Previously Unknown Formulas for the Relativistic Kinetic Energy of an Electron in a Hydrogen Atom

Einstein’s energy-momentum relationship, which holds in an isolated system in free space, contains two formulas for relativistic kinetic energy. Einstein’s relationship is not applicable in a hydrogen atom, where potential energy is present. However, a relationship similar to that can be derived. That derived relationship also contains two formulas, for the relativistic kinetic energy of an electron in a hydrogen atom. Furthermore, it is possible to derive a third formula for the relativistic kinetic energy of an electron from that relationship. Next, the paper looks at the fact that the electron has a wave nature. Five more formulas can be derived based on considerations relating to the phase velocity and group velocity of the electron. This paper presents eight formulas for the relativistic kinetic energy of an electron in a hydrogen atom.

KELEA (Kinetic Energy Limiting Electrostatic Attraction) Offers an Alternative Explanation to Existing Concepts Regarding Wave-Particle Duality, Cold Fusion and Superconductivity

Existing explanations for several major phenomena in physics may need to be reconsidered in light of the description of a natural force termed KELEA (kinetic energy limiting electrostatic attraction). Three examples are selected for discussion in this paper: i) The proposed wave-particle duality of electrons;ii) cold fusion;and iii) superconductivity. The current interpretations of these enigmatic concepts are incomplete and not fully validated by scientific methods. The observations underlying these processes are seemingly consistent with KELEA acting as a repelling force between opposite electrical charges. Relatively simple experiments can be designed to either confirm or exclude KELEA in these and in various other currently perplexing physical phenomena.

The Incompleteness of Quantum Mechanics Demonstrated by Considerations of Relativistic Kinetic Energy

The energy levels of a hydrogen atom, derived by Bohr, are known to be approximations. This is because the classical quantum theory of Bohr does not take the theory of relativity into account. In this paper, the kinetic energy and momentum of an electron in a hydrogen atom are treated relativistically. A clearer argument is developed while also referring to papers published in the past. The energy levels of a hydrogen atom predicted by this paper almost match the theoretical values of Bohr. It is difficult to experimentally distinguish the two. However, this paper predicts the existence of an n = 0 energy level that cannot be predicted even with Dirac’s relativistic quantum mechanics. The only quantum number treated in this paper is n. This point falls far short of a finished quantum mechanics. However, even in discussion at the level of this paper, it can be concluded that quantum mechanics is an incomplete theory.

Improvement of Fe(Ii)-Adsorption Capacity of Feooh-Coated Brick in Solutions, and Kinetics Aspects

The adsorbent, iron oxy-hydroxide coated brick, was used in the present work for removal of iron(II) from aqueous solutions. The adsorption performances of this composite were significantly improved when brick pellets (as a support material) were pre-treated in a 6 M HCl solution at 90°C for 6 hours, when compared to untreated ones and those pre-washed in a 1M HCl solution at RT for 1 day. This phenomenon was attributed to larger surface areas measured for modified brick by BET, thus enabling a better FeOOH deposition. The ability of this new composite to better adsorb Fe2+ ions from synthetic solutions was evidenced from fixed-bed column experiments: data were compared to those obtained from raw brick and iron oxides - coated sand columns. The adsorption mechanism followed better pseudosecond-order reaction kinetics, suggesting a chemisorption process, and the rate constant increased with a temperature increase, revealing the endothermic nature of Fe(II) adsorption. Furthermore, the equilibrium data fitted the Langmuir isotherm model with a maximum monolayer sorption capacity Qmax = 0.669 mg/g and a Langmuir constant KL = 0.659 L/mg at room temperature. The activation energy (Ea) of Fe(II) adsorption and the changes in entropy (ΔS), enthalpy (ΔH) and free energy (ΔG) of activation were determined, with values suggesting the involvement of an activated chemical adsorption and an associative mechanism.

