The characteristics of the extracted ion current have a significant impact on the design and testing of ion source performance.In this paper,a 2D in space and 3D in velocity space particle in cell(2D3V PIC)method is u...The characteristics of the extracted ion current have a significant impact on the design and testing of ion source performance.In this paper,a 2D in space and 3D in velocity space particle in cell(2D3V PIC)method is utilized to simulate plasma motion and ion extraction characteristics under various initial plasma velocity distributions and extraction voltages in a Cartesian coordinate system.The plasma density is of the order of 10^(15)m^(-3)-10^(16)m^(-3)and the extraction voltage is of the order of 100 V-1000 V.The study investigates the impact of various extraction voltages on the velocity and density distributions of electrons and positive ions,and analyzes the influence of different initial plasma velocity distributions on the extraction current.The simulation results reveal that the main reason for the variation of extraction current is the spacecharge force formed by the relative aggregation of positive and negative net charges.This lays the foundation for a deeper understanding of extraction beam characteristics.展开更多
The effect of N_(2)discharge products on cyclohexane degradation over a MnO_(2)/γ-Al_(2)O_(3)catalyst has been evaluated by feeding N_(2)discharge products to the catalyst using a specially designed dielectric barrie...The effect of N_(2)discharge products on cyclohexane degradation over a MnO_(2)/γ-Al_(2)O_(3)catalyst has been evaluated by feeding N_(2)discharge products to the catalyst using a specially designed dielectric barrier discharge reactor.At a reaction temperature of 100℃,the cyclohexane conversion increased from 2.46%(without N_(2)discharge products)to 26.3%(with N_(2)discharge products).N-and O-containing by-product(3,4-dehydroproline)was found on the catalyst surface using gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry identification,in which C=N–C and C=N–H bonds were also confirmed from x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis results.Operando analysis results using diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy revealed that N atoms can react with surface H_(2)O possibly to NH and OH reactive species that have reactivities to promote CO oxidation to CO_(2).The mechanism of N-atom-driven cyclohexane degradation to CO and CO_(2)is proposed.展开更多
Amino acids are very important compounds for the body and are involved in important functions that keep us healthy. Amino acids are essential components such as valine, proline, glutamine and glutamic acid. They can b...Amino acids are very important compounds for the body and are involved in important functions that keep us healthy. Amino acids are essential components such as valine, proline, glutamine and glutamic acid. They can be synthesized either naturally or artificially. To examine the metabolism and regulate the synthesis process, compounds labeled with nitrogen or carbon isotopes need to be used. These isotopic compounds allow for more extensive research and enable studies that would otherwise be impossible. However, their use is dependent on the availability of simple, efficient methods for isotopic analysis. Currently, the determination of the atomic fraction of carbon and nitrogen isotopes is only possible through their conversion into molecular nitrogen or carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide. This leads to the loss of information about isotopic enrichment in specific centers of the molecule. This article explores a new direct approach to determining the atomic fraction of carbon and nitrogen isotopes in the isotope-modified or identical centers of these compounds. This method eliminates the transfer process and dilution due to nitrogen and carbon impurities. It is now possible to simultaneously determine the atomic fraction of nitrogen and carbon isotopes in the research substance. This method can be applied to amino acids, making it an effective tool for proposing new research methods. Several articles [1] [2] [3] have proposed similar methods for organic compounds and amino acids.展开更多
The capability of neurons to discriminate between intensity of external stimulus is measured by its dynamic range.A larger dynamic range indicates a greater probability of neuronal survival.In this study,the potential...The capability of neurons to discriminate between intensity of external stimulus is measured by its dynamic range.A larger dynamic range indicates a greater probability of neuronal survival.In this study,the potential roles of adaptation mechanisms(ion currents) in modulating neuronal dynamic range were numerically investigated.Based on the adaptive exponential integrate-and-fire model,which includes two different adaptation mechanisms,i.e.subthreshold and suprathreshold(spike-triggered) adaptation,our results reveal that the two adaptation mechanisms exhibit rather different roles in regulating neuronal dynamic range.Specifically,subthreshold adaptation acts as a negative factor that observably decreases the neuronal dynamic range,while suprathreshold adaptation has little influence on the neuronal dynamic range.Moreover,when stochastic noise was introduced into the adaptation mechanisms,the dynamic range was apparently enhanced,regardless of what state the neuron was in,e.g.adaptive or non-adaptive.Our model results suggested that the neuronal dynamic range can be differentially modulated by different adaptation mechanisms.Additionally,noise was a non-ignorable factor,which could effectively modulate the neuronal dynamic range.展开更多
The electrophysiological properties of potassium ion channels are regarded as a basic index for determining the functional differentiation of neural stem cells. In this study, neural stem cells from the hippocampus of...The electrophysiological properties of potassium ion channels are regarded as a basic index for determining the functional differentiation of neural stem cells. In this study, neural stem cells from the hippocampus of newborn rats were induced to differentiate with neurotrophic growth factor, and the electrophysiological properties of the voltage-gated potassium ion channels were observed. Immunofluorescence staining showed that the rapidly proliferating neural stem cells formed spheres in vitro that expressed high levels of nestin. The differentiated neurons were shown to express neuron-specific enolase. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that the neural stem cells were actively dividing and the percentage of cells in the S + G2/M phase was high. However, the ratio of cells in the S + G2/M phase decreased obviously as differentiation proceeded. Whole-cell patch-clamp re- cordings revealed apparent changes in potassium ion currents as the neurons differentiated. The potassium ion currents consisted of one transient outward potassium ion current and one delayed rectifier potassium ion current, which were blocked by 4-aminopyridine and tetraethylammonium, respectively. The experimental findings indicate that neural stem cells from newborn rat hippo- campus could be cultured and induced to differentiate into functional neurons under defined condi- tions in vitro. The differentiated neurons expressed two types of outward potassium ion cur'ents similar to those of mature neurons in vivo.展开更多
