Study on the relationship of iodine nutritional status with thyroid function and autoantibodies in pregnant women in Baotou

Objective:To investigate the relationship of iodine nutritional status with thyroid function in pregnant women in Baotou,and provide a scientific basis for the guide of reasonable iodine supplementation.Methods:By use of As-Ce catalysis spectrophotometry,the urinary iodine concentration was determined in 90 women during different periods of pregnancy admitted to Baogang Hospital of Inner Mongolia from January 2017 to December 2017.The determination of thyroid function and the autoantibody level was carried out by electro-chemiluminescence immunoassay(ECLIA).Results:In the early trimester of pregnancy,pregnant women with iodine deficiency,iodine sufficiency and iodine excess accounted for 36.67%,40.00%and 23.33%respectively;in the middle trimester of pregnancy,they accounted for 66.67%,26.67%and 6.66%respectively;they made up 40.00%,40.00%and 20.00%respectively in the late trimester of pregnancy.The rate of iodine deficiency in women in the middle trimester of pregnancy was significantly higher than that in women in the early and the late trimesters of pregnancy respectively,and the difference was statistically significant(p<0.05).The rate of iodine deficiency in pregnant women was positively correlated to the positivity of thyroid peroxidase antibody.Moreover,it had no relationship with the positivity of thyroglobulin antibody.No matter in the pregnant women with iodine deficiency or with iodine excess,the abnormality rate of thyroid function and autoantibodies was significantly higher than that in the pregnant women with iodine sufficiency.The difference was statistically significant(p<0.05).Conclusions:The iodine deficiency in the women in the middle trimester of pregnancy is more severe than that in the women in the early and the late trimesters of pregnancy.Iodine deficiency during pregnancy is positively correlated with the positivity of thyroid peroxidase antibody.Pregnant women with iodine deficiency and iodine excess show a higher abnormality rate of thyroid function and autoantibodies.It is recommended to advocate health education on iodine nutrition to pregnant women,and conduct the dynamic monitoring of urinary iodine concentration and the screening of thyroid function and autoantibodies during pregnancy.

Salt Consumption Patterns and Iodine Nutrition Status of Pregnant Women in Coastal Region

Background: Maternal Iodine Deficiency Disorder can result in inevitable cretinism as well as miscarriages, stillbirth and low birth-weight babies. Objective: There is a need to find out contributing factors towards urinary iodine concentrations of pregnant women. Methods: Therefore, the cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted to assess the patterns of salt utilization and iodine status of pregnant women living in coastal areas of Mon State in January and May, 2013. Result: A total of 144 pregnant women from Pa-Nga village and Kalokepi village in Thanbyuzayat township were asked by using structured questionnaires including age, parity, socioeconomic status and patterns of salt and iodine-rich foods (seaweed, fish, prawn) consumption. Casual urine samples were collected from each pregnant woman and urinary iodine concentrations were measured. Three samples each of the iodized salt and non-iodized salt from local markets were collected for determination of iodine content by the iodometric titration method. Only 83.3% of the study population consumed iodized salt and the remaining (16.7%) consumed non-iodized salt. The median urinary iodine concentration of the study population was 105 μg/L. The mean urinary iodine level of pregnant women who consumed iodized salt and that of pregnant women who consumed non-iodizes salt were 110.47 ± 67.34 μg/L and 95.83 ± 70.13 μg/L (P = 0.336). Iodine content of the iodized salt and non-iodized salt was 20.6 ± 9.2 ppm and 5.1 ± 1.2 ppm respectively. In conclusion, the median iodine level of pregnant women was lower than that of the optimal iodine nutrition for pregnant women, i.e., 150 - 250 μg/L and the mean iodine content of salt samples was lower than the permissible level of iodine in iodized salt, i.e., 30 - 40 ppm. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that iodine nutritional status of pregnant women in this area is insufficient and salt iodization needs to be monitored for the optimal iodine content in iodized salt.

Using an Alternative Method to Estimate the Status of Iodine Nutrition in Pregnant Women

Iodine is an element that is essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormones.Adequate intake of dietary iodine has been recognized as a critical factor for maintaining health.It is a well-known fact that iodine deficiency can impede the production of thyroid hormones in both the mother and fetus,which increases the risk of brain damage in the fetal stage.

