目标客户,充分掌握目标客户需求,有效把控产品质量和成本等对策建议。

购买力平价汇总方法偏差研究

国际比较项目(ICP)数据质量评估是世界银行ICP技术咨询组关注的研究议题,从偏差视角研究购买力平价(PPP)汇总方法是重点研究方向之一。本文提出一个解释替代偏差的理论框架和两个定理,以探讨两类PPP汇总方法的偏差来源,并选择最短路径法(SP法)作为参照系,测度16种PPP汇总方法的偏差大小。同时,基于我国视角探讨亚太区域现行基尼–埃尔特托–科维斯–苏尔克(GEKS)法是否具备测度优势。研究发现,采用两个解释替代偏差的定理可以明确两类PPP汇总方法的偏差均源自替代偏差;链式方法的偏差低于平均价格法;相比最小距离法(MD)和可加的最小距离法(AMD),GEKS法并不具备测度优势,且该方法对我国而言也并非最优方法。本文研究为认识与测度PPP汇总方法偏差提供了新视角,对明确PPP汇总方法发展的方向、认识与改善ICP数据质量,以及世界银行和亚洲开发银行等国际组织选择更合理的PPP汇总方法提供了有益参考。

限购政策与城市房价溢出效应——基于70个大中城市准自然实验的研究

基于2015年1月至2022年3月全国70个大中城市的房价数据,本文考察了第二轮限购对城市房价溢出效应的影响。研究结果表明,限购政策有助于促进城际间的房价溢出效应。异质性分析显示,沿海地区、大规模城市出台的限购政策所引致的房价溢出效应高于内陆地区、小规模城市,而有社保及个税缴纳证明要求以及针对全域范围内的限购政策更能引发城市房价外溢。拓展性分析表明,限购政策能够通过降低房地产市场关注度和房产交易量影响城市间的房价溢出效应。本研究对优化地方政府的房市调控政策具有一定的借鉴意义。

计及购电需求不确定性的微电网能源竞价交易模型

微电网可以将发电高峰期盈余的可再生能源出售来促进可再生能源消纳并获取最大收益。采用拍卖机制确定交易价格,但交易过程中购电需求的变化也会对可再生能源消纳及微电网收益产生影响,为此,提出一种计及购电需求不确定性的微电网能源竞价交易模型。首先采用统一价格同步向上叫价拍卖机制进行定价,并提出了拍卖机制的改进方案来平衡用能消费者的对不同时段的拍卖需求;考虑到用能消费者的购电需求不确定性,采用鲁棒线性优化算法来规避不确定性参数对最优解的影响。最后通过MATLAB软件仿真分析,证明了该模型能够最大限度地提高可再生能源的出售率及微电网的收益。

基于经济学原理的药品带量采购政策实施效果研究

通过对比带量采购政策实施后的相关数据变化,运用经济学原理,对政策实施效果加以分析。结果显示:带量采购政策实施后,仿制药充分发挥了对原研药的替代作用,在提高市场占有率的同时,促进了药品价格大幅下降,降低了患者用药负担;带量采购政策进一步提高了药品流通领域的资源配置,有利于实现药品供需关系下的帕累托最优状态;带量采购与科斯定理密切相关,药品作为准公共物品,采购的效率性得到极大改善。随着带量采购政策的深入执行,应进一步完善采购机制,加强仿制药一致性评价工作,提高药品质量稳定性,实现药品间的替代与互补关系的合理转化,加强部门协作,充分发挥部门间联动效应,优化供需关系,完善市场最优状态。

收储制度改革后我国玉米价格影响因素分析:基于VAR模型

目的:玉米收储制度改革后,玉米价格进入市场定价阶段,价格波动更加频繁、剧烈,探讨不同因素对玉米价格的冲击程度。方法:利用2016年4月—2024年2月的数据,通过构建向量自回归(VAR)模型定量分析收储制度改革后我国玉米价格的影响因素。结果:玉米期货价格、大豆价格和新冠疫情对我国玉米价格的影响程度最大,生猪价格、肉鸡价格和国际石油价格次之,而进口玉米价格和玉米进口量对玉米价格的冲击相对较小。结论:关注玉米价格风险来源,强化玉米价格监测预警,确保玉米市场稳定运行。