Insufficiency of Cellular Energy (ICE) May Precede Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s Disease and Be Treatable via the Alternative Cellular Energy (ACE) Pathway

The term neurodegeneration emphasizes the destruction of neuronal cells as the primary explanation of many major neurological illnesses, including Alzheimer’s disease. Specialized functioning of cells requires more cellular energy than is needed for basic cell survival. Cells can acquire energy both from the metabolism of food and from the alternative cellular energy (ACE) pathway. The ACE pathway is an added dynamic (kinetic) quality of the body’s fluids occurring from the absorption of an external force termed KELEA (Kinetic Energy Limiting Electrostatic Attraction). KELEA is attracted to separated electrical charges and is seemingly partially released as the charges become more closely linked. As suggested elsewhere, the fluctuating electrical activity in the brain may attract KELEA from the environment and, thereby, contribute to the body’s ACE pathway. Certain illnesses affecting the brain may impede this proposed antenna function of the brain, leading to a systemic insufficiency of cellular energy (ICE). Furthermore, individual neurons may derive some of the energy for their own activities from the repetitive depolarization of the cell. This may explain why hyper-excitability of neurons can occur in response to cell damage. This adaptive mechanism is unlikely to be sustainable, however, especially if there is a continuing need to synthesize neurotransmitters and membrane ion channels. The energy deficient neurons would then become quiescent and, although remaining viable, would not perform their intended specialized functions. Actual cell death would not necessarily occur till much later in the disease process. The distinction between quiescent and degenerated cells is important since the ACE pathway can be enhanced by several means, including the regular consumption of KELEA activated water. This, in turn, may improve the proposed antenna function of individual neurons, leading to a sustained restoration of specialized function via the ACE pathway. This paper explores this novel concept and provides a rationale for clinical testing of KELEA activated water in patients with neurological and psychiatric illnesses, including Alzheimer’s disease.

The Quantum Condition That Should Have Been Assumed by Bohr When Deriving the Energy Levels of a Hydrogen Atom

Bohr assumed a quantum condition when deriving the energy levels of a hydrogen atom. This famous quantum condition was not derived logically, but it beautifully explained the energy levels of the hydrogen atom. Therefore, Bohr’s quantum condition was accepted by physicists. However, the energy levels predicted by the eventually completed quantum mechanics do not match perfectly with the predictions of Bohr. For this reason, it cannot be said that Bohr’s quantum condition is a perfectly correct assumption. Since the mass of an electron which moves inside a hydrogen atom varies, Bohr’s quantum condition must be revised. However, the newly derived relativistic quantum condition is too complex to be assumed at the beginning. The velocity of an electron in a hydrogen atom is known as the Bohr velocity. This velocity can be derived from the formula for energy levels derived by Bohr. The velocity v of an electron including the principal quantum number n is given by αc/n. This paper elucidates the fact that this formula is built into Bohr’s quantum condition. It is also concluded in this paper that it is precisely this velocity formula that is the quantum condition that should have been assumed in the first place by Bohr. From Bohr’s quantum condition, it is impossible to derive the relativistic energy levels of a hydrogen atom, but they can be derived from the new quantum condition. This paper proposes raising the status of the previously-known Bohr velocity formula.

Lithium Pre-cycling Induced Fast Kinetics of Commercial Sb2S3 Anode for Advanced Sodium Storage

Because of the abundant sodium resources and identical fundamental principles, sodium ion batteries(SIBs) are the state-of-the-art alternative for lithium ion batteries. However, the larger ionic radius of Na+causes sluggish reaction kinetics, which directly results in inferior electrochemical performance. In this work, the sodium storage properties of commercial bulk Sb2S3(CSS) were improved by a single lithiation/delithiation cycle obtaining the lithium pre-cycled Sb2S3(LSS). Quantitative analysis reveals that the sodiation/desodiation kinetics of CSS and LSS is mainly diffusion-controlled behavior and capacitive process, respectively. Thus, the reaction kinetics of LSS is promising, which exhibits improved initial coulombic efficiency, stable cycling performance, and high rate capability. In addition, a stable Licontaining solid electrolyte interphase film was formed during the lithiation process, which can prevent continuous consumption of electrolyte during the each sodiation process. These results demonstrate that prelithiation technique should be a potential strategy to promote practical application for SIBs.