Iodized salt consumption and iodine deficiency status in China: a cross-sectional study

Objective:To monitor iodized salt consumption and evaluate iodine deficiency status in 2014 in China.Materials and Methods:In 2014,a nationwide cross-sectional survey was conducted in 31 provinces (in this study,provinces,autonomous regions and municipalities in China's Mainland were named as provinces).Probability proportional to size sampling method was adopted to recruit children ages 8-10 and pregnant women.47,467 children's and 18,994 pregnant women's urine samples were collected and 47,706 children's thyroid volumes were examined.Iodine content in salt was determined with 46,900 edible salt samples from children's households;urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was tested from children and pregnant women's urine samples;thyroid volume of children was assessed by ultrasound.Results:The national coverage rate of iodized salt and consumption rate of qualified iodized salt were 96.3％ and 91.5％,respectively.Median iodine content in iodized salt was 25.2 mg/kg.In 22 of 31 provinces,the provincial coverage rates of iodized salt were over 95％.And consumption rates of qualified iodized salt were more than 90％ in 21 provinces.In this study,the national median urinary iodine concentration (MUIC) of children in China was 197.9 μg/L.At the provincial level,MUIC of children in 19 provinces was 100-199 μg/L,which in 12 provinces was 200-299 μg/L.The national MUIC of pregnant women in 2014 was 154.6 μg/L,slightly higher than the lower limit of the WHO criteria for adequate (150-249 μg/L).At the provincial level,MUIC of pregnant women in 18 provinces was 100-149 μg/L,which in 13 provinces was 150-249 μg/L.The national prevalence of goiter among children in 2014 was 2.6％,of which only Shandong province (5.6％) exceeded the national standard (5％).Conclusions:In China,iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) has been eliminated since 2005.And in 2014,the IDD-free status still remained.

A survey of iodine nutrition status of Tianjin residents between 2002 to 2011 and analysis of suitable iodine content in salt

Objective To investigate the consumption status of iodized salt and iodine nutrition status of Tianjin residents,and to provide a scientific basis for iodine supplementation.Methods Sampling methods:①Salt iodine:According to"The National Project of Surveillance on IDD",the iodine in salt samples from 18 Tianjin districts (counties) was tested between 2002 and 2011.②Iodine nutritional status of children:Investigation of iodine nutritional status of children was conducted four times in2002,2005,2009 and 2011.In 2002 and 2005,two primary schools were selected in each district.By age,

Iodine nutrition and thyroid function in iodized salt supplied regions

Objective To study the effect of different iodine nutrition on thyroid function in adult and pregnant women.Methods A random sampling method was used to select healthy adult and pregnant woman from the communities of coastal city,coastal rural and inland rural areas in Liaoning Province.Drinking water,urine and salt samples were collected to measure urinary iodine(UI),salt iodine(SI)and water iodine content.Fasting venous blood was collected to measure thyroid stimulate

Pre-and post-iodine nutritional status among the population related to the practice of new standard on edible iodized salt,in Yunnan province

Objective In order to understand the iodine nutritional status after the salt-iodine content was reduced in2012 and to evaluate the current situation after the new standards was brought into force to the general population in an experimental community of Yunnan province.Methods Randomly sampled urine and salt were collect-

Status of iodine nutrition in pregnant women in Foshan City, Guangdong Province in 2017

Objective To study the iodine nutritional status ofpregnant women in Foshan City,Guangdong Province,and to provide basis for iodine supplementation scientificallyfor them. Methods In 2017, five districtsChancheng,Nanhai,Shunde,Sanshui and Gaoming inFoshan were selected. Each monitoring site was dividedinto five sections according to stratified random samplingin five directions: east,west,south,north and middle.One township (street) was taken in each section,and 20pregnant women were taken from each township( street)to detected their family salt iodine and urinary iodine levels.Results A total of 500 edible salt samples were collectedfrom the families of pregnant women,the medianof salt iodine was 24. 8 mg /kg,the qualified iodized saltconsumption rate was 95. 8% (479 /500),and the iodizedsalt coverage rate was 99. 0% (495 /500).