The arc regulation method is applied to the high-current ion source for high-power hydrogen ion beam extraction for the first time. The characteristics of the arc and beam, including the probe ion saturation current, ...The arc regulation method is applied to the high-current ion source for high-power hydrogen ion beam extraction for the first time. The characteristics of the arc and beam, including the probe ion saturation current, the arc power and the beam current, are studied with feedback control. The results show that the arc regulation method can be successfully applied to ion beam extraction. This lays a sound foundation for the testing of a new ion source and the operation of a conditioned ion source for neutral beam injector devices.展开更多
Silicon-germanium (SiGe) hereto-junction bipolar transistor current transients induced by pulse laser and heavy iron are measured using a real-time digital oscilloscope. These transients induced by pulse laser and h...Silicon-germanium (SiGe) hereto-junction bipolar transistor current transients induced by pulse laser and heavy iron are measured using a real-time digital oscilloscope. These transients induced by pulse laser and heavy iron exhibit the same waveform and charge collection time except for the amplitude of peak current. Different laser energies and voltage biases under heavy ion irradiation also have impact on current transient, whereas the waveform remains unchanged. The position-correlated current transients suggest that the nature of the current transient is controlled by the behavior of the C/S junction.展开更多
We provide a way to precisely control the geometry of a SiNx nanopore by adjusting the applied electric pulse. The pore is generated by applying the current pulse across a SiNx membrane, which is immersed in potassium...We provide a way to precisely control the geometry of a SiNx nanopore by adjusting the applied electric pulse. The pore is generated by applying the current pulse across a SiNx membrane, which is immersed in potassium chloride solution. We can generate single conical and cylindrical pores with different electric pulses. A theoretical model based on the Poisson and Nernst-Planck equations is employed to simulate the ion transport properties in the channel. In turn, we can analyze pore geometries by fitting the experimental current-voltage (I-V) curves. for the conical pores with a pore size of 0.5-2nm in diameter, the slope angles are around -2.5% to -10%. Moreover, the pore orifice can be enlarged slightly by additional repeating pulses. The conic pore lumen becomes close to a cylindrical channel, resulting in a symmetry I-V transport under positive and negative biases. A qualitative understanding of these effects will help us to prepare useful solid-nanopores as demanded.展开更多
The effect of ion current density of argon plasma on target sputtering in magnetron sputtering process was investigated. Using home-made ion probe with computer-based data acquisition system, the ion current density a...The effect of ion current density of argon plasma on target sputtering in magnetron sputtering process was investigated. Using home-made ion probe with computer-based data acquisition system, the ion current density as functions of discharge power, gas pressure and positions was measured. A double-hump shape was found in ion current density curve after the analysis of the effects of power and pressure. The data demonstrate that ion current density increases with the increase in gas pressure in spite of slightly at the double-hump site, sharply at wave-trough and side positions. Simultaneously, the ion current density increases upon increase in power. Es- pecially, the ion current density steeply increases at the double-hump site. The highest energy of the secondary electrons arising from Larmor precession was found at the double-hump position, which results in high ion density. The target was etched seriously at the double-hump position due to the high ion density there. The data indicates that the increase in power can lead to a high sputtering speed rate.展开更多
Corona discharge suppression for high-voltage direct-current(HVDC)transmission lines at line terminals such as converter stations is a subject that requires attention.In this paper,a method based on a conductor covere...Corona discharge suppression for high-voltage direct-current(HVDC)transmission lines at line terminals such as converter stations is a subject that requires attention.In this paper,a method based on a conductor covered with dielectric film is proposed and implemented through a bench-scale setup.Compared with the bare conductor,the corona discharge suppression effect of the dielectric-film-covered conductor under positive polarity is studied from the composite field strength and ion current density using a line-plate experimental device.The influences of film thickness and film material on the corona discharge suppression effect are investigated.The charge accumulation and dissipation characteristics of different film materials are also studied.The results show that the conductor covered with dielectric film has excellent ability to inhibit corona discharge.The ground-level composite field strength of the conductor covered with dielectric film is lower than its nominal field strength,and its ion current density is at the nA m^(−2) level.The corona threshold voltage can be promoted by increasing the film thickness,but the ability to inhibit corona discharge becomes weak.The larger the surface electric field strength,the more charge accumulated,but the faster the charge dissipation rate.Compared with polyvinyl chloride film,cross-linked polyethylene film has stronger charge accumulation ability and slower charge dissipation rate,which can better restrain the corona discharge of HVDC transmission lines.展开更多