Quantum Entanglement: Where Dark Energy and Negative Gravity plus Accelerated Expansion of the Universe Comes from

Dark energy is shown to be the absolute value of the negative kinetic energy of the halo-like quantum wave modeled mathematically by the empty set in a five dimensional Kaluza-Klein (K-K) spacetime. Ordinary or position energy of the particle on the other hand is the dual of dark energy and is contained in the dynamic of the quantum particle modeled by the zero set in the same five dimensional K-K spacetime. The sum of both dark energy of the wave and the ordinary energy of the particle is exactly equal to the energy given by the well known formula of Einstein E=mc2 which is set in a four dimensional spacetime. Various interpretations of the results are presented and discussed based on the three fundamental energy density equations developed. In particular where E is the energy, m is the mass and c is the speed of light, is Hardy’s quantum entanglement and gives results in complete agreement with the cosmological measurements of WMAP and Supernova. On the other hand gives an intuitive explanation of negative gravity and the observed increased rate of cosmic expansion. Adding E (ordinary) to E (dark) one finds which as we mentioned above is Einstein’s famous relativity formula. We conclude that similar to the fact that the quantum wave interpreted generally as probability wave which is devoid of ordinary energy decides upon the location of a quantum particle, it also exerts a negative gravity effect on the cosmic scale of our clopen, i.e. closed and open universe. Analysis and conclusions are framed in a reader friendly manner in Figures 1-14 with detailed commentary.

Geometric structure of N_(2)O^(q+)(q=5,6)studied by Ne^(8+)ion-induced Coulomb explosion imaging

We report the study on the complete three-body Coulomb explosion(CE)of N_(2)O^(q+)(q=5,6)induced by 56-keV/u Ne8+ion collision with N2O gaseous molecule.Six CE channels for N_(2)O^(5+)and seven for N_(2)O^(6+)are identified by measuring three ionic fragments and the charge-changed projectile in quadruple coincidence.Correspondingly the kinetic energy release(KER)and momentum correlation angle(MCA)distributions of three ionic fragments for each of the CE channels are also deduced.Numerical computation is presented to reconstruct the geometric structure of N_(2)O^(q+0prior to dissociation based on the measured KER and MCA.The N–N and N–O bond lengths and the N–N–O bond angles of N_(2)O^(q+)for each of the channels are determined.

大型立式离心泵反转全特性曲线S区研究

随着化石燃料的快速消耗和产生的环境污染,许多公用事业已将其发电来源改为可再生能源。我国大型清洁可再生能源基地的集约化开发以及国家电网的智能化建设,需要大量的电站来进行电网调节。大型离心泵是一种用于大规模调水的通用机械,作为叶片式水力机械,它本身也具有可逆运行的能力。现有的大型离心泵机组,可实现反转发电的功能。本文以某大型立式离心泵为研究对象,在试验研究的基础上开展了水泵反转作水轮机S区数值模拟,对S区中的稳定区、近飞逸区、近零流量区以及反水泵区共四个特殊运行工况的压力、速度以及湍动能等特性进行了分析,对利用现有的水库与水力机械辅助低碳电网运行具有重要意义。

Velocity Addition Demonstrated from the Conservation of Linear Momenta, an Alternative Expression

Is it possible to demonstrate the velocity addition without using a variable time (as it is done in theory of relativity)? The topic of this paper is to propose and demonstrate an alternative expres-sion based on the conservation of linear momenta. The method proposed here is to start from a physical object (and not from a mathematical point), i.e. from an object with a mass. And the hy-pothesis is inertial mass to be different from gravitational mass. Then, when impulses are added, we get an expression of the velocity addition itself. When numerical predictions are compared with experimental results, the differences are lower than the measures uncertainty. And these numerical results are much close to those predicts by the theory of relativity, nevertheless with a little difference at high velocities. If this demonstration and this expression were validated, it would allow giving an alternative explanation to some experiments and nature observations as Doppler Effect on light celerity. But first, it would be necessary to get from laboratories more precise experimental results, in order to validate or not this hypothesis of the sum of linear momenta with a Variable Inertial Mass.