新能源汽车产品属性对购买意愿影响研究

文章基于刺激—机体—反应理论、计划行为理论及消费者介入理论,构建了新能源汽车产品属性特征、消费者态度、感知价格、介入程度和消费者购买意愿之间的影响关系模型。通过系统化的信效度评价程序,采用直接效应检验、间接效应检验和调节效应检验。结果表明:个人、社会—功能型属性和个人—符号型属性产品属性对购买意愿具有积极影响,消费者态度具有中介作用,感知价格具有负向调节作用,介入程度具有正向调节作用。基于研究结论和新能源汽车独特性的现实情况,本研究提供激活消费者购买意愿的营销启示。

农户最低收购价预期与种植结构调整--来自农业生产性投资的调节检验

使用2018年湘、赣、苏三省水稻主产区农户调查数据,研究农户最低收购价预期对种植结构调整的作用机制及农业生产性投资的调节效应。实证结果显示,农户预期最低收购价下降对种植结构变化、调模式行为有显著正向影响,且预期降幅超线对调模式行为的影响更显著,表明最低收购价政策变化传递出较明显的种植结构调整效应。农户预期最低收购价下降、预期降幅超线和专用型设备投资对调面积行为的影响显著为负,且专用型设备投资与预期降幅超线交互项对调面积行为的负向作用更显著。这种负向调节效应源于农户专用型设备投资收益回报机制对水稻种植规模的“锚定”效应,使得专用型设备投资对农户面积减少行为有较大的延迟作用。未来种植结构调整应引导低端农产品向优质、品牌化转型,稳定农户生产性投资收益回报率预期,探索分类引导不同规模农户种植结构调整的政策。

数据驱动下考虑风险规避的闭环供应链分布式鲁棒优化设计

随着可持续发展理念得到社会广泛认同,企业开始逐步关注供应链运作中资源的回收利用。为了合理规划资源,构建了以供应链总成本为目标,考虑多主体参与的闭环供应链混合整数规划模型。进一步考虑了采购价格不确定,结合分布式鲁棒优化方法,使用数据驱动模糊集模拟不确定参数的真实分布,并融入均值-CVaR方法衡量决策者的风险规避特征,通过对偶理论将模型转化为可处理的线性问题。随后在Python中调用Gurobi求解器对模型求解,结果显示分布式鲁棒优化可以较好地处理决策过程中不确定参数的影响,并且模型可以为不同决策偏好以及不同目标预算下的决策提供支持,最后通过灵敏度分析再次验证了模型的实用性。

住房限购、公众预期与房价调控——来自中国热点城市房地产市场的证据

本文以第二轮限购政策为研究对象,使用中国热点城市2015年1月至2021年4月二手房市场数据作为研究样本,采用多期DID联立方程研究政策实施、公众预期与房价调控之间关系。研究发现:第一,限购政策无显著效果,且限价政策会导致新建住宅和二手房房价倒挂。第二,政府出台限购政策主要考虑市场交易量、房价以及公众预期三个方面,是基于房地产市场活跃程度、居民承受的房价压力和政府面对的社会压力做出的决策。第三,公众预期会存在两种效应,即非理性预期的直接效应和舆论压力引致政府非理性决策的间接效应。第四,二线城市、京津冀城市群以及土地财政依赖度较强的城市实施的限购政策效果较差。

最低收购价政策可以提高农民种粮积极性吗?——基于双重差分模型的实证检验

基于2000—2020年省级面板数据,利用双重差分法分别考察最低收购价政策对小麦和稻谷的播种面积、产量与价格波动的影响。结果表明:最低收购价政策的实施有助于提升农民种粮的积极性,从而增大粮食播种面积,增加粮食产量;而最低收购政策对粮食价格波动的影响很小,且回归系数不显著,这可能与政策实施力度、粮食的品种特性等因素有关。此外,在经过随机性检验、平行趋势检验以及安慰剂检验后,这一结论仍然成立,确保了估计结果的可信性和稳定性。