A follow up study on iodine nutrition and goiter rate of residents in excessive iodine intaking areas after ceasing supplementation of iodized salt in Dezhou City Shandong Province in 2013-2014

Objective To investigate the status of iodine content and goiter rate of the residents in excessive iodine intaking areas in Dezhou of Shandong Province after ceasing supplementation of iodized salt.Methods In ten excessive iodine intaking counties(cities,districts)from 2013to 2014,300 residents were selected from each

Assessment of iodine nutritional status of people in Qinghai Province after the content of salt iodine decreased

Objective To understand the iodine nutritional status of people in Qinghai Province after implementation of new standard of salt iodine,and provide the basis for prevention and control of iodine deficiency disorders.Methods The monitoring data of 2011 and 2014

The Association of Mercury and ALT with Obesity in Korean Adults Using Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for 11 Years(KNHANES 2005,2008-2017)

The association between heavy metals in the blood and obesity has been examined in many studies.However,inconsistencies have been observed in the results of these studies.The present study was conducted using data from 119,181 participants of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(KNHANES)for 11 years in 2005 and between 2008 and 2017.The subjects with missing heavy metal blood tests,health interview data,and health examination data were excluded from the study.The study population comprised 1,844 individuals(972 men,and 872 women)who were eligible for inclusion.It was found that obesity and abdominal obesity were associated with an increase in both blood mercury(P<0.001)and alanine aminotransferase(ALT)(P<0.001).After adjusting the confounding factors,those with concurrent high levels of ALT and the highest tertile of mercury showed an increased risk of obesity(odds ratio 4.46,95%confidence interval 2.23-8.90,P<0.001)as well as abdominal obesity(odds ratio 5.36,95%confidence interval 2.57-11.17,P<0.001).The interrelationship of mercury and ALT with the parameters of body mass index(P for interaction=0.009)and waist circumference(P for interaction=0.012),respectively,have been observed to be significant,suggesting that the reciprocal relationship could contribute to obesity and abdominal obesity.

东营市河口区重点人群食用盐碘含量及尿碘含量检测结果分析

目的:分析东营市河口区重点人群食用盐碘含量及尿碘含量检测结果,为科学化防治碘缺乏病提供参考。方法:于2024年1月随机抽取东营市河口区儿童1200名和孕妇600名作为研究对象。采集研究对象家中食用盐样本及尿液样本,开展盐碘、尿碘含量检测。结果:5个乡镇(街道)中,孤岛镇碘盐覆盖率最高,为49.17%;孤岛镇合格碘盐食用率最高,为44.44%;河口街道碘盐覆盖率最低,为35.00%;河口街道合格碘盐食用率最低,为32.22%。重点人群合格碘盐食用率<90%。收集儿童尿样1200份,尿碘中位数190.17µg/L,处于适宜状态,其中298人<100µg/L,占24.83%;461人尿碘为100~<200µg/L,占38.42%;284人尿碘为200~<300µg/L,占23.67%;157人尿碘≥300µg/L,占13.08%。收集孕妇尿样600份,尿碘中位数163.13µg/L,处于适宜状态,其中88人尿碘<100µg/L,占14.67%;310人尿碘为100~<150µg/L,占51.67%;120人尿碘150~<250µg/L,占20.00%;51人尿碘250~<500µg/L,占8.50%;31人尿碘≥500µg/L,占5.17%。结论:东营市河口区重点人群食用非碘盐人群较多,合格碘盐食用率较低,儿童碘营养状况整体处于适宜水平,但孕妇的碘营养状态存在明显不足问题。

桥本甲状腺炎患者尿碘水平的分析

目的分析桥本甲状腺炎(HT)患者尿碘水平的差异,探讨不同碘营养状况下尿碘水平与HT可能存在的关系,为HT患者合理摄碘提供参考。方法选取入院就诊的HT患者101例为HT组,依据甲状腺功能分为3组:HT合并甲状腺功能亢进组41例;HT合并甲状腺功能正常组25例;HT合并甲状腺功能减退组35例。另外,选取健康体检者30例为对照组。采用化学发光法检测血清促甲状腺激素(TSH)、三碘甲状腺原氨酸(T_(3))、甲状腺素(T_(4))、甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(TPOAb)及甲状腺球蛋白抗体(ATG)水平;超声诊断仪检查甲状腺器官的大小及形态结构;砷铈催化分光光度法检测尿碘水平。根据尿碘水平将人群碘营养状况分为碘缺乏(<100μg/L)、碘适宜(100~199μg/L)、碘足量(200~299μg/L)、碘过量(≥300μg/L)。采用非参数检验比较HT组与对照组尿碘水平差异,单因素方差分析、t检验比较HT分组与对照组尿碘水平差异及Spearman相关分析不同碘营养状况下尿碘水平与T_(3)、T_(4)、TSH、ATG、TPOAb的相关性。结果与对照组比较,HT组ATG、TPOAb水平升高(P<0.001),尿碘水平升高(P<0.05),差异有统计学意义;不同甲状腺功能状态下HT分组与对照组尿碘水平比较,仅HT合并甲状腺功能减退组升高(P<0.01),差异有统计学意义;Spearman相关分析显示总纳入对象中碘过量状况下尿碘水平与ATG、TPOAb水平呈正相关(P<0.05),HT患者中碘足量、碘过量状况下尿碘水平与TSH水平呈正相关(P<0.05)。结论HT患者尿碘水平较正常人偏高。居民尿碘水平≥300μg/L时,摄碘易发生HT;HT患者尿碘水平≥200μg/L时,摄碘易发生甲状腺功能减退,需限制碘摄入。