蜂巢晶格材料中的扩展s波超导电性

利用动能驱动的超导电性理论研究了掺杂蜂巢晶格材料的非常规超导电性.结果表明,掺杂蜂巢晶格材料扩展s波对称性的电荷载流子配对能隙参数随掺杂浓度的变化呈圆顶状,说明掺杂蜂巢晶格材料中是可能出现扩展s波超导态的;电荷载流子配对能隙参数随温度的增加而逐渐减小,在超导转变温度处变为零,而超导转变温度随掺杂浓度的变化也呈圆顶状,与实验结果定性一致;动能驱动的超导电性理论同样适用于定性研究具有蜂巢晶格结构的掺杂莫特绝缘体的超导电性.

掺杂对高C_3S水泥熟料烧成及C_3S形成动力学的影响

利用铁尾矿作为作硅铝质原料进行生料配料（熟料率值KH=0．97，SM=2．5，IM=1．5），其中c，S含量超过70％。在此空白生料的基础上分别掺入氟、硫和氟硫复合阴离子，各试样分别在1300℃，1350℃，1400℃和1450℃下煅烧30min，然后测定熟料中f-CaO的含量，并计算C3S的形成活化能。通过差热分析和XRD分析，研究高C3S熟料的烧成过程。结果表明：氟、硫的掺入能够显著改善生料的易烧性，大幅降低C3S的活化能，促进熟料的烧成。单掺时硫比氟的效果要好，氟硫复掺比单掺效果好。生料的差热分析表明，氟、硫能够使石灰石的分解温度降低10-20℃，同时能促进熟料的液相烧结。在1450℃时复掺氟硫熟料的主要矿相是C3S，还有少量的C2S，C3A和C4AF，表明高C3S水泥熟料已经烧成。

S_2分子电离能的多参考方法计算

应用多组态准简并微扰理论,计算了S2分子基态和S2+分子离子基态与激发态的绝热势能曲线,并拟合光谱参数,得到了S2分子9～16 eV的3p电子电离的绝热电离能和垂直电离能.计算结果表明,S2分子的第一绝热电离能为9.34 eV,与实验值(9.356±0.002)eV相符.比较了其他电离谱带绝热和垂直电离能的理论计算值与实验值,并分析了误差产生因素,结合计算结果对S2+(A2Πu)和S2+(B2Σg-)电离谱带进行了确认.

离子束注入提高Trichosporon lactis T立体拆分布洛芬水平的研究

以从土壤中分离筛选到的可立体选择性水解布洛芬乙酯生成S-布洛芬的菌株Trichosporon lactis T为出发菌株，对其进行能量30KeV，剂量1×10^15-5×10^15 ions／cm^2的低能N^＋注入，筛选立体选择性水解布洛芬乙酯活性高的诱变株。菌株T．1actis T，在4×10^15 ions／cm^2的诱变剂量下突变率最高，正向和负向突变率分别达32．9％和37．1％，因此选定该荆量为T．lactis T的最佳N^＋离子注入剂量。经离子束诱变，通过初筛和复筛，共筛选到7株水解布洛芬乙酯的高产菌株，其中诱变株K1培养24h时酶活力比出发菌株T高50％，且具有较好的遗传稳定性。将菌株K1和出发菌株T培养24h，分别加入布洛芬乙酯水解24h，二者水解布洛芬乙酯生成S-布洛芬旋光度均为＋54．1°，对映体过量值ee％均为98％，K1菌株水解的产量达6．96g／L，而出发株仅为4．24g／L。