An experimental investigation of the saturation ion current densities (Jions) in hydrogen inductively coupled plasma (ICP) produced by a large-power (2-32 kW) radio frequency (RF) generator is reported, then s...An experimental investigation of the saturation ion current densities (Jions) in hydrogen inductively coupled plasma (ICP) produced by a large-power (2-32 kW) radio frequency (RF) generator is reported, then some reasonable explanations are given out. With the increase of RF power, the experimental results show three stages: in the first stage (2-14 kW), the electron temperature will rise with the increase of RF power in the ICP, thus, the Jions increases continually as the electron temperature rises in the ICP. In the second stage (14 20 kW), as some H- ions lead to the mutual neutralization (MN), the slope of Jio^s variation firstly decreases then increases. In the third stage (20-32 kW), both the electronic detachment (ED) and the associative detachment (AD) in the ICP result in the destruction of H- ions, therefore, the increased amplitude of the Jions in the third stage is weaker than the one in the first stage. In addition, with the equivalent transformer model, we successfully Explain that the Jions at different radial locations in ICP has the same rule. Finally, it is found that the Jions has nothing to do with the outer/inner puffing gas pressure ratio, which is attributed to the high-speed movement of hydrogen molecules.展开更多
In a 2.45 GHz electron cyclotron resonance(ECR)ion thruster powered with rod antenna under a cross magnetic field,abnormal behaviours such as sudden drop of ion beam current(Ib)and larger increasing-rate of Ibin the h...In a 2.45 GHz electron cyclotron resonance(ECR)ion thruster powered with rod antenna under a cross magnetic field,abnormal behaviours such as sudden drop of ion beam current(Ib)and larger increasing-rate of Ibin the high microwave power(Pw)discharges at high gas flow rates were observed.A differential method was proposed to reveal the changes in the radial profiles of gray values extracted from the end-view discharge images.The increasing-rate of Ibwith respect to Pwwas used to evaluate efficiencies of ion production and transport.Analyses indicate that discharges are dominantly sustained by ordinary wave via electron heating in the electron plasma resonance layer that can shift along the rod-antenna,and extraordinary wave can only ignite a discharge in the ECR layer in the low gas flow rate regime.In terms of the confinement region defined by the magnetic field lines intercepting with the screen grid,the confinement region of the optimized 2.45 GHz cross magnetic field takes the shape of hourglass,enabling the high increasing-rate of Ib with respect to Pw in high power discharges at high gas flow rates.Correlated with the accompanied bright boundary layer appearing in the differentiated image,the sudden drop of Ib in the low gas flow rate regime is attributed to the discharge ignited by the enhanced extraordinary wave in the ECR layer neighbouring the narrowest confinement region,where the produced ions can promptly enter the loss region.展开更多
The equilibrium reconstruction is important to study the tokamak plasma physical processes.To analyze the contribution of fast ions to the equilibrium,the kinetic equilibria at two time-slices in a typical H-mode disc...The equilibrium reconstruction is important to study the tokamak plasma physical processes.To analyze the contribution of fast ions to the equilibrium,the kinetic equilibria at two time-slices in a typical H-mode discharge with different auxiliary heatings are reconstructed by using magnetic diagnostics,kinetic diagnostics and TRANSP code.It is found that the fast-ion pressure might be up to one-third of the plasma pressure and the contribution is mainly in the core plasma due to the neutral beam injection power is primarily deposited in the core region.The fast-ion current contributes mainly in the core region while contributes little to the pedestal current.A steep pressure gradient in the pedestal is observed which gives rise to a strong edge current.It is proved that the fast ion effects cannot be ignored and should be considered in the future study of EAST.展开更多
The ion saturation current is very important in probe theory, which can be used to measure the electron temperature and the floating potential. In this work, the effects of energetic ions on the ion saturation current...The ion saturation current is very important in probe theory, which can be used to measure the electron temperature and the floating potential. In this work, the effects of energetic ions on the ion saturation current are studied via particle-in-cell simulations. It is found that the energetic ions and background ions can be treated separately as different species, and they satisfy their individual Bohm criterion at the sheath edge. It is shown that the energetic ions can significantly affect the ion saturation current if their concentration is greater than root T-e/(gamma T-i2(i2)), where T-e is the electron temperature, and gamma(i2) and T-i2 represent the polytropic coefficient and temperature of energetic ions, respectively. As a result, the floating potential and the I-V characteristic profile are strongly influenced by the energetic ions. When the energetic ion current dominates the ion saturation current, an analysis of the ion saturation current will yield the energetic ion temperature rather than the electron temperature.展开更多
The article theoretically studied the charge-exchange effects on space charge limitedelectron and ion current densities of non-relativistic one-dimensional slab ion diode, and comparedwith those of without charge exch...The article theoretically studied the charge-exchange effects on space charge limitedelectron and ion current densities of non-relativistic one-dimensional slab ion diode, and comparedwith those of without charge exchange.展开更多
A hot cathode bucket ion source is used for the EAST(experimental advanced superconducting tokamak)neutral beam injector.The thermal electrons emitted from the surface of the cathode are extracted and accelerated by...A hot cathode bucket ion source is used for the EAST(experimental advanced superconducting tokamak)neutral beam injector.The thermal electrons emitted from the surface of the cathode are extracted and accelerated by the electric field formed by the arc voltage,which is applied between the arc chamber of the ion source and the cathode.This paper analyzes the effects of arc voltage on the arc discharge in a hot cathode high current ion source.展开更多
