Isomerization of n-pentane catalyzed by amide-AlCl3-based ionic liquid analogs with various additives

The isomerization of n-pentane to generate high-quality blending components for clean gasoline was catalyzed by several amide-AlCl3-based ionic liquid(IL) analogs with various amides as donor molecules. The catalytic performance of these IL analogs was evaluated in a magnetic agitated autoclave operated in batch mode.IL analog based n-methylacetamide(NMA)-AlCl3 with the amide/AlCl3 molar ratio of 0.65 showed excellent performance toward n-pentane isomerization because 0.65 NMA-1.0 AlCl3 had a low viscosity and bidentate coordination structure. The influences of reaction time, reaction temperature, and stirring speed on the catalytic performance were also investigated. Optimal reaction conditions comprised the reaction time of 1 h, the reaction temperature of 40 °C, and the stirring speed of 1500 r·min-1. Under optimal condition, the n-C5 conversion,research octane number(RON) increment, total liquids yield, and isoparaffin yield in isomerized oil were56.80%, 13.51, 89.90 wt%, and 44.32 wt%, respectively. A new mathematical model was constructed to predict the relationships among RON increment, RON increment/n-C5 conversion ratio, and n-C5 conversion. The new model indicated that an appropriate conversion per pass of n-C5 did not exceed 50%–55%. Various cycloparaffin additives were used to improve the catalytic performance of 0.65 NMA-1.0 AlCl3. The n-C5 conversion increased from 56.80% to 67.32%. The RON increment, total liquids yield, and isoparaffin yield reached 17.83, 97.36 wt%,and 63.74 wt%, respectively.

Analysis of long term catalytic performance for isobutane alkylation catalyzed by NMA–AlCl3 based ionic liquid analog

Isobutane alkylation with 2-butene to produce high-quality gasoline was catalyzed by Nmethylacetamide(NMA)-AlCl3 based ionic liquid(IL) analog with a NMA/AlCl3 molar ratio of 0.75 and CuCl modification,which was marked as CuCl-modified 0.75 NMA-1.0 AlCl3.The long-term experiment was carried out in the autoclave operated in continuous mode to investigate the distribution of alkylate under different experimental nodes.The result indicated that the long-term alkylation was divided into three stages:rising,stable,and descending regions.C8 selectivity and molar ratio of trimethylpentanes(TMPs) to dimethylhexanes(DMHs) reached the highest level in the stable region,and research octane number(RON) of alkylate was as high as 97.Anionic Al species([AlbCl7]^-,[A1 CuC15]^-) and cationic Al species([AlCl2 L]^+) from IL analog as two active Lewis acidic species played a catalytic role in the long-term alkylation,whereas the neutral Al species did not participate into the alkylation.Moreover,the structure of CuCl-modified 0.75 NMA-1.0 AlCl3 was destroyed after the deactivation,and CuCl was enriched in the CD2 Cl2-insoluble substance,resulting in a decreasing TMP/DMH ratio.The catalytic lifetime of IL analog was similar with CuCl-modified 0.55 Et3 NHCl-1.0 AlCl3 IL,but IL analog had a lower cost.

Spectroscopic analysis of acetamide-AlCl_(3)-based ionic liquid analog and their catalytic performance in isobutene oligomerization

The spectral structures of acetamide-AlCl_(3)-based ionic liquid(IL)analogs were determined in detail through IR,NMR,and Raman spectroscopy.IR spectroscopy showed that 0.65AA-1.0AlCl_(3) was the coordination structure of Al and O atoms because of the resonance structure of acetamide.The mutual verification of the results of ^(27)Al NMR and ^(1)H NMR indicated that acetamide coexisted mainly in the form of cationic Al species and molecular Al species in xAA-1.0AlCl_(3),and AA/AlCl_(3) molar ratio affected the transformation of cationic Al species to molecular Al species.xAA-1.0AlCl_(3) was used as a green acidic catalyst for isobutene oligomerization,and the effects of AA/AlCl_(3) molar ratio,reaction temperature,reaction time,and volumetric ratio between IL analog and isobutene on product distribution were investigated.Optimal reaction conditions were AA/AlCl_(3) molar ratio of 0.75,reaction temperature of 60 C,reaction time of 30 min,and catalyst/i-C4¼volumetric ratio of 1.4 v/v.Under optimal conditions,isobutene conversion,(C8^(-)+C12^(-))selectivity,(C16^(-)+C20^(-))selectivity,and by-product selectivity were 85.26,80.20,6.80,and 13.00 wt%,respectively。

Physicochemical Properties of Bi-containing Ionic Liquid Analogs Based on Choline Chloride

The preparation and characterization of homogeneous and colorless ionic liquid analogs（ILAs） containing choline chloride（ChC1）, malonic acid and bismuth chloride were investigated. The structure of the above mixture was preliminarily analyzed, and then the physicochemieal properties including viscosity, conductivity and density were investigated as functions of temperature and composition. Additionally, the thermal stability of the ILAs and the electrochemical behavior of Bi3＋ ions in the medium were studied. Structure analysis reveals that the synthesis of deep eutectic solvents（DESs） is closely related to the formation of hydrogen bonds between malonic acid and ChC1, with their viscosity, conductivity and density being greatly dependent on the temperature and composition. Thermo- gravimetric analysis demonstrates that the ILAs are very stable between room temperature and 398.15 K. And the electrochemical experiments indicate that the bismuth films can be successfully deposited from this ILAs and the deposition mechanism of bismuth is a rather irreversible process. The surface morphology of bismuth films deposited on Cu substrates was very compact and smooth. Thus, ChCl-malonic acid DESs were shown to be a good alternative to aqueous solvents for various deposition-related applications.

含氯化镁的类离子液体结构和物理化学性质

合成了一种无色、透明、均一的氯化胆碱-尿素-氯化镁类离子液体。采用傅里叶红外光谱仪初步解析了类离子液体的结构。利用电导率仪、旋转式黏度计和密度计等仪器分别测定了该类离子液体的电导率、黏度和密度,并得出了其随温度和组成的变化关系。根据物理化学性质与温度的关系计算了Gibbs自由能、焓变和熵变等热力学数据。同时测定了类离子液体的循环伏安曲线并分析了其电化学行为。

Amide-AlCl_(3)类离子液体催化苯与苯酐酰基化反应

采用催化剂筛选和单因素实验及红外光谱、紫外光谱、拉曼光谱等表征手段,对Amide-AlCl_(3)类离子液体催化苯与苯酐(PHA)酰基化合成邻苯甲酰苯甲酸(BBA)的反应性能及机理进行了研究。结果表明,类离子液体N,N-二甲基乙酰胺-2AlCl_(3)(DMA-2AlCl_(3))为苯与苯酐酰基化反应的较优催化剂,其制备条件为n(AlCl_(3))∶n(DMA)=2∶1、100℃下反应3 h。DMA-2AlCl_(3)催化合成BBA反应的较优条件为n(Benzene)∶n(DMA-2AlCl_(3))∶n(PHA)=10∶2∶1、40℃、反应5 h,该条件下BBA收率达98.2%。DMA-2AlCl_(3)催化苯与苯酐酰基化反应机理为:DMA-2AlCl_(3)中的Al_(2)Cl_(7)^(-)进攻苯酐中的醚键氧及一个羰基氧得到酰基正离子;DMA-2AlCl_(3)中的[AlCl_(2)·n(DMA)]^(+)与苯环的π-环电子相互作用,使苯环上的π电子活化;酰基正离子作为亲电试剂进攻活化的苯环大π键,从而完成亲电取代反应生成BBA。