Screening tests for blood donations are based upon sensitivity, cost-effectiveness and their suitability for high-throughput testing. Enzyme immunoassay (EIAs) for hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies were the initial s...Screening tests for blood donations are based upon sensitivity, cost-effectiveness and their suitability for high-throughput testing. Enzyme immunoassay (EIAs) for hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies were the initial screening tests introduced. The ”first generation“ antibody EIAs detected seroconversion after unduly long infectious window period. Improved HCV antibody assays still had an infectious window period around 66 d. HCV core antigen EIAs shortened the window period considerably, but high costs did not lead to widespread acceptance. A fourth-generation HCV antigen and antibody assay (combination EIA) is more convenient as two infectious markers of HCV are detected in the same assay. Molecular testing for HCV-RNA utilizing nucleic acid amplification technology (NAT) is the most sensitive assay and shortens the window period to only 4 d. Implementation of NAT in many developed countries around the world has resulted in dramatic reductions in transfusion transmissible HCV and relative risk is now < 1 per million donations. However, HCV serology still continues to be retained as some donations are serology positive but NAT negative. In resource constrained countries HCV screening is highly variable, depending upon infrastructure, trained manpower and financial resource. Rapid tests which do not require instrumentation and are simple to perform are used in many small and remotely located blood centres. The sensitivity as compared to EIAs is less and wherever feasible HCV antibody EIAs are most frequently used screening assays. Efforts have been made to implement combined antigen-antibody assays and even NAT in some of these countries.展开更多
戊型肝炎是一种戊型肝炎病毒(Hepatitis E Virus,HEV)感染后以肝脏损伤为主的急性传染病,主要经粪-口传播,好发于青壮年及中老年人,在孕妇及免疫抑制人群中危害较大。据世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)统计,全球每年约有2...戊型肝炎是一种戊型肝炎病毒(Hepatitis E Virus,HEV)感染后以肝脏损伤为主的急性传染病,主要经粪-口传播,好发于青壮年及中老年人,在孕妇及免疫抑制人群中危害较大。据世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)统计,全球每年约有2000万人感染HEV,其中约330万患者出现戊型肝炎症状。近期,通过血源传播而感染HEV的病例受到了广泛关注。经研究发现在全世界的无症状献血者中仅有0.013%~0.281%存在HEV病毒血症,但HEV在非常低的病毒血液浓度下同样具有传染性,并且迄今无特异的治疗药物和方法,所以对献血者进行HEV筛查是必要的。目前HEV筛查政策只在少数国家实施,包括普遍筛查和选择性筛查。而对献血者提供的血液,尚没有明确规定检测HEV感染的标志物。本综述主要通过对比国内外HEV的核酸血液筛查情况探讨其研究进展及必要性。展开更多
目的调查研究机采血小板献血者血液初筛不合格的原因。方法将驻马店市中心血站2022年6月至2022年12月480例机采血小板献血者作为研究对象。在单采血小板献血前,所有献血者均采集肘静脉血4 m L并进行血样初筛,依据《血站技术规程2019版...目的调查研究机采血小板献血者血液初筛不合格的原因。方法将驻马店市中心血站2022年6月至2022年12月480例机采血小板献血者作为研究对象。在单采血小板献血前,所有献血者均采集肘静脉血4 m L并进行血样初筛,依据《血站技术规程2019版》确定血液筛查结果,统计480例机采血小板献血者血液初筛结果与初筛不合格项目;另外对比男性、女性初筛不合格项目。结果共计筛查480例,其中共40例出现血液初筛不合格,初筛不合格率为8.33%;机采血小板献血者血液初筛不合格项目中,丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)检测值>50 U/L占比为17.50%、血小板计数检测值<150×10^(9)/L占比为25.00%、血细胞比容(HCT)检测值<0.36占比为25.00%、血红蛋白(Hb)检测值不合格占比为2.50%、白细胞计数(WBC)检测值不合格占比为15.00%、乳糜血不合格占比为12.50%、乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原(HBs Ag)阳性占比为2.50%;男性、女性机采血小板献血者血液初筛不合格项目中ALT检测值>50 U/L、Hb检测值不合格率对比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其余对比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论机采血小板献血者血液初筛不合格的项目主要包括ALT检测值>50 U/L、血小板计数检测值<150×10^(9)/L、HCT检测值<0.36占比最高,男性初筛不合格项目主要以ALT检测值>50 U/L为主,女性则主要以Hb检测值不合格为主。展开更多
Non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers may contribute to an early identification of gastric cancer(GC) and improve the clinical management.Unfortunately,no sensitive and specific screening biomarkers are available yet and...Non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers may contribute to an early identification of gastric cancer(GC) and improve the clinical management.Unfortunately,no sensitive and specific screening biomarkers are available yet and the currently available approaches are limited by the nature of the disease.GC is a heterogenic disease with various distinct genetic and epigenetic events that occur during the multifactorial cascade of carcinogenesis.Micro RNAs(mi RNAs) are commonly deregulated in gastric mucosa during the Helicobacter pylori infection and in stepwise manner from chronic gastritis,through preneoplastic conditions such as atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia,to early dysplasia and invasive cancer.Identification of mi RNAs in blood in 2008 led to a great interest on mi RNA-based diagnostic,prognostic biomarkers in GC.In this review,we provide the most recent systematic review on the existing studies related to mi RNAs as diagnostic biomarkers for GC.Here,we systematically evaluate 75 studies related to differential expression of circulating mi RNAs in GC patients and provide novel view on various heterogenic aspects of the existing data and summarize the methodological differences.Finally,we highlight several important aspects crucial to improve the future translational and clinical research in the field.展开更多
