Contract System for Circulation of the Right to Rural Land Contractual Management

From the perspective of civil subject theory,law of value,comparative law and history of laws,the thesis expounds that the contract on the transfer of the contractual right of rural lands is in nature a civil contract instead of an administrative one.Then it explores the defects in the contract from the viewpoint of legal value goal,contract law and legal sociology,that is,the relevant provisions in Rural Land Contract Law and Explanations of Supreme People's Court about the Issues concerning the Laws Applicable to the Trial of Cases of Disputes over Rural Land Contracting go against the principle of free contracting and run counter to the legal value goal of justice,so they do not achieve good implementing effect.Finally,the thesis demonstrates and makes some practical legislative proposals to perfect the contract system for circulation of the right to operate constructed rural lands,aiming at improving the circulation rate through perfecting the contract of the right to rural land contractual management,solving the disputes in rural lands circulation and safeguarding the legitimate rights of the farmers.

The Transfer of Land Contractual Management Rights in Ethnic Village--A Case Study of Ya'ergou Village in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region

Based on field survey in Ya'ergou Village,Yuanzhou District,Guyuan City,the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,we analyze the status quo of the transfer of land contractual management rights in this village,and study the basic information,form,characteristics,and problems concerning the transfer of land contractual management rights in this nationality village.Then corresponding countermeasures are put forward for promoting the transfer of land contractual management rights in ethnic village as follows:strengthening the publicity of the policy in order to improve farmers' ideological understanding;raising the rent in order to promote the transfer of the land contractual management rights;diverting the governmental investment to the talented people within village;consolidating management and resolving disputes in the transfer timely and effectively.

Research on the Circulation Problems of Contractual Management Right of Rural Land

Based on the judicial explanation of the contractual management right of land, the thesis elaborates the definition of main body of contractual management right of rural land; right of possession, use right, usufruct of contractual management right of land; autonomy of production and operation; disposition of the products; expropriation and occupation compensation authority of contractual land respectively, in order to demonstrate the connotation of land contractual management. The thesis also analyzes perspicaciously the phenomenon of non-agricultural-use land and proclaiming phenomenon of contractual management right of land. We should establish normalized rural land property rights register system to perfect contractual management right of land. Proclaiming of agriculture land right also should adopt registration effectiveness so as to guarantee the legality of transference of agricultural land to non-agricultural land in terms of system. We should perfect rural land circulation in terms of normalizing land circulation laws and normalizing contractual farmers fees: in terms of the movable agricultural land right, we should further perfect the types and content of circulation and lessen non-legal form restrictions of circulation; in terms of contractual fees, we should normalize contractual fees of land in order to preclude the contradiction between the contractees and contractors arising from blank space of laws.

Disputes over Circulation of Rural Land Contractual Management Right and Control Countermeasures

On the basis of current situations of disputes over rural land contractual management right,this paper analyzes causes of disputes from four aspects. It states that controlling disputes,regulating and strengthening land circulation in accordance with laws are core works of new socialist countryside construction and rural reform. Finally,it presents five control countermeasures,including improving laws and regulations on circulation of rural land contractual management right,strengthening popularization and guidance of relevant laws and regulations,government departments administering in accordance with laws,stressing management of land contractual management right circulation contract,and establishing and perfecting land circulation intermediaries to realize market-oriented circulation.

Issues concerning Farmland Transfer in the Development of China's Agricultural Modernization——Based on the Survey of Farmers in 21 Townships of Sichuan Province

Based on the actual survey of 724 rural households in 21 townships of Sichuan Province,this article analyzes the basic information,basic characteristics and problems in current China's farmland transfer.The results show that the rural land contractual management right is relatively stable;in farmland transfer market,the degree of development of farmland transfer-out market is higher than that of farmland transfer-in market;at the same time,there are many problems,such as fragmentation of rural land resources allocation,incomplete land property rights system,too powerful land security function,single land transfer pattern and unsound transfer system.Corresponding countermeasures are put forward as follows:unifying urban and rural planning,and adjusting distribution pattern of rural land in concert with the course of urbanization;improving land property rights system,so that the farmers have the land contractual management right with real right tendency;strengthening the legal construction of land transfer,regulating the land transfer process,and guiding regularized and legalized development of land transfer;promoting farmers' cognitive level,and establishing the intermediary platform to provide land transfer information,ensuring information symmetry between both sides of transfer;providing more non-agricultural jobs,establishing and improving social security system for farmers,and diluting the social security function of land.

