Objectives: Exposing skin to moderate ionic osmotic stress (MIOS) triggers several biochemical responses. The objective of this work is to reveal the mechanism triggered by MIOS on the skin surface. Furthermore, this ...Objectives: Exposing skin to moderate ionic osmotic stress (MIOS) triggers several biochemical responses. The objective of this work is to reveal the mechanism triggered by MIOS on the skin surface. Furthermore, this work aims to study the involvement of the Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2) pathway, activated by MIOS, and its beneficial effect in protecting skin against stress via the stimulation of phase II enzymes. Methods: HaCaT cells and human skin organ culture were exposed to Dead Sea Water (DSW) as MIOS inducers and the induction of internal ROS elevation, Nrf2 translocation, mRNA gene expressions of the phase II enzymes, heme-oxygenase 1 (HO1), and Catalase (CAT) were determined. Results: Skin exposure to MIOS increases Nrf2 translocation to the nucleus, leading to increased levels of ROS, HO1, and CAT. Furthermore, exposing skin to MIOS promotes protection against UVB-related risks. This is demonstrated by attenuation of the expression of biomarkers, related to UVB-induced damage, Caspase-3, IL-8, and IL-1β. Conclusions: Skin exposure to MIOS leads to the activation of Nrf2 skin defense pathway and, therefore, could present beneficial advantages to human skin health, as demonstrated on human skin models. The beneficial effects of MIOS, induced by DSW are significantly superior to eq. NaCl brine, suggests that MIOS protection of skin against stress is partially related to specific mineral combinations.展开更多
A well-known but erroneous notion of electron degeneracy pressure has misled Astrophysics for nearly a century now. Because of their electrostatic interactions, the electrons can never exchange their momentum with pos...A well-known but erroneous notion of electron degeneracy pressure has misled Astrophysics for nearly a century now. Because of their electrostatic interactions, the electrons can never exchange their momentum with positive ions through elastic collisions and hence can never provide the so-called electron degeneracy pressure in stellar cores to counter the effect of gravity. In situations of high core densities, when the mean separation distance between atoms or ions becomes less than the normal size of their parent atoms, their electrostatic repulsion will force them into a lattice gridlock, leading to a solid state. All degenerate stellar cores constitute a solid state and the radial and hoop stresses induced by self-gravitation are proportional to the square of radius (r<sup>2</sup>). As the size of a solid iron stellar core grows, its peripheral region will experience extreme compression and will get partially ionized due to the phenomenon of pressure ionization. All so-called Neutron Stars and Black Holes are in fact Ionized Solid Iron Stellar Bodies (ISISB). The presence of ions in the peripheral regions of the ISISB will be associated with the circulation of degenerate electrons around the surface, thereby producing strong magnetic fields. A positive excess of ionic charge in all ISISB becomes a source of Ionic Gravitation through the process of polarization of neutral atoms and molecules in stellar bodies. These ISISB are the primary constituents of AGN and are the source of all non-stellar radiation and Jets of ionized matter.展开更多
Genetic<span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> variation between naturally occurring ecotypes can be helpful to elucidate the mechanism contr...Genetic<span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> variation between naturally occurring ecotypes can be helpful to elucidate the mechanism controlling salt stress response in different environments. The salt stress response of 20 natural accessions or cultivars of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Lycium</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> was characterized at a physiological level, following exposed to 300 mM NaCl for 15 days. It is shown that salt stress increased Na</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">+</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, betaine and malondialdehyde (MDA) content, as well as the relative permeability of plasma membranes, but decreased K</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">+</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, chlorophyll and glutathione (GSH) content, as well as K</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">+</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">/Na</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">+</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> ratio compared with their respective control value in most of the varieties, though the increasing or decreasing extent has a clear genetic diversity. The physiological response was utilized to evaluate the salt-tolerant capacity of these varieties by principal component analysis and clustering analysis, and in which total chlorophyll, K</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">+</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">/Na</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">+</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> ratio and partially GSH have the maximum weight relatively. These varieties could be categorized into four sub-groups, means greatly resistance (Heiguo, Ninqi No. 2 and Beifang), moderately resistant, sensitive, and mostly sensitive (Ninqi No. 7) to salt stress. Our results provide a theoretical basis and practical guidance for the </span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">improvement of saline-alkali land and rational utilization of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Lycium</span></i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> germplasm resources in the future.</span></span>展开更多