文摘Screening tests for blood donations are based upon sensitivity, cost-effectiveness and their suitability for high-throughput testing. Enzyme immunoassay (EIAs) for hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies were the initial screening tests introduced. The ”first generation“ antibody EIAs detected seroconversion after unduly long infectious window period. Improved HCV antibody assays still had an infectious window period around 66 d. HCV core antigen EIAs shortened the window period considerably, but high costs did not lead to widespread acceptance. A fourth-generation HCV antigen and antibody assay (combination EIA) is more convenient as two infectious markers of HCV are detected in the same assay. Molecular testing for HCV-RNA utilizing nucleic acid amplification technology (NAT) is the most sensitive assay and shortens the window period to only 4 d. Implementation of NAT in many developed countries around the world has resulted in dramatic reductions in transfusion transmissible HCV and relative risk is now < 1 per million donations. However, HCV serology still continues to be retained as some donations are serology positive but NAT negative. In resource constrained countries HCV screening is highly variable, depending upon infrastructure, trained manpower and financial resource. Rapid tests which do not require instrumentation and are simple to perform are used in many small and remotely located blood centres. The sensitivity as compared to EIAs is less and wherever feasible HCV antibody EIAs are most frequently used screening assays. Efforts have been made to implement combined antigen-antibody assays and even NAT in some of these countries.
文摘戊型肝炎是一种戊型肝炎病毒(Hepatitis E Virus,HEV)感染后以肝脏损伤为主的急性传染病,主要经粪-口传播,好发于青壮年及中老年人,在孕妇及免疫抑制人群中危害较大。据世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)统计,全球每年约有2000万人感染HEV,其中约330万患者出现戊型肝炎症状。近期,通过血源传播而感染HEV的病例受到了广泛关注。经研究发现在全世界的无症状献血者中仅有0.013%~0.281%存在HEV病毒血症,但HEV在非常低的病毒血液浓度下同样具有传染性,并且迄今无特异的治疗药物和方法,所以对献血者进行HEV筛查是必要的。目前HEV筛查政策只在少数国家实施,包括普遍筛查和选择性筛查。而对献血者提供的血液,尚没有明确规定检测HEV感染的标志物。本综述主要通过对比国内外HEV的核酸血液筛查情况探讨其研究进展及必要性。
文摘目的评价献血者HBsAg阳性血液标本在-20°C冻存8年后ELISA法HBsAg检测的结果,评估血站目前留样保存方式的有效性。方法收集本站2014年5月—2015年3月100份经HBsAg ELISA检测阳性的献血者血浆标本,冻存在-20°C冰箱,于2023年解冻标本并通过同种方法再次检测。结果100份血浆标本的HBsAg再检定性结果均为阳性,再检符合率100%,冻存后S/CO值降低明显(27.52 vs 19.03,P<0.05)。结论长期冻存会使HBsAg ELISA检测S/CO值下降,但不影响阳性定性结果。
文摘Non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers may contribute to an early identification of gastric cancer(GC) and improve the clinical management.Unfortunately,no sensitive and specific screening biomarkers are available yet and the currently available approaches are limited by the nature of the disease.GC is a heterogenic disease with various distinct genetic and epigenetic events that occur during the multifactorial cascade of carcinogenesis.Micro RNAs(mi RNAs) are commonly deregulated in gastric mucosa during the Helicobacter pylori infection and in stepwise manner from chronic gastritis,through preneoplastic conditions such as atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia,to early dysplasia and invasive cancer.Identification of mi RNAs in blood in 2008 led to a great interest on mi RNA-based diagnostic,prognostic biomarkers in GC.In this review,we provide the most recent systematic review on the existing studies related to mi RNAs as diagnostic biomarkers for GC.Here,we systematically evaluate 75 studies related to differential expression of circulating mi RNAs in GC patients and provide novel view on various heterogenic aspects of the existing data and summarize the methodological differences.Finally,we highlight several important aspects crucial to improve the future translational and clinical research in the field.
