以色列边防警察

以色列边防警察在维护国家安全中扮演着非常重要的角色,其成员主要由职业警官和来自以色列国防军的野战军构成,包括亚玛姆、亚玛斯、撒玛戈和玛提兰分队,以及志愿者边界守卫员,隶属于以色列国家警察。国家警察隶属于以色列公共安全部,武器装备良好。研究以色列边防警察,对提升我国公安边防部队的综合素质、推动戍边角色多元化、坚持科技防边与管边等有较好的启示意义。

以色列边防战略对我国边防的启示

虽然以色列是一个较有争议的国家,与我国远隔千山万水,且国情差异很大,但以色列在较为复杂而特殊的边防环境下有效地维护了自身的边防安全,则对我国边防有很大的借鉴意义。新形势下,我国边防安全不仅面临传统安全威胁,而且面临非传统安全威胁,因此要更好地维护边防安全,就要发扬自身的优良传统,同时积极借鉴其他国家的经验。

以色列边界观的演变

以色列的边界观不仅是其对于边界的态度与看法,而且还浓缩着以色列与阿拉伯国家之间的恩恩怨怨,以色列边界观的演变实际上是以阿关系的另一种写照。对以色列边界观的演变进行论述,以从另一侧面解读以阿关系。

叙以和谈中的一桩历史边界纠纷——1926年英法中东《睦邻条约》的影响

1991年 10月开幕的马德里和会开启了全面解决阿以冲突的和平进程。然而 ,作为双边谈判的重要一环———叙以和谈却屡屡受挫。历史上叙以之间存在着 3条边界 :192 3年边界、1949年停火线和 196 7年战争前双方实际控制线。谈判中 ,以色列坚持以 192 3年边界作为两国实现最终和平的边界线 ,而叙利亚强调 196 7年战争前双方实际控制线。后来以色列立场有所松动 ,因为它意识到还存在着一个 192 6年英法在中东达成的《睦邻条约》。如果以色列坚持 192 3年边界 ,它就得承认 192 6年《睦邻条约》中规定的“叙利亚享有在太巴列湖、胡拉湖和约旦河的渔猎和航行的权利” ,对此 ,以色列历届政府至今未置一辞 ,双方在边界谈判的基点上不能达成一致 ,和谈陷入僵局。

Review and Analysis: Successful Use of Soil Tunnels in Medieval and Modern Warfare and Smuggling

For more than 2500 years, soil tunnels have been used in warfare and smuggling. Initially tunnels were utilized to attack fortresses that were underlain by unconsolidated (non-bedrock) soil materials. Later tunnels provided housing and served as smuggling corridors. The medieval warfare undermining technique involved digging soil tunnels with wooden or beam props to hold up the soil ceilings. Then flammable material, such as hay or straw, was put in the tunnel and set on fire. The fire burnt the support beams which collapsed the soil tunnel ceilings and undermined the overlying perimeter wall. Later gunpowder and dynamite replaced fire when attempting to collapse a tunnel, fortress or perimeter defense. Modern warfare soil tunnels were the pathways used to move troops, weapons and supplies to the other side of a border or wall for surprise attacks. Most of the soil tunnels were placed in easy-to-dig unconsolidated soil materials that had a low water table and were not subject to flooding. Eventually, machinery was used to drill through bedrock permitting deeper and longer tunnels for troop movement or smuggling. However, when drilling through bedrock under international borders, the process creates both noise and vibrations which were often detected by the enemy. Once discovered the tunnels were often collapsed by blowing up the tunnel, injection of gas, filling with water or wastewater, or inserting barriers. A series of case studies will be examined with the goal of determining soil and site criteria required to permit successful tunneling. The most restrictive soil and geologic conditions will be identified as well as potential mitigation methods used to overcome the site restrictions will be documented. Countries with warfare or smuggling issues along their borders, such as Israel and United States, need to identify the sections of the border most likely to be undermined by soil tunnels. In the case of Israel their entire border is susceptible as a result of the favorable arid climate, soils and geology. The US border with Mexico can become vulnerable wherever a new wall is created. Without a wall there is usually no need for soil tunnels. The US Department of Homeland Security and border patrol will need to monitor the noise and vibrations, just like the Israel does, to identify future soil tunnel locations. Eventually most of 3200 km border will have a wall that will become the target of more soil tunnels for smuggling goods and people from Mexico into the United States.

以色列对非洲非法移民的认知及管控

以色列境内来自非洲的大规模非法移民潮始于2005年。至2013年,超过6.4万名非洲移民经西奈半岛穿过埃及与以色列边界进入以色列,他们主要来自厄立特里亚和苏丹等国。这些非法移民被以色列当局视为“渗透者”,主要生活在特拉维夫南部地区,给以色列政治、经济、安全和社会带来一些现实问题。近年来,以色列国内一些政界人士和民众出于对非洲非法移民“人口威胁”“安全威胁”和“经济威胁”的认知,对于非洲非法移民采取排斥态度,要求驱逐非洲移民,甚至多次爆发反对非洲移民的骚乱。对此,以色列政府采取否定非洲非法移民的难民身份、建造边界墙、立法限制和拘留、遣送离境等四方面举措,有效遏止了非法移民涌入以色列的势头。事实上,非法移民问题的解决,治标更要治本,国际社会需帮助非法移民来源国实现经济与社会发展。