土地经营权入股立法的反思与展望

自家庭联产承包责任制实施以来,关于农村土地承包经营权能否以入股等方式流转,在政策与法律层面经历了比较复杂的变迁过程。土地经营权入股在立法中得到确认是“三权分置”改革的重要成果之一,有利于在流转中更好地实现土地经营权的价值。土地经营权入股现行立法表达不规范、不统一,且与相关法律规定存在冲突,导致立法预期的实现受阻。以立法的基本原理来审视,立法用语不规范只是表面现象,土地经营权的性质不明才是立法困境的根源,对入股所致不利后果的担忧则进一步导致适用难题。实践中大量存在的“以租代转”、“名为入股、实为出租”现象表明,既有立法并不能有效满足土地经营权入股的需求,反而徒增解释与适用的混乱。为了弥合土地经营权入股的认知分歧,保持相关立法之间的协调,实现“三权分置”的立法目的,有必要在立法中统一相关表述,明确规定土地经营权的性质,移除土地经营权承载的不必要负担,让土地经营权真正成为“可以用货币估价并可以依法转让的非货币财产”,进而以“作价出资”取代“入股”。

“三权分置”下土地流转瓶颈及对策——基于四川富顺县的案例研究

农村土地流转是新世纪以来中国农村经济发展到一定阶段的产物,“三权分置”作为新发展阶段中国土地制度的重大创新,通过鼓励土地流转可以实现规模农业、提高农民收入及实现乡村振兴等多重目标。本研究以四川富顺县为例,在“三权分置”背景下对农村土地流转的现实瓶颈进行深入分析发现,当前仍存在土地流转实施中农民合法权益易受损、土地流转过程中耕地地力易遭到破坏、土地流转政策执行中的政府和市场失灵、传统观念固化下土地流转集中连片难等问题。基于此,应建立和完善相关的法律法规、搭建土地流转信息交流平台、突出政府职能加强监督力度、培育现代农民提升综合素质等,以更好地推动中国农村土地流转和保护农民土地权益。

农村土地第三轮承包中“承包地调整”的规范逻辑

农村土地第三轮承包应坚持延包原则,通过有限的“承包地调整”实现农业集约化经营与承包地公平分配的平衡。农村土地集体所有制需对接《民法典》的私权秩序,农户是利用承包地的农业生产经营单位,农民集体成员才是土地承包经营权的权利主体,“承包地调整”的前提是承包地利用秩序的“大稳定”,通过有限的收回“整户消亡”和“进城落户”农民的承包地给新生人口、交回承包地的返乡农民以及嫁入妇女(入赘男)实现“小调整”。另外,以保障农民集体成员的生存利益为前提,将承包地“三权分置”后土地经营权流转作为补充手段,通过“确权不确地”“调利不调地”等,并结合农村集体经济组织统筹功能弥补土地延包中承包地调整的不足。

农地二轮延包实施进路——基于贵州省XF县的调查研究

第二轮土地承包到期后农地顺利延包是促进乡村振兴之根本。当前我国第二轮土地承包到期后再延长三十年面临“有人无地种,有地无人种”与“保持农户承包地稳定”的现行政策相矛盾、无地少地农民以及“两头占”“两头空”“外嫁女”等特殊群体的利益处理这两大突出问题,制定具体农地延包方案迫在眉睫。基于贵州省XF县“第二轮土地承包到期后再延长三十年”试点的调研发现,二轮延包中存在着确权收尾工作难完成、延包主体资格难认定、土地细碎化难处理、延包协议难签订等困境。解决这些困境的实践逻辑为建立登记颁证机制、农户自愿有偿退出承包和未承包地管理机制、缺地少地农户承包地调整机制、矛盾纠纷化解机制、农地承包经营权长效管理机制。具体而言,农地二轮延包的实施路径包括:完成土地确权工作;化解延包矛盾纠纷;承包地退出、收回与管理;数字化赋能农地承包经营权长效管理;政府组织成立专班予以落实。

