Isospin effects on intermediate mass fragments at intermediate energy-heavy ion collisions

In this study,we investigated the isospin properties of intermediate mass fragments(IMFs)for the central collisions of^(112,124)Sn+^(112,124)Sn at a beam energy of50 MeV per nucleon using an improved quantum molecular dynamics model(ImQMD)coupled with a sequential decay model(GEMINI).Three observables were analyzed:(1)the average center-of-mass kinetic energy per nucleon<Ec.m./A>of fragments as a function of their charge number Z;(2)the average neutron number to proton number ratio(<N>/Z)of fragments with a given charge number Z as a function of their center-of-mass kinetic energy per nucleon(Ec.m./A);and(3)the average total neutron number to total proton number ratio(ΣN/ΣZ)and double ratio(DR(N/Z))of IMFs with Z=3-8 as a function of their center-of-mass kinetic energy per nucleon Ec.m./A.Our calculations revealed that the sensitivity of the isospin properties of IMFs relative to the stiffness of the symmetry energy remains even after sequential decay.By comparing the calculations ofΣN/ΣZ and DR(N/Z)with the data,it was found that the soft symmetry energy,i.e.,γ=0.5,is favored.

Isospin splitting of nucleon effective mass and isospin effect in heavy-ion collisions

Two different isospin splittings of nucleon effective mass in nuclear medium as the form of mn*>mp* and mn*<mp* have been implemented in an isospin and momentum dependent transport model.Their impacts on the isospin emission in heavy-ion collisions is investigated thoroughly.It is found that the yield ratios of energetic neutrons to protons squeezed out during the compression stage of two colliding nuclides are sensitive to the isospin splitting.The elliptic flows of free nucleons are also to be promising observables for extracting the nucleon effective mass splitting.Further experimental measurements are being expected,in particular at the CSR-CEE platform in Lanzhou.Several observables are proposed for constraining the density dependence of symmetry energy,such as the transverse flow difference of neutrons and protons,double ratios of n/p and π-/π+,excitation functions of π-/π+ and K0/K+.

Isospin effects of projectile fragmentation in a Boltzmann-Langevin approach

The isospin effects of projectile fragmentation at intermediate energies are investigated using an isospin-dependent Boltzmann-Langevin model.The collisions of mass-symmetric reactions including 58Fe,58Ni+58Fe,and Ni at intermediate energies,in the 30 to 100 MeV/A range,are studied for different symmetry energies.Yield ratios of the isotopic,isobaric,and isotonic pairs of fragments from the intermediate-mass region using three symmetry energies are extracted as functions of the N/Z ratio of the composite systems in the entrance channel and the incident energies.It is found that the yield ratios are sensitive to symmetry energies,especially for neutron-rich systems,and the calculations using soft symmetry energy are closer to the experimental data.The isospin effect is stronger for the soft symmetry energy,owing to the competition of the repulsive Coulomb force and the symmetry energy attractive force on the proton.For the first time,the splits are presented,revealing a transition from the isospin equilibrium at lower energies to translucency at intermediate energies.The results show a degree of transparency in that intermediate mass fragments undergo a transition from dependence on the composite systems in the entrance channel to reliance on the projectile and target nuclei.

Isospin effects of the Skyrme potential and the momentum dependent interaction at intermediate energy heavy ion collisions

We improve the isospin dependent quantum molecular dynamical model by including isospin effects in the Skyrme potential and the momentum dependent interaction to obtain an isospin dependent Skyrme potential and an isospin dependent momentum interaction. We investigate the isospin effects of Skyrme potential and momentum dependent interaction on the isospin fractionation ratio and the dynamical mechanism in intermediate energy heavy ion collisions. It is found that the isospin dependent Skyrme potential and the isospin dependent momentum interaction produce some important isospin effects in the isospin fractionation ratio.

Isospin effect of the in-medium nucleon-nucleon cross section in excited nuclear reactions

Using relativistic mean field theory, the neutron and the proton density distribution of 56Ni nuclei could be obtained in the ground state and the excited state. Based on the framework of the quantum molecular dynamics model, the 56Ni nuclei have been simulated in ground state and in the neutron or proton excited state. We then used the three different states of 56Ni to collide with the 56Ni in the ground state. To discuss the evolution of the nuclear stopping in different reactions, two kinds of different excited nuclear reactions were studied at different reaction energies and at different impact parameters. Studies have shown that the nuclear stopping of an excited nuclear reaction is sensitive to the isospin-dependent in-medium nucleon-nucleon cross section, compared with the response value of the ground state nuclear reaction. So, it is better for the excited nuclei to extract the isospin dependence of nucleon-nucleon cross section information.