Highly cycle-stable VOPO_(4)-based cathodes for magnesium ion batteries:Insight into the role of interlayer engineering in batteries performance

It is the sluggish ion migration kinetics that seriously affects the practical performance of the magnesium ion batteries.Even though an electrode material design using rational interlayer engineering method could effectively solve this issue,the optimal interlayer distance remains undetermined.Herein,various VOPO_(4)-based electrodes with expanded interlayer spacing were fabricated and the relationship between interlayer structure and battery performance was revealed.Electrochemical analysis combined with computations unveils the existence of an optimal interlayer structure,as inadequate expansion failed to fully utilization of the material performance,while excessive expansion degraded the electrode stability.Among them,the electrode with triethylene glycol(TEG)intercalation exhibited optimized performance,maintaining excellent cycling stability(191.3 mAh·g^(−1)after 800 cycles).Density functional theory(DFT)demonstrated the effectiveness and limitations to lowering the migration energy barrier by expanding the interlayer engineering.In addition,systematic mechanism research revealed the Mg^(2+)storage process:The stepwise shuttling of Mg^(2+)along the directions that lie in(001)plane triggers two pairs of redox processes,namely V^(5+)/V^(4+)and V^(4+)/V^(3+).This study,regulation of layer spacing to achieve the best integrated performance of electrodes,could deepen the understanding of interlayer engineering and guide the design of advanced multivalent-ion batteries.

Design of artificial biomimetic channels with Na+permeation rate and selectivity potentially outperforming the natural sodium channel

Artificial ion channels that enable high-efficiency ion transport have important implications in nanofluidics and biomedical applications such as drug delivery.Herein,we show a simulation-based chemical design of a biomimetic sodium channel that possesses permeation rate and selectivity potentially higher than those of the state-of-the-art natural vertebrate voltage-gated sodium channels.Importantly,our theoretical findings have undergone empirical testing,aligning well with the Arrhenius law as derived from a diverse range of experimental results.The high-efficiency ion transport is achieved by anchoring the carboxylate functional groups within the channel filter.A key chemical guiding principle underlying the ion channel design is that the free-energy barrier for the Na+passage across the channel should be comparable to typical thermal energy at room temperature.With the implementation of the chemical design,we found that the relatively low free-energy barrier can be attributed to the compensation effect of the carboxylate groups to the partially lost oxygen shell of the ion within the ion channel,as well as to the consonant vibration of the ions inside and outside the channel.This mechanistic understanding brings new insight,at the molecular level,into the high-efficiency ion transport across the designed membrane channels.The proof of principle achieved from the simulations will stimulate future experimental confirmation and potential applications of the high-performance artificial channels in nanofluidics and in bioinspired iontronics.

FTIR法研究芳胺固化双酚S环氧树脂反应动力学

用傅里叶红外光谱 (FTIR)法研究了几种芳香二胺在恒温下分别固化双酚 S环氧树脂(BPSER)的固化反应动力学 。

中低能H^+,He^(2+)在Si,Fe,Au固体靶中核能损的计算

应用库仑散射公式,通过计算离子与原子碰撞过程中原子的反冲动能,给出了中低能轻离子核能损的表达式.计算了10keV^10 MeV范围的H^+,He^(2+)离子在Si,Fe和Au固体靶中的核能损.结果表明,离子核能损随靶原子序数的增大而增大,随离子能量的增大而减小,计算数据与用SRIM 2008软件计算的结果符合得较好.

天然有机化合物质谱研究——Ⅺ.苯丙型苷快原子轰击质谱MNa^+的MIKES谱

研究了六种苯丙型苷与Na^+加合离子的快原子轰击质谱(FAB—MS)和质量分离离子动能谱(MIKES)。结果表明:在FAB谱中[M+Na]^+加合离子的丰度要比[M+H]^+离子高得多。由此可给出糖苷的分子量信息,[M+Na]^+离子的MIKES谱可给出糖基序列信息。