Neutral beam injection is one of the effective auxiliary heating methods in magnetic-confinementfusion experiments. In order to acquire the suppressor-grid current signal and avoid the grid being damaged by overheatin...Neutral beam injection is one of the effective auxiliary heating methods in magnetic-confinementfusion experiments. In order to acquire the suppressor-grid current signal and avoid the grid being damaged by overheating, a data acquisition and over-current protection system based on the PXI(PCI e Xtensions for Instrumentation) platform has been developed. The system consists of a current sensor, data acquisition module and over-current protection module. In the data acquisition module,the acquired data of one shot will be transferred in isolation and saved in a data-storage server in a txt file. It can also be recalled using NBWave for future analysis. The over-current protection module contains two modes: remote and local. This gives it the function of setting a threshold voltage remotely and locally, and the forbidden time of over-current protection also can be set by a host PC in remote mode. Experimental results demonstrate that the data acquisition and overcurrent protection system has the advantages of setting forbidden time and isolation transmission.展开更多
Tartaric acid, oxalic acid, glucose, and fructose are highly important compounds. A comprehensive study of these substances is fascinating from a scientific perspective. They are key components found in wine, vegetabl...Tartaric acid, oxalic acid, glucose, and fructose are highly important compounds. A comprehensive study of these substances is fascinating from a scientific perspective. They are key components found in wine, vegetables, and fruits. Understanding the isotopic compositions in organic compounds is crucial for comprehending various biochemical processes and the nature of substances present in different natural products. Tartaric acid, oxalic acid, glucose, and fructose are widely distributed compounds, including in vegetables and fruits. Tartaric acid plays a significant role in determining the quality and taste properties of wine, while oxalic acid is also prevalent but holds great interest for further research, especially in terms of carbon isotopic composition. We can unveil the mechanisms of processes that were previously impossible to study. Glucose and fructose are the most common monosaccharides in the hexose group, and both are found in fruits, with sweeter fruits containing higher amounts of these substances. In addition to fruits, wheat, barley, rye, onions, garlic, lentils, peppers, dried fruits, beans, broccoli, cabbage, tomatoes, and other foods are also rich sources of fructose and glucose. To determine the mass fraction of the carbon-13 isotope in these compounds, it is important to study their changes during natural synthesis. These compounds can be modified with a carbon center. According to the existing isotopic analysis method, these compounds are converted into carbon oxide or dioxide [1]. At this point, the average carbon content in the given compound is determined, but information about isotope-modified centers is lost. Dilution may occur through the transfer of other carbon-containing organic compounds in the sample or by dilution with natural carbon or carbon dioxide during the transfer process. This article discusses the possibility of carbon-13 isotope propagation directly in these compounds, both completely modified and modified with individual carbon centers. The literature provides information on determining carbon-13 substance in organic compounds, both with a general approach and for individual compounds [2] [3].展开更多
This study focuses on the combined impact of heat source/sink and chemical reaction on slip flow of micropolar fluid through a permeable wedge in the existence of Hall and ion-slip currents.The governing highly non-li...This study focuses on the combined impact of heat source/sink and chemical reaction on slip flow of micropolar fluid through a permeable wedge in the existence of Hall and ion-slip currents.The governing highly non-lincar PDEs were altered into a set of non-linear coupled ODEs by using similarity transformations.Differential transformation method(DTM)has been implemented in transformed ODEs equations.The comparison with previous literatures was performed and the data of this study was found to be in accordance with each other.The analytical solutions for skin-friction coefficients(surface drag forces),Nussclt and Sherwood numbers are depicted through graphs and tables.The study of boundary layer flow over a wedge surface plays an imperative role in the field of aerodynamics,heat exchanger,ground water pollution and geothermal system etc.展开更多
Nanopore detection is a hot issue in current research.One of the challenges is how to slow down the transport velocity of nanoparticles in nanopores.In this paper,we propose a functional group modified nanopore.That m...Nanopore detection is a hot issue in current research.One of the challenges is how to slow down the transport velocity of nanoparticles in nanopores.In this paper,we propose a functional group modified nanopore.That means a polyelectrolyte brush layer is grafted on the surface of the nanopore to change the surface charge properties.The existing studies generally set the charge density of the brush layer to a fixed value.On the contrary,in this paper,we consider an essential property of the brush layer:the volume charge density is adjustable with pH.Thus,the charge property of the brush layer will change with the local H+concentration.Based on this,we established a mathematical model to study the transport of nanoparticles in polyelectrolyte brush layer modified nanopores.We found that pH can effectively adjust the charge density and even the polarity of the brush layer.A larger pH can reduce the transport velocity of nanoparticles and improve the blockade degree of ion current.The grafting density does not change the polarity of the brush charge.The larger the grafting density,the greater the charge density of the brush layer,and the blockade degree of ion current is also more obvious.The polyelectrolyte brush layer modified nanopores in this paper can effectively reduce the nanoparticle transport velocity and retain the essential ion current characteristics,such as ion current blockade and enhancement.展开更多
基金Project supported by Presidential Foundation of CAEP (Grant No.YZJJZQ2022016)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.52207177)。