Probing the medium effect and isospin dependence of the in-medium nucleon-nucleon cross section in heavy ion collisions

Probing in-medium nucleon-nucleon （NN） cross section σ1/NN（α） in heavy ion collisions has been investigated by means of the isospin-dependent quantum molecular dynamics （IQMD） with the isospin- and momentum-dependent interaction （IMDI（T））. It is found that there are the very obvious medium effect and the sensitive isospin-dependence of nuclear stopping R on the in-medium NN cross section α1/NN（α） in the nuclear reactions induced by halo-neutron projectile and the same-mass stable projectile. However, R induced by the neutron-halo projectile is obviously lower than that induced by the corresponding stable projectile. In particular, there is a very obvious dependence of R on the medium effect of σ1/NN（α） in the whole beam energy region for the above two kinds of projectiles. Therefore, the comparison between the results of R＇s in the reactions induced by the neutron-halo projectile and the corresponding same-mass stable projectile is a more favourable probe for extracting the information of σ1/NN（α） because of adding a new judgement.

Effects of Isospin on Pre-scission Particle Multiplicity of Heavy Systems and ItsExcitation Energy Dependence

Isospin effects on particle emission of fissioning isobaric sources and isotopic sources , and its dependence on the excitation energy are studied via Smoluchowski equations. It is shown that with increasing the isospin of fissioning systems, charged-particle emission is not sensitive to the strength of nuclear dissipation. In addition, we have found that increasing the excitation energy not only increases the influence of nuclear dissipation on particle emission but also greatly enhances the sensitivity of the emission of pre-scission neutrons or charged particles to the isospin of the system. Therefore, in order to extract dissipation strength more accurately by taking light particle multiplicities it is important to choose both a highly excited compound nucleus and a proper kind of particles for systems with different isospins.

Isospin- and momentum-dependent interaction in isospin-dependent quantum molecular dynamics

An isospin-dependent quantum molecular dynamical model （IQMD） is developed, with the isospin degree of freedom in the momentum-dependent interaction（MDI） included in IQMD, to obtain an isospin- and momentum-dependent interaction （IMDI） in IQMD. We investigate the effect of IMDI on the isospin fractionation ratio and its dynamical mechanism in the intermediate energy heavy ion collisions. It is found that the IMDI induces the significant reductions in the isospin fractionation ratio for all of beam energies, impact parameters, neutron-proton ratios and mass number of colliding systems. However, the strong dependence of isospin fractionation ratio on the symmetrical potential is preserved, with the isospin degree of freedom included in the MDI, i.e. the isospin fractionation ratio is still a good probe for extracting the information about the equation of state of isospin asymmetrical nuclear matter.

Roles of Isospin in Evaporation Residue Cross Section as a Probe of Nuclear Dissipation

The influence of isospin on the excess of evaporation residue cross section over its standard statistical-model value for nuclei ^194pb, ^200Pb, and ^206pb is studied via a Langevin equation coupled with a statistical decay model. The magnitude of this excess for a low-isospin fissioning nucleus is shown to be larger and its dependence on the nuclear viscosity coefficient to be stronger than those of a high-isospin fissioning nucleus. These results suggest that to obtain a more accurate information of viscosity coefficient inside the saddle point by measuring evaporation residue cross sections, we had better choose those compound systems with small isospin.

中能重离子碰撞中同位旋效应的灵敏探针

在重离子碰撞过程中， 基于重质量的弹核轰击轻质量靶核有大量中等质量碎片向前发射的逆运动学效应， 利用同位旋相关的量子分子动力学观察和研究了重离子碰撞过程中同位旋效应的灵敏性． 计算结果表明在所选能区， 中等质量碎片的多重性与带电粒子总数之间的关联是提取介质中核子核子碰撞截面的灵敏观测量， 而此时对称势的同位旋效应却不明显．

同位旋相关的输运理论和中能重离子碰撞中同位旋效应研究进展

本文对现有的描述中能重离子碰撞中同位旋相关的输运理论进行了评述 ,并给出了采用这些理论研究中能重离子碰撞中同位旋效应的最新成果 。

动量相关作用在原子核阻止作为探针中的重要性

最近的研究工作表明原子核阻止强烈地依赖于两核子碰撞截面而较弱的依赖同位旋相关的平均场 (对称势 ) .故原子核阻止可以作为提取介质中同位旋相关核子 -核子碰撞截面的探针 .详细的计算表明动量相关作用在提高原子核阻止对两体碰撞的敏感性和减弱对称对称势的敏感性中起了重要作用 .