文摘Objectives: Exposing skin to moderate ionic osmotic stress (MIOS) triggers several biochemical responses. The objective of this work is to reveal the mechanism triggered by MIOS on the skin surface. Furthermore, this work aims to study the involvement of the Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2) pathway, activated by MIOS, and its beneficial effect in protecting skin against stress via the stimulation of phase II enzymes. Methods: HaCaT cells and human skin organ culture were exposed to Dead Sea Water (DSW) as MIOS inducers and the induction of internal ROS elevation, Nrf2 translocation, mRNA gene expressions of the phase II enzymes, heme-oxygenase 1 (HO1), and Catalase (CAT) were determined. Results: Skin exposure to MIOS increases Nrf2 translocation to the nucleus, leading to increased levels of ROS, HO1, and CAT. Furthermore, exposing skin to MIOS promotes protection against UVB-related risks. This is demonstrated by attenuation of the expression of biomarkers, related to UVB-induced damage, Caspase-3, IL-8, and IL-1β. Conclusions: Skin exposure to MIOS leads to the activation of Nrf2 skin defense pathway and, therefore, could present beneficial advantages to human skin health, as demonstrated on human skin models. The beneficial effects of MIOS, induced by DSW are significantly superior to eq. NaCl brine, suggests that MIOS protection of skin against stress is partially related to specific mineral combinations.
文摘A well-known but erroneous notion of electron degeneracy pressure has misled Astrophysics for nearly a century now. Because of their electrostatic interactions, the electrons can never exchange their momentum with positive ions through elastic collisions and hence can never provide the so-called electron degeneracy pressure in stellar cores to counter the effect of gravity. In situations of high core densities, when the mean separation distance between atoms or ions becomes less than the normal size of their parent atoms, their electrostatic repulsion will force them into a lattice gridlock, leading to a solid state. All degenerate stellar cores constitute a solid state and the radial and hoop stresses induced by self-gravitation are proportional to the square of radius (r<sup>2</sup>). As the size of a solid iron stellar core grows, its peripheral region will experience extreme compression and will get partially ionized due to the phenomenon of pressure ionization. All so-called Neutron Stars and Black Holes are in fact Ionized Solid Iron Stellar Bodies (ISISB). The presence of ions in the peripheral regions of the ISISB will be associated with the circulation of degenerate electrons around the surface, thereby producing strong magnetic fields. A positive excess of ionic charge in all ISISB becomes a source of Ionic Gravitation through the process of polarization of neutral atoms and molecules in stellar bodies. These ISISB are the primary constituents of AGN and are the source of all non-stellar radiation and Jets of ionized matter.
文摘Genetic<span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> variation between naturally occurring ecotypes can be helpful to elucidate the mechanism controlling salt stress response in different environments. The salt stress response of 20 natural accessions or cultivars of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Lycium</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> was characterized at a physiological level, following exposed to 300 mM NaCl for 15 days. It is shown that salt stress increased Na</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">+</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, betaine and malondialdehyde (MDA) content, as well as the relative permeability of plasma membranes, but decreased K</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">+</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, chlorophyll and glutathione (GSH) content, as well as K</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">+</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">/Na</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">+</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> ratio compared with their respective control value in most of the varieties, though the increasing or decreasing extent has a clear genetic diversity. The physiological response was utilized to evaluate the salt-tolerant capacity of these varieties by principal component analysis and clustering analysis, and in which total chlorophyll, K</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">+</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">/Na</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">+</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> ratio and partially GSH have the maximum weight relatively. These varieties could be categorized into four sub-groups, means greatly resistance (Heiguo, Ninqi No. 2 and Beifang), moderately resistant, sensitive, and mostly sensitive (Ninqi No. 7) to salt stress. Our results provide a theoretical basis and practical guidance for the </span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">improvement of saline-alkali land and rational utilization of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Lycium</span></i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> germplasm resources in the future.</span></span>