Effects of Malnutrition on Economic Productivity in China As Estimated by PROFILES

Objective To calculate the effects of malnutrition on economic productivity in China. Methods PROFILES was used to quantify the function consequences of malnutrition in term of protein energy malnutrition, iron deficiency and iodine deficiency. Results Productivity gained due to improved iodine nutrition. The reduction in the TGR in 1992 to 2001 increased the net present value of further economic productivity by $142 billion. Reduction of the TGR rate to 5% over next 10 years would result in future productivity gains with value of $40 billion. Productivity gain due to reductions in child stunting would result in future economic productivity gains with the value of $101 billion. Reducing stunting further over the next 10 years would gain $20 billion. Productivity gain due to reduction of iron deficiency anemia reduced by 30% over the next 10 years would gain worth $107 billion and if childhood anemia reduced by 30% over next 10 years would gain $348 billion. Conclusion These interventions have huge economic payoff. That is likely to exceed their costs many times over.

甲状腺结节与碘营养情况及白睛目络的相关性研究

目的:通过量化分析甲状腺结节与尿碘摄入及白睛目络之间的关系。方法:选取福建中医药大学附属第二人民医院进行甲状腺超声检查提示甲状腺结节的患者66例作为病例组,并选取同期体检人群中甲状腺正常者70例作为对照组。检测两组受试者尿碘含量、白睛目络情况,对两组数据进行统计分析。结果:病例组尿碘中位数为108.40μg/L,对照组尿碘中位数为129.70μg/L,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组间“血脉”形态特征分布,“M(胆)”区位特征分值、“粉黯”颜色特征分值,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),余白睛目络特征,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:碘营养情况与甲状腺结节未发现明显相关性;甲状腺结节的形成与胆腑功能失调、气滞血瘀等因素有关。

内蒙古东部地区孕妇碘营养状况调查及影响因素分析

目的了解2021-2022年内蒙古东部地区蒙古族和汉族孕妇碘营养状况,探讨影响碘营养状况的相关因素,为科学防控碘缺乏病提供依据。方法在内蒙古自治区东部4市(盟)行政区域内选取5个抽样片区,每个片区随机选取蒙古族和汉族孕妇各15例,采集任意时段尿样与食用盐样,测定尿碘含量与盐碘含量,并向孕妇发放调查问卷。结果蒙古族孕妇食用盐样盐碘中位数为24.10 mg/kg,碘盐覆盖率为99.45%,碘盐合格率为94.48%,合格碘盐食用率为93.96%;汉族孕妇食用盐样盐碘中位数为24.50 mg/kg,碘盐覆盖率为100.00%,碘盐合格率94.07%,合格碘盐食用率为94.07%。结论蒙古族和汉族孕妇尿碘中位数(Medianurina-ryiodine,MUI)总体处于碘适宜水平,但是蒙古族孕妇与汉族孕妇均不同程度存在碘缺乏与碘过量的风险。

上海市青浦区 2015—2023 年孕妇碘营养状况调查

目的了解上海市青浦区2015—2023年孕妇碘营养状况,为制定区域内干预策略提供依据。方法每个街镇随机抽取20~30名共计1152名孕妇,采集其家中食用盐样并检测尿样碘含量,结合统计学方法进行分析。结果调查对象的盐碘含量为24.40 mg/kg,合格碘盐食用率为61.37%,碘盐合格率为84.67%,碘盐覆盖率为72.48%。近年青浦区的碘盐合格率、碘盐覆盖率、合格碘盐食用率均呈现下降趋势(P<0.01)。合格碘盐食用率与碘盐覆盖率之间呈正相关关系(P<0.05)。结论孕妇群体的碘营养状况整体处于适宜水平,但仍有近半数碘营养水平不足。应加强健康宣教,倡导科学补碘、按需补碘。

Association between Serum Ferritin Levels and Metabolic-associated Fatty Liver Disease in Adults:a Cross-sectional Study Based on the NHANES