文摘The characteristics of the extracted ion current have a significant impact on the design and testing of ion source performance.In this paper,a 2D in space and 3D in velocity space particle in cell(2D3V PIC)method is utilized to simulate plasma motion and ion extraction characteristics under various initial plasma velocity distributions and extraction voltages in a Cartesian coordinate system.The plasma density is of the order of 10^(15)m^(-3)-10^(16)m^(-3)and the extraction voltage is of the order of 100 V-1000 V.The study investigates the impact of various extraction voltages on the velocity and density distributions of electrons and positive ions,and analyzes the influence of different initial plasma velocity distributions on the extraction current.The simulation results reveal that the main reason for the variation of extraction current is the spacecharge force formed by the relative aggregation of positive and negative net charges.This lays the foundation for a deeper understanding of extraction beam characteristics.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12075037)the Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(No.KYCX21_2873)Research and Application Service Platform Project of API Manufacturing Environmental Protection and Safety Technology in China(No.2020-0107-3-1).
文摘The effect of N_(2)discharge products on cyclohexane degradation over a MnO_(2)/γ-Al_(2)O_(3)catalyst has been evaluated by feeding N_(2)discharge products to the catalyst using a specially designed dielectric barrier discharge reactor.At a reaction temperature of 100℃,the cyclohexane conversion increased from 2.46%(without N_(2)discharge products)to 26.3%(with N_(2)discharge products).N-and O-containing by-product(3,4-dehydroproline)was found on the catalyst surface using gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry identification,in which C=N–C and C=N–H bonds were also confirmed from x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis results.Operando analysis results using diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy revealed that N atoms can react with surface H_(2)O possibly to NH and OH reactive species that have reactivities to promote CO oxidation to CO_(2).The mechanism of N-atom-driven cyclohexane degradation to CO and CO_(2)is proposed.
文摘Amino acids are very important compounds for the body and are involved in important functions that keep us healthy. Amino acids are essential components such as valine, proline, glutamine and glutamic acid. They can be synthesized either naturally or artificially. To examine the metabolism and regulate the synthesis process, compounds labeled with nitrogen or carbon isotopes need to be used. These isotopic compounds allow for more extensive research and enable studies that would otherwise be impossible. However, their use is dependent on the availability of simple, efficient methods for isotopic analysis. Currently, the determination of the atomic fraction of carbon and nitrogen isotopes is only possible through their conversion into molecular nitrogen or carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide. This leads to the loss of information about isotopic enrichment in specific centers of the molecule. This article explores a new direct approach to determining the atomic fraction of carbon and nitrogen isotopes in the isotope-modified or identical centers of these compounds. This method eliminates the transfer process and dilution due to nitrogen and carbon impurities. It is now possible to simultaneously determine the atomic fraction of nitrogen and carbon isotopes in the research substance. This method can be applied to amino acids, making it an effective tool for proposing new research methods. Several articles [1] [2] [3] have proposed similar methods for organic compounds and amino acids.
基金supported by a grant from Beijing Municipal Commission of Science and Technology of China,No.Z151100000915070
文摘The capability of neurons to discriminate between intensity of external stimulus is measured by its dynamic range.A larger dynamic range indicates a greater probability of neuronal survival.In this study,the potential roles of adaptation mechanisms(ion currents) in modulating neuronal dynamic range were numerically investigated.Based on the adaptive exponential integrate-and-fire model,which includes two different adaptation mechanisms,i.e.subthreshold and suprathreshold(spike-triggered) adaptation,our results reveal that the two adaptation mechanisms exhibit rather different roles in regulating neuronal dynamic range.Specifically,subthreshold adaptation acts as a negative factor that observably decreases the neuronal dynamic range,while suprathreshold adaptation has little influence on the neuronal dynamic range.Moreover,when stochastic noise was introduced into the adaptation mechanisms,the dynamic range was apparently enhanced,regardless of what state the neuron was in,e.g.adaptive or non-adaptive.Our model results suggested that the neuronal dynamic range can be differentially modulated by different adaptation mechanisms.Additionally,noise was a non-ignorable factor,which could effectively modulate the neuronal dynamic range.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.31000514the Scientific Research Project for Talent with High Education of Xinxiang Medical University,No.2007502002
文摘The electrophysiological properties of potassium ion channels are regarded as a basic index for determining the functional differentiation of neural stem cells. In this study, neural stem cells from the hippocampus of newborn rats were induced to differentiate with neurotrophic growth factor, and the electrophysiological properties of the voltage-gated potassium ion channels were observed. Immunofluorescence staining showed that the rapidly proliferating neural stem cells formed spheres in vitro that expressed high levels of nestin. The differentiated neurons were shown to express neuron-specific enolase. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that the neural stem cells were actively dividing and the percentage of cells in the S + G2/M phase was high. However, the ratio of cells in the S + G2/M phase decreased obviously as differentiation proceeded. Whole-cell patch-clamp re- cordings revealed apparent changes in potassium ion currents as the neurons differentiated. The potassium ion currents consisted of one transient outward potassium ion current and one delayed rectifier potassium ion current, which were blocked by 4-aminopyridine and tetraethylammonium, respectively. The experimental findings indicate that neural stem cells from newborn rat hippo- campus could be cultured and induced to differentiate into functional neurons under defined condi- tions in vitro. The differentiated neurons expressed two types of outward potassium ion cur'ents similar to those of mature neurons in vivo.
