Oil-in-water nanoemulsions loaded with lycopene extracts encapsulated by spray drying:Formulation,characterization and optimization

Lycopene is very susceptible to degradation once released from the protective chromoplast environment.In this study,oil-in-water(O/W)nanoemulsions coupled with spray drying technology were applied for the encapsulation and stabilization of lycopene extracted from tomato waste.Tomato extract was obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction.Nanoemulsions were prepared by a high-speed rotor stator using isopropyl myristate as the oil phase and Pluronic F-127 as the emulsifier for the aqueous external phase.The effect of emulsification process parameters was investigated.Spray drying of the produced emulsions was attempted to obtain a stabilized dry powder after the addition of a coating agent.The effect of different coating agents(maltodextrin,inulin,gum arabic,pectin,whey and polyvinylpyrrolidone),drying temperature(120-170℃),and feed flow rate(3-9 ml·min^(-1))on the obtained particles was evaluated.Results revealed that the emulsion formulation of 20/80(O/W)with 1.5%(mass fraction)of Pluronic F-127 as stabilizer in the aqueous phase resulted in a stable nanoemulsion with droplet sizes in the range of 259-276 nm with a unimodal and sharp size distribution.The extract in the nanoemulsion was well protected at room temperature with a degradation rate of lycopene of about 50%during a month of storage time.The most stable emulsions were then processed by spray drying to obtain a dry powder.Spray drying was particularly successful when using maltodextrin as a coating agent,obtaining dried spherical particles with mean diameters of(4.87±0.17)μm with a smooth surface.The possibility of dissolving the spray dried powder in order to repristinate.The original emulsion was also successfully verified.

Measurement of Infinite Diluted Activity Coefficient of Solvents in Polymer by Inverse Gas Chromatography Method

The infinite diluted activity coefficients of solvents in polyisopropyl methylacrylate was measured using inverse gas chromatography. The solvents used were benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, butyl acetate, methanol, ethanol isopropyl alcohol, butyl alcohol, 1,2-dichloroethane, and chloroform. It was observed that the infinite diluted activity coefficient of alcohols are well above those of the other solvents investigated.

ISOBARIC VAPOR-LIQUID EQUILIBRIUMS OF OCTANE-ETHYL ACETATE AND OCTANE-ISOPROPYL ACETATE SYSTEMS

The isobaric vapor-liquid equilibrium data of systems of ethyl acetate（1）-n-octane（2） andisopropyl acetate（1）-n-octane（2） were determined at 0.0709 MPa and 0.1013 MPa by using a modifiedRose-Williams still.The experimental data were tested for thermodynamical consistency and correlatedsatisfactorily with p-T equation of state and Wilson equation.

A new way to synthesize benzoin isopropyl ether on Cu-Fe-hydrotalcite

An efficient synthesis of benzoin isopropyl ether with benzaldehyde and propanol in the presence of heterogeneous recyclable Cu-Fe-hydrotalcite catalyst has been explored. Cu-Fe-hydrotalcite was firstly successfully synthesized over Jahn-Teller effect of Cu^2＋. The catalytic test result showed that Cu-Fe-hydrotalcite could be used as a good catalyst in the synthesis of benzoin isopropyl ether. The highest conversion of ben- zaldehyde was 59.7% and the selectivity of benzoin isopropyl ether was nearly 100%. By this new method, not only was the cyanide poisoning avoided, but also the synthesis of benzoin isopropyl ether could be completed in one step instead of traditional two steps with both condensation and etherification.

Synthesis of Methyl Isopropyl Ketone and Diethyl Ketone over Ni-Na/ZrO_2-MnO_2-ZnO Catalyst

ZrO2-MnO2-ZnO supports were prepared by the co-precipitation method,and then Ni-Na/ZrO2-MnO2-ZnO catalysts were prepared by the impregnation method.In this paper,the reactions to synthesize methyl isopropyl ketone and diethyl ketone by the one-step synthesis method over this catalyst were studied,and meanwhile,the impact of the catalyst preparation conditions and the reaction conditions on catalyst performance was also investigated.It was observed that under the conditions when Ni loading was 25%,calcination temperature was 400℃ and reduction temperature was 410℃,this catalyst had good catalytic performance on the reaction.The suitable reaction conditions were achieved:reaction temperature was 400℃;reaction at atmospheric pressure;liquid hourly space velocity of raw material of 0.5 h 1 ;and the molar ratio of(methanol)/(methyl ethyl ketone)/(water) was equal to 1/1/1.Under such conditions,the conversion of methyl ethyl ketone could achieve 41.7%,and the overall selectivity of methyl isopropyl ketone and diethyl ketone could achieve 83.3%,which was comparable to the conversion of 38.1% and the selectivity of 82.2% achieved by using palladium as the active material.The good stability made this catalyst have good prospects for industrial application.