Objective Ferritin,initially acting as an iron-storage protein,was found to be associated with metabolic diseases.Our study was designed to investigate the association between serum ferritin and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease(MAFLD)using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(NHANES)of the United State of America.Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted,enrolling a total of 2145 participants from the NHANES in the 2017–2018 cycles.Hepatic steatosis and liver fibrosis were assessed by ultrasound images and several non-invasive indexes.Multiple regression analysis was conducted to determine the associations between serum ferritin concentration and MAFLD and liver fibrosis.Results The analysis revealed that participants with higher serum ferritin levels(Q3 and Q4 groups)had a higher prevalence of MAFLD than those with the lowest serum ferritin levels[Q3 vs.Q1:OR=2.17(1.33,3.53),P<0.05 in fatty liver index(FLI);Q4 vs.Q1:OR=3.13(1.91,5.13),P<0.05 in FLI].Additionally,participants with the highest serum ferritin levels(Q4 group)displayed a higher prevalence of liver fibrosis[Q4 vs.Q1:OR=2.59(1.19,5.62),P<0.05 in liver stiffness measurement;OR=5.06(1.12,22.94),P<0.05 in fibrosis-4 index],with significantly increased risk observed in participants with concomitant diabetes[OR=7.45(1.55,35.72),P=0.012].Conclusion Our study revealed that elevated serum ferritin levels are associated with a higher prevalence of MAFLD and advanced liver fibrosis in patients.Elevated serum ferritin levels combined with diabetes are important risk factors for liver fibrosis.

Relationship between dietary fiber intake and chronic diarrhea in adults

BACKGROUND Dietary fiber is essential for human health and can help reduce the symptoms of constipation.However,the relationship between dietary fiber and diarrhea is,poorly understood.AIM To evaluate the relationship between dietary fiber and chronic diarrhea.METHODS This retrospective study was conducted using data from the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey,conducted between 2005 and 2010.Participants over the age of 20 were included.To measure dietary fiber consumption,two 24-hour meal recall interviews were conducted.The independent relationship between the total amount of dietary fiber and chronic diarrhea was evaluated with multiple logistic regression and interaction analysis.RESULTS Data from 12829 participants were analyzed.Participants without chronic diarrhea consumed more dietary fiber than participants with chronic diarrhea(29.7 vs 28.5,P=0.004).Additionally,in participants with chronic diarrhea,a correlation between sex and dietary fiber intake was present:Women who consume more than 25 g of dietary fiber daily can reduce the occurrence of chronic diarrhea.CONCLUSION Dietary fiber can reduce the occurrence of chronic diarrhea.

Associations between remnant cholesterol levels and mortality in patients with diabetes

BACKGROUND Dyslipidemia is frequently present in patients with diabetes.The associations of remnant cholesterol and mortality remains unclear in patients with diabetes.AIM To explore the associations of remnant cholesterol with all-cause and cardiovas-cular mortality in patients with diabetes.METHODS This prospective cohort study included 4740 patients with diabetes who par-ticipated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1999 through 2018.Remnant cholesterol was used as the exposure variable,and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality were considered outcome events.Outcome data were obtained from the National Death Index,and all participants were followed from the interview date until death or December 31,2019.Multivariate proportional Cox regression models were used to explore the associations between exposure and outcomes,in which remnant cholesterol was modeled as both a categorical and a continuous variable.Restricted cubic splines(RCSs)were calculated to assess the nonlinearity of associations.Subgroup(stratified by sex,age,body mass index,and duration of diabetes)and a series of sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate the robustness of the associations.RESULTS During a median follow-up duration of 83 months,1370 all-cause deaths and 389 cardiovascular deaths were documented.Patients with remnant cholesterol levels in the third quartile had a reduced risk of all-cause mortality[hazard ratio(HR)95%confidence interval(CI):0.66(0.52-0.85)];however,when remnant cholesterol was modeled as a continuous variable,it was associated with increased risks of all-cause[HR(95%CI):1.12(1.02-1.21)per SD]and cardiovascular[HR(95%CI):1.16(1.01-1.32),per SD]mortality.The RCS demonstrated nonlinear associations of remnant cholesterol with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality.Subgroup and sensitivity analyses did not reveal significant differences from the above results.CONCLUSION In patients with diabetes,higher remnant cholesterol was associated with increased risks of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality,and diabetes patients with slightly higher remnant cholesterol(0.68-1.04 mmol/L)had a lower risk of all-cause mortality.