基金supported by the National Magnetic Confinement Fusion Science Program of China(No.2013GB101000)partly supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11075183)the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Study of the physical characteristics of arc power feedback control for the high current ion source)
文摘The arc regulation method is applied to the high-current ion source for high-power hydrogen ion beam extraction for the first time. The characteristics of the arc and beam, including the probe ion saturation current, the arc power and the beam current, are studied with feedback control. The results show that the arc regulation method can be successfully applied to ion beam extraction. This lays a sound foundation for the testing of a new ion source and the operation of a conditioned ion source for neutral beam injector devices.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos 61274106 and 61574171
文摘Silicon-germanium (SiGe) hereto-junction bipolar transistor current transients induced by pulse laser and heavy iron are measured using a real-time digital oscilloscope. These transients induced by pulse laser and heavy iron exhibit the same waveform and charge collection time except for the amplitude of peak current. Different laser energies and voltage biases under heavy ion irradiation also have impact on current transient, whereas the waveform remains unchanged. The position-correlated current transients suggest that the nature of the current transient is controlled by the behavior of the C/S junction.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos 61471336,51503207 and 61504146the Joint-Scholar of West Light Foundation of Chinese Academy of Sciences
文摘We provide a way to precisely control the geometry of a SiNx nanopore by adjusting the applied electric pulse. The pore is generated by applying the current pulse across a SiNx membrane, which is immersed in potassium chloride solution. We can generate single conical and cylindrical pores with different electric pulses. A theoretical model based on the Poisson and Nernst-Planck equations is employed to simulate the ion transport properties in the channel. In turn, we can analyze pore geometries by fitting the experimental current-voltage (I-V) curves. for the conical pores with a pore size of 0.5-2nm in diameter, the slope angles are around -2.5% to -10%. Moreover, the pore orifice can be enlarged slightly by additional repeating pulses. The conic pore lumen becomes close to a cylindrical channel, resulting in a symmetry I-V transport under positive and negative biases. A qualitative understanding of these effects will help us to prepare useful solid-nanopores as demanded.
文摘The effect of ion current density of argon plasma on target sputtering in magnetron sputtering process was investigated. Using home-made ion probe with computer-based data acquisition system, the ion current density as functions of discharge power, gas pressure and positions was measured. A double-hump shape was found in ion current density curve after the analysis of the effects of power and pressure. The data demonstrate that ion current density increases with the increase in gas pressure in spite of slightly at the double-hump site, sharply at wave-trough and side positions. Simultaneously, the ion current density increases upon increase in power. Es- pecially, the ion current density steeply increases at the double-hump site. The highest energy of the secondary electrons arising from Larmor precession was found at the double-hump position, which results in high ion density. The target was etched seriously at the double-hump position due to the high ion density there. The data indicates that the increase in power can lead to a high sputtering speed rate.
基金by State Grid Shandong Electric Power Company(52062618001M)。
文摘Corona discharge suppression for high-voltage direct-current(HVDC)transmission lines at line terminals such as converter stations is a subject that requires attention.In this paper,a method based on a conductor covered with dielectric film is proposed and implemented through a bench-scale setup.Compared with the bare conductor,the corona discharge suppression effect of the dielectric-film-covered conductor under positive polarity is studied from the composite field strength and ion current density using a line-plate experimental device.The influences of film thickness and film material on the corona discharge suppression effect are investigated.The charge accumulation and dissipation characteristics of different film materials are also studied.The results show that the conductor covered with dielectric film has excellent ability to inhibit corona discharge.The ground-level composite field strength of the conductor covered with dielectric film is lower than its nominal field strength,and its ion current density is at the nA m^(−2) level.The corona threshold voltage can be promoted by increasing the film thickness,but the ability to inhibit corona discharge becomes weak.The larger the surface electric field strength,the more charge accumulated,but the faster the charge dissipation rate.Compared with polyvinyl chloride film,cross-linked polyethylene film has stronger charge accumulation ability and slower charge dissipation rate,which can better restrain the corona discharge of HVDC transmission lines.