Synthesis of 2-Isopropyl Naphthalene Catalyzed by Et_3NHCl-AlCl_3 Ionic Liquids

In this paper, 2-isopropyl naphthalene has been synthesized by the reaction of naphthalene and isopropyl bromide, using triethylamine hydrochloride-aluminum chloride ionic liquid as the catalyst. The effect of the catalyst composition, the reaction time, the reaction temperature, the ionic liquid dosage, as well as the molar ratio of the reagents on the 2-isopropyl naphthalene yield was systematically investigated. The optimal reaction conditions cover: an AlCl3 to Et3NHCl ratio of 2.0, a reaction time of 3 h, a reaction temperature of 15.0 ℃, a volume fraction of ionic liquid to the mixture(isopropyl bromide, n-dodecane and n-hexane) of 9%, and a naphthalene/isopropyl bromide molar ratio of 4.0. Under the optimal reaction conditions, the conversion of isopropyl bromide reached 98% and the selectivity of 2-isopropyl naphthalene was equal to 80%. The test results verified good catalytic activity upon using Et3NHCl-AlCl3 ionic liquid as the catalyst for alkylation of naphthalene with isopropyl bromide. The activity of the ionic liquid remains unchanged after it has been recycled for 4 times.

Influence of different layers of skin on the percutaneous absorption of drugs with different lipophilicity

Objectives: To evaluate the barrier function of different skin layers in the process of percutaneous drug absorption. Methods: In vitro permeability via intact or stripped skin of 6 drugs (5-fluorouracil, theo-phylline, hydroquinone, barbital, isosorbide dinitrate and ketoprofen) with a wide span of lipophilicity were investigated in the patch dosage forms. Results: Characteristic parabolic relations was observed between the permeability (Kp, cm/h) of the drugs with different lipophilicity and their LogPc via either intact or stripped skin. However, due to the absence of the stratum corneum, increased Kp ratio for the tested drugs was proportional to their solubility in water other than their LogKp. When isopropyl myristate was used as absorption promoter of the drugs, the parabolic relationship no longer existed. For the intact skin, increase of Kp ratio of the drugs was enhanced resulting from IPM as drug's LogPc decreased. On the other hand, in the case of stripped skin, this enhancement was positively related to the solubility of the drugs in IPM. Conclusion : These data and methods present a novel approach to describe percutaneous drug absorption via damaged or diseased skin.

Study on Synthesis and Polymerization of Mono (isopropylmaleate oyloxyl) Diisopropoxyl Dysprosium

Mono(isopropyl maleate-oyloxyl) diisopropoxyl dysprosium(DM) was synthesized by the reaction of dysprosium isopropoxide with maleic anhydride. Dy-containing polymer(PDM) was obtained by the solution polymerization of DM using 2, 2'-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as an initiator. The kinetic study on the polymerization shows that the polymerization of DM exhibits high apparent activation energy(96.3 kJ.mol(-1)), indicating that the activity of DM is low for polymerization. The kinetic equation of polymerization can be expressed as R-P = k(P)C(DM)(1.23)c(AIBN)(0.82). The polymeric solid material shows excellent heat-stability and strong characteristic fluorescence of Dy3+, (4)Fg(9/2) --> H-6(15/2) and F-4(9/2) --> H-6(13/2).