中能重离子核反应的碎裂、集体流和其同位旋效应

本文总结了中能重离子核反应的一般特征及热核反应与衰变过程的动力学、热力学和化学 (同位旋组分 )效应。尤其是 ,综合了作者在当前中能重离子核物理研究热点 ,如多重碎裂、“颈”发射、集体流及其同位旋物理等这些方面的系统性工作 ,作了较为完整深入的介绍 ,最后我们还对当前中能重离子核物理的发展前景作了扼要的介绍。

用于热核同位旋效应研究的高质量分辨望远镜探测器

描述了一个用于热核同位旋效应研究的高质量分辨带电粒子望远镜探测器。望远镜由三叠层探测器组成 ,其中前两片是全耗尽硅半导体 ΔE探测器 ,后一片是锂漂移硅探测器。其厚度分别为 :350、50 0、350 0μm。此探测器的主要特点是 :具有高能量分辨、高质量分辨 (对1 6 OΔA/ A =3.1 % )、大能量范围 (例如 ,对于氧粒子为 1 2～ 60 Me V/ amu) ,可对直到硫的粒子进行同位素鉴别 ,能较好地用于热核同位旋效应研究。

中能重离子碰撞

叙述了中能重离子核反应的一些基本理论方法，同时对当前中能重离子物理研究的热点，如核物质的液汽相变、集体流、多重碎裂、核态方程、介质中的核子－核子散射截面以及同位旋效应作了较全面的叙述。最后对当前中能重离子核物理的发展前景作了介绍。

中能重离子碰撞过程中同位旋分馏的特征和机制

利用同位旋依赖的QMD模型主要对中能重离子碰撞中同位旋分馏机制和主要特征进行了讨论和分析 ,得到了一些有趣的结果 ,并建议将同位旋分馏强度作为提取同位旋相关平均场和建立同位旋不对称核物质状态方程的探针 .

同位旋相关的输运理论

评述了当前中能重离子碰撞中同位旋相关的输运理论及其研究进展，

拟定中的RIBLL实验装置

建议在兰州放射性束流线（ Ｒ Ｉ Ｂ Ｌ Ｌ）上建设３ 套装置： 直接反应精细测量装置， 用来对放射性束的粒子的运动轨迹逐一进行跟踪， 以及对粒子的电荷态、核电荷数、质量数和能量进行精确跟踪， 从而得到核反应和核结构的准确信息； 磁谱探测系统， 它是由一个二极磁铁和相关真空室组成， 一方面它是一个谱仪系统， 用来分离原始放射性主束和次级反应产物， 进行粒子种类和能量的测量， 另一方面， 还可以用来研究放射性核的电磁矩和基态组态； 奇异衰变的４π探测装置是由５套大面积位置灵敏薄片硅探测器和 Ｃｓ Ｉ（ Ｔｌ）组成的望远镜组， 可覆盖整个探测空间的６０％ ～７０％ ，外加多个塑料中子探测器或 γ探测器， 用来测量奇异核和蒸发余核的关联粒子发射， 寻找和测量奇异的放射性衰变．

中能重离子碰撞中同位旋相关核子-核子碰撞截面和同位旋相关平均场的探针

在最近几年我们通过使用同位旋相关的量子分子动力学模型 (IQMD)系统的研究了同位旋相关的平均场和介质中核子 核子 (N N)碰撞截面对中能重离子碰撞 (HIC)中碎裂和耗散的同位旋效应。我们发现原子核阻止R和Qzz,中等质量碎片多重性Nimf和质子(中子 )发射数Np(Nn)敏感的依赖于介质中N N碰撞截面的同位旋效应 ,而弱的依赖于同位旋相关的平均场 (对称势 ) ,这些物理量作为提取相对高能范围缺中子系统的同位旋相关介质中N N碰撞截面的探针。我们也可以通过相对低能区到 1 5 0MeV/u的前平衡核子发射中质比来提取关于对称势的知识和讨论它的同位旋依赖性。

用于热核同位旋效应研究的BGO探测器阵列

报道了35MeV/u ^(36)Ar+^(112,124)Sn反应中用于中等质量碎片(IMF)(3≤Z≤5)关联函数测量的ΔE(Si)+E(BGO)望远镜阵列的测试结果。实验表明该探测器阵列的几何安排有利于提高小角关联测量中的动量分辨,可用于IMF发射时标的同位旋依赖性的研究。