基金supported by the National Magnetic Confinement Fusion Science Program of China(Nos.2011GB108011 and 2010GB103001)the Major International(Regional)Project Cooperation and Exchanges of China(No.11320101005)the Startup Fund from Fuzhou University(No.510071)
文摘An experimental investigation of the saturation ion current densities (Jions) in hydrogen inductively coupled plasma (ICP) produced by a large-power (2-32 kW) radio frequency (RF) generator is reported, then some reasonable explanations are given out. With the increase of RF power, the experimental results show three stages: in the first stage (2-14 kW), the electron temperature will rise with the increase of RF power in the ICP, thus, the Jions increases continually as the electron temperature rises in the ICP. In the second stage (14 20 kW), as some H- ions lead to the mutual neutralization (MN), the slope of Jio^s variation firstly decreases then increases. In the third stage (20-32 kW), both the electronic detachment (ED) and the associative detachment (AD) in the ICP result in the destruction of H- ions, therefore, the increased amplitude of the Jions in the third stage is weaker than the one in the first stage. In addition, with the equivalent transformer model, we successfully Explain that the Jions at different radial locations in ICP has the same rule. Finally, it is found that the Jions has nothing to do with the outer/inner puffing gas pressure ratio, which is attributed to the high-speed movement of hydrogen molecules.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11975070)Open Funds for Science and Technology on Vacuum Technology and Physics Laboratory,Lanzhou Institute of Physics(No.zwk1609)。
文摘In a 2.45 GHz electron cyclotron resonance(ECR)ion thruster powered with rod antenna under a cross magnetic field,abnormal behaviours such as sudden drop of ion beam current(Ib)and larger increasing-rate of Ibin the high microwave power(Pw)discharges at high gas flow rates were observed.A differential method was proposed to reveal the changes in the radial profiles of gray values extracted from the end-view discharge images.The increasing-rate of Ibwith respect to Pwwas used to evaluate efficiencies of ion production and transport.Analyses indicate that discharges are dominantly sustained by ordinary wave via electron heating in the electron plasma resonance layer that can shift along the rod-antenna,and extraordinary wave can only ignite a discharge in the ECR layer in the low gas flow rate regime.In terms of the confinement region defined by the magnetic field lines intercepting with the screen grid,the confinement region of the optimized 2.45 GHz cross magnetic field takes the shape of hourglass,enabling the high increasing-rate of Ib with respect to Pw in high power discharges at high gas flow rates.Correlated with the accompanied bright boundary layer appearing in the differentiated image,the sudden drop of Ib in the low gas flow rate regime is attributed to the discharge ignited by the enhanced extraordinary wave in the ECR layer neighbouring the narrowest confinement region,where the produced ions can promptly enter the loss region.
基金supported by National Key R&D Program of China under Grant No.2017YFE0300400National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.11475220,11405218,11575248+1 种基金the National Magnetic Confinement Fusion Science Program of China under Contracts No.2014GB106001sponsored in part by Youth Innovation Promotion Association Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No.2016384)
文摘The equilibrium reconstruction is important to study the tokamak plasma physical processes.To analyze the contribution of fast ions to the equilibrium,the kinetic equilibria at two time-slices in a typical H-mode discharge with different auxiliary heatings are reconstructed by using magnetic diagnostics,kinetic diagnostics and TRANSP code.It is found that the fast-ion pressure might be up to one-third of the plasma pressure and the contribution is mainly in the core plasma due to the neutral beam injection power is primarily deposited in the core region.The fast-ion current contributes mainly in the core region while contributes little to the pedestal current.A steep pressure gradient in the pedestal is observed which gives rise to a strong edge current.It is proved that the fast ion effects cannot be ignored and should be considered in the future study of EAST.
基金Supported by the Program of Fusion Reactor Physics and Digital Tokamak with the Chinese Academy of Sciences'One-Three Five'Strategic Planningthe JSPS-NRF-NSFC A3 Foresight Program in the Field of Plasma Physics(NSFC No 11261140328 and NRF No 2012K2A2A6000443)+1 种基金the National ITER Program of China under Grant No 2015GB101003the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos 11405215,11475223 and 11505236
文摘The ion saturation current is very important in probe theory, which can be used to measure the electron temperature and the floating potential. In this work, the effects of energetic ions on the ion saturation current are studied via particle-in-cell simulations. It is found that the energetic ions and background ions can be treated separately as different species, and they satisfy their individual Bohm criterion at the sheath edge. It is shown that the energetic ions can significantly affect the ion saturation current if their concentration is greater than root T-e/(gamma T-i2(i2)), where T-e is the electron temperature, and gamma(i2) and T-i2 represent the polytropic coefficient and temperature of energetic ions, respectively. As a result, the floating potential and the I-V characteristic profile are strongly influenced by the energetic ions. When the energetic ion current dominates the ion saturation current, an analysis of the ion saturation current will yield the energetic ion temperature rather than the electron temperature.
文摘The article theoretically studied the charge-exchange effects on space charge limitedelectron and ion current densities of non-relativistic one-dimensional slab ion diode, and comparedwith those of without charge exchange.