Catalytic Synthesis of Isopropyl Benzene over SO_4 ^(2-)/ZrO_ 2-MCM-41

Super acid catalyst SO4^2-/ZrO2 was introduced into pure silicone MCM-41 via the impregnation method and the catalyst samples obtained at different temperatures were characterized by means of XRD, IR, and Py-IR techniques. The selectively catalytic gas-phase flow reactions of benzene with propene over the catalyst samples were carried out in a made-to-measure high-pressure flow reactor equipped with a thermostat and a condenser. Effect of the preparative condition on the catalytic synthesis of isopropyl benzene over the catalyst samples was tested. The results show that SO4^2-/ZrO2-MCM-41 （ SZM-41 ） can be used as a catalyst for the title reaction, in which there are a higher conversion （97%） for the propene and a higher selectivity（93% ） for the isopropyl benzene.

Extraction Separation of Scandium，Iron and Lutetium with Isopropyl Phosphonic Acid Mono（1－hexyl－4－ethyl）OctylEster

The extraction and stripping of scandium from its sulfate solutions by isopropyl phosphonic acid mono (1-hexyl-4-ethyl) octyl ester (PT-2, HL) diluted with n-hexane are reported. A high efficiency of separation between scandium, iron and lutetium can be achieved by controlling aqueous acidity. Different mechanisms of Sc3+ with PT-2 in various acid range have been proposed.At lower aqueous acidity, it is a cation exchange reaction, while at higher acidity. a solvation reaction was ascertained. Its IR and NMR spectra have been discussed. The effect of temperature on extraction of Sc3+ was observed and thermodynamic functions were calculated.

Reaction kinetics of isopropyl palmitate synthesis

In this study, the kinetics of isopropyl palmitate synthesis including the reaction mechanism was studied based on the two-step noncatalytic method. The liquid-phase diffusion effect on the reaction process was eliminated by adjusting the stirring rate. The results showed that the two-step reaction followed a tetrahedral mechanism and conformed to second-order reaction kinetics. Nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl carbon afforded an intermediate, containing a tetrahedral carbon center. The intermediate ultimately decomposed by elimination of the leaving group, affording isopropyl palmitate. The experimental data were analyzed at different temperatures by the integral method. The kinetic equations of the each step were deduced, and the activation energy and frequency factor were obtained. Experiments were performed to verify the feasibility of kinetic equations, and the result showed that the kinetic equations were reliable. This study could be very signi ficant to both industrial application and determining the continuous production of isopropyl palmitate.

An Improvement on Synthesis of Yttrium Isopropoxide

Yttrium isopropoxide was prepared directly by the reaction between yttrium and isopropyl alcohol using mercuric chloride and iodine as catalyst. Yield is above 83% . This method possesses the merits of easy operational approach, high product purity, high reaction rate and high production rate. Compared with the previous reported results , the period needed was shortened by 19 h and the yieid increased by 8% . The period needed for preparation is about 5 hows. These results are better than the present report . The dehydrolysis method of isopropyl alcohol and the composition of catalyst were presented.

A preliminary study of isopropyl alcohol matrix effect and correction in ICP-MS

Isopropyl alcohol matrix effect was found to be element specific by using the defined matrix effect factor in ICP-MS, which could not be corrected by using the conventional internal reference method. Unlike the conventional internal reference method, the presented method allows for the analyte to behave differently from the internal reference under the influence of the matrix.

Indirect Determination of Ascorbic Acid with Ammonium Sulfate and Isopropyl Alcohol by Extraction-flotation of Copper

A new method of indirect determination of ascorbic acid(Vc) with ammonium sulfate and isopropyl alcohol by extraction-flotation of copper is studied in this paper. It shows that a small amount of Cu(Ⅱ) can be reduced to Cu( Ⅰ ) by Vc, then Cu(Ⅰ) reacted with the SCN-, which precipitated on the interface of isopropyl alcohol and H2O. A good linear relationship is observed between the flotation yield(E) of Cu( Ⅱ) and the amount of Vc. The detection limit for Vc is 1.76μg/mL. The method is simple, rapid (5 min), but suffers from little interference of common anions and cations. It has been successfully applied for the determination of Vc in fruits.

常用英文缩略语名词解释

PNIPAAm—PEO：聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺-聚氧化乙烯poly（N—isopropyl acrylamide）-polyethylene

日本制定多种农业化学品残留限量

2012年4月26日,日本厚生劳动省医药食品局食品安全部发食安发0426第2号:根据2012年厚生劳动省告示第345号,对食品、添加剂等的规格标准(1959年厚生劳动省告示第370号)进行补充修订。主要内容如下:1.从食品中农药成分"未检出"名单中删除"杀草强".

Improvements to the Fluoride Reactivation Method by Simple Organic Extraction for Retrospective Detection of Exposure to the Organophosphorus Nerve Agents in Human Plasma

A rapid and simple organic extraction method for the determination of the chemical warfare agent, isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate (sarin, GB) in human plasma has been developed using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). In the course of method development, several organic solvents have been screened and chloroform show a low background and increase signal to noise ratio of GB among other organic solvents. Especially, the organic extraction method of reactivated GB from the human plasma has a 30% greater recovery yield than solid-phase ex-traction (SPE). This simple extraction method was successfully applied to the trace analysis of nerve agents in human plasma in the 3rd Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) confidence building exercise on biomedical sample analysis.

Hydrothermally Synthesizing Nanospheres of Pd Loaded TiO_2 for Photocatalytically Reducing CO_2 in Isopropanol to Isopropyl Formate

Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 was carried out on villiform spherical catalysts of Pd-TiO2 in isopropanol solution.The catalysts were synthesized by hydrothermal method,their structures,morphologies and optical absorption properties were characterized by X-ray diffraction（XRD）,energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy（EDS）,scanning electron microscopy（SEM）,transmission electron microscopy（TEM）,highresolution transmission electron microscopy（HRTEM）and UV-vis absorption spectroscopy（UV-vis）.The photocatalytic activities with different loading amounts and morphologies were evaluated for determining the dominant effect and optimizing the catalyst preparation.Based on a villiform spherical TiO2 with the largest specific surface area in our experiments,we prepared a set of catalysts with various loading amounts of palladium and tested them by bubbling CO2 through the slurry of catalyst and isopropanol.The highest formation rate of isopropyl formate was 276.6μmol/g？cat/h.Eventually we proposed the reaction mechanism.

Enhancement of Electrical Performance of c-Si Solar Cells with New Texturization and Diffusion Process

Improving cell efficiency and increasing throughput in solar cell industry efforts were put on uniform texturization and optimum diffusion process. To reduce reflectivity, NaOH/KOH （sodium hydroxide/potassium hydroxide） and IPA （isopropyl alcohol） are widely used in standard alkaline texturization of mono c-Si （crystalline silicon） （〈100〉 crystal orientation） wafers, where IPA promotes formation of uniform pyramidal structure but leads to unstable process. In this work, carbohydrates have been investigated as an additive in etchant solution. Moreover uniform phosphorus diffusion process for B2B （back to back） diffusion （loading two wafers in one single slot of quartz boat） has been investigated with single and multiple temperature plateaus. Impact of pre-oxygen step on phosphorus diffusion is investigated in which number of inactive phosphorus at the PSG （phosphosilicate glass）-Si interface is reduced. A batch of 156 PSQ （pseudo square） mono c-Si solar cells with 18%-18.20% efficiency was fabricated which is -0.3% higher than the standard process. The EL （electroluminescence image）, reff （carrier effective life time）, Voc （open circuit voltage）, Isc （short circuit current）, Pvk （peak power） and r/ （efficiency） have been examined and compared with standard.

Analysis and Characterization of Isopropyl Carbanilate Herbicide and Its Photoproducts

The phototransformation of the herbicide Isopropyl carbanilate (IPC) has been investigated under UV light. Irradiation of the herbicide at room temperature in aqueous and organic solvents such as hexane and methanol afforded new photo-products formed as a consequence of various processes including photo-Fries rearrangement, ring solvolysis, hydrolysis of the amide/carbamoyl and ester bonds, ring coupling and polymerization. The percentage remaining of the herbicide as a function of time was followed periodically starting from zero time up to three hours. Analyses were performed by GC-FID equipped with a semipolar glass column operated at 170?C. The rate of photo disappearance of IPC under controlled lab condition followed 1st order kinetics and found to be solvent dependent in the manner of non polar > polar solvents. The photo-products were successfully separated by GC and preparative TLC (Silica gel F-254) and were identified using either GC-MS and/or MS. Identifications were assigned on the bases of molecular ions, mass fragmentation pattern and whenever possible by comparison with the mass spectra of literature analogues.