基金supported by the National Magnetic Confinement Fusion Science Program of China(No.2013GB101000)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11405207)
文摘A hot cathode bucket ion source is used for the EAST(experimental advanced superconducting tokamak)neutral beam injector.The thermal electrons emitted from the surface of the cathode are extracted and accelerated by the electric field formed by the arc voltage,which is applied between the arc chamber of the ion source and the cathode.This paper analyzes the effects of arc voltage on the arc discharge in a hot cathode high current ion source.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11575240)Key Program of Research and Development of Hefei Science Center,CAS(grant 2016HSC-KPRD002)
文摘Neutral beam injection is one of the effective auxiliary heating methods in magnetic-confinementfusion experiments. In order to acquire the suppressor-grid current signal and avoid the grid being damaged by overheating, a data acquisition and over-current protection system based on the PXI(PCI e Xtensions for Instrumentation) platform has been developed. The system consists of a current sensor, data acquisition module and over-current protection module. In the data acquisition module,the acquired data of one shot will be transferred in isolation and saved in a data-storage server in a txt file. It can also be recalled using NBWave for future analysis. The over-current protection module contains two modes: remote and local. This gives it the function of setting a threshold voltage remotely and locally, and the forbidden time of over-current protection also can be set by a host PC in remote mode. Experimental results demonstrate that the data acquisition and overcurrent protection system has the advantages of setting forbidden time and isolation transmission.
文摘Tartaric acid, oxalic acid, glucose, and fructose are highly important compounds. A comprehensive study of these substances is fascinating from a scientific perspective. They are key components found in wine, vegetables, and fruits. Understanding the isotopic compositions in organic compounds is crucial for comprehending various biochemical processes and the nature of substances present in different natural products. Tartaric acid, oxalic acid, glucose, and fructose are widely distributed compounds, including in vegetables and fruits. Tartaric acid plays a significant role in determining the quality and taste properties of wine, while oxalic acid is also prevalent but holds great interest for further research, especially in terms of carbon isotopic composition. We can unveil the mechanisms of processes that were previously impossible to study. Glucose and fructose are the most common monosaccharides in the hexose group, and both are found in fruits, with sweeter fruits containing higher amounts of these substances. In addition to fruits, wheat, barley, rye, onions, garlic, lentils, peppers, dried fruits, beans, broccoli, cabbage, tomatoes, and other foods are also rich sources of fructose and glucose. To determine the mass fraction of the carbon-13 isotope in these compounds, it is important to study their changes during natural synthesis. These compounds can be modified with a carbon center. According to the existing isotopic analysis method, these compounds are converted into carbon oxide or dioxide [1]. At this point, the average carbon content in the given compound is determined, but information about isotope-modified centers is lost. Dilution may occur through the transfer of other carbon-containing organic compounds in the sample or by dilution with natural carbon or carbon dioxide during the transfer process. This article discusses the possibility of carbon-13 isotope propagation directly in these compounds, both completely modified and modified with individual carbon centers. The literature provides information on determining carbon-13 substance in organic compounds, both with a general approach and for individual compounds [2] [3].
文摘This study focuses on the combined impact of heat source/sink and chemical reaction on slip flow of micropolar fluid through a permeable wedge in the existence of Hall and ion-slip currents.The governing highly non-lincar PDEs were altered into a set of non-linear coupled ODEs by using similarity transformations.Differential transformation method(DTM)has been implemented in transformed ODEs equations.The comparison with previous literatures was performed and the data of this study was found to be in accordance with each other.The analytical solutions for skin-friction coefficients(surface drag forces),Nussclt and Sherwood numbers are depicted through graphs and tables.The study of boundary layer flow over a wedge surface plays an imperative role in the field of aerodynamics,heat exchanger,ground water pollution and geothermal system etc.
基金funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52075138 and 61964006)Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation(No.2019RC032)Hainan Province Science and Technology Special Fund(No.ZDYF2022SHFZ033)。
文摘Nanopore detection is a hot issue in current research.One of the challenges is how to slow down the transport velocity of nanoparticles in nanopores.In this paper,we propose a functional group modified nanopore.That means a polyelectrolyte brush layer is grafted on the surface of the nanopore to change the surface charge properties.The existing studies generally set the charge density of the brush layer to a fixed value.On the contrary,in this paper,we consider an essential property of the brush layer:the volume charge density is adjustable with pH.Thus,the charge property of the brush layer will change with the local H+concentration.Based on this,we established a mathematical model to study the transport of nanoparticles in polyelectrolyte brush layer modified nanopores.We found that pH can effectively adjust the charge density and even the polarity of the brush layer.A larger pH can reduce the transport velocity of nanoparticles and improve the blockade degree of ion current.The grafting density does not change the polarity of the brush charge.The larger the grafting density,the greater the charge density of the brush layer,and the blockade degree of ion current is also more obvious.The polyelectrolyte brush layer modified nanopores in this paper can effectively reduce the nanoparticle transport velocity and retain the essential ion current characteristics,such as ion current blockade and enhancement.