农村土地承包经营权纳入不动产统一登记研究——以四川省为例

在农村土地承包经营权被纳入不动产统一登记的背景下,土地承包经营权的流转与保护成为社会关注的焦点。为推动不动产统一确权登记工作的全面实施、优化土地资源配置、进一步促进农村经济发展及城乡一体化进程,本文以四川省为例,通过实地调研深入分析农村土地承包经营权被纳入不动产统一登记的已有工作基础和存在的典型问题;在此基础上,针对性地提出将农村土地承包经营权纳入不动产统一登记的工作流程和工作步骤。选取部分村组数据开展汇交和整合入库的试点工作,对成果资料整理与移交、数据整合与建库、存量登记发证与实际调查差异处理关键技术进行总结。

基于AutoCAD的农村土地承包经营权确权软件开发中的TIFF影像加载的研究

就农村土地承包经营权确权软件开发中的TIFF影像加载的问题进行了研究,介绍了影像地理定位文件中各参数的含义以及在AutoCAD中插入影像图的实现机制,着重讨论三种影像加载方式,分析三种方式的适用范围,并给出关键代码,实现了确权软件开发中多张影像的自动加载。

农民分化、地权诉求与土地承包经营权退出实践

农民是新型城镇化与乡村振兴主体,在推进土地承包经营权有偿退出过程中,应重视农民分化的经济社会基础,坚持以农民为主体的发展改革创新。基于湖北省土地承包经营权有偿退出改革试点的经验调查,分析改革试点实践过程中,农民、村集体、地方政府、工商资本等多主体间不同的实践逻辑。认识农民与土地经营关系变化基础上的生计分化所形塑的农民分化,基于农民与土地的关系,非农化家庭逐渐脱离土地和农业,半工半耕家庭以及纯农家庭仍对土地有一定依赖性,农民分化体现出差异性地权诉求。土地承包经营权退出实践缺乏对不同类型农户的识别机制,村集体难以适应土地承包经营权退出秩序。应加强农民分化识别机制研究,建立多元化退出模式,并强化土地集体所有权规则,维护土地承包经营权退出秩序,保障各类农户利益。

农地“三权分置”政策立法得失及其法理思考

农地“三权分置”制度是继土地承包改革以来我国农地制度的第二次重大变革契机。但从法律的规范分析角度看,以2018年《中华人民共和国农村土地承包法》修改为标志的制度改革成果乏善可陈,此次修法未能全面达成农地“三权分置”政策所设定的目标。其核心问题是土地经营权可转让、可抵押的始定目标未能实现。而此制度效果的实证研究也支持上述结论。造成农地“三权分置”立法困局的原因主要包括农地“三权分置”制度的核心目标出现变化且多目标之间具有紧张关系、农地“三权分置”政策与法律的范式转换障碍及现行农地制度的功能超载问题。尽管存在上述问题,但农地“三权分置”制度本身具有合价值性和合规律性,应继续保持对农地“三权分置”制度的研究,并通过创造性改造实现农地“三权分置”制度的初心。

“三权分置”下宅基地使用权的法律构造和制度重构

为推进农村宅基地制度改革,中央对宅基地改革采取“三权分置”部署。然而,不同学者对宅基地“三权”的法律构造存在分歧,确立宅基地使用权应确立“所有权+成员权+用益物权”的权利构造,其中新设资格权定性为成员权,“三权分置”改革后的第三权属于用益物权范畴,同时赋予其处分权能完善宅基地权能。“三权分置”改革,应以所有权为基础,依靠特有的身份属性保障成员权,通过宅基地资格权这一特殊身份属性实现宅基地在一定范围内(集体经济组织成员内)的排他使用。宅基地改革需从法律层面提供坚实的理论基础和法律架构,具体应围绕“三权”法律构造和制度重构两条路径进一步探索,采取法律和政策途径盘活农村宅基地,促进乡村经济长足发展。

论农村承包经营户债务承担规则之适用——《民法典》第五十六条释疑

《民法通则》确定,农村承包经营户之债务承担由“经营者”负责,它突破了投资人风险自负的原则,确立了承包人、投资人和利益享受人均应担责的规则,资格符合中国农村家庭承包经营的特点。但随着集体经济组织成员被普遍授予土地承包经营权,以及几十年来农村家庭财产关系的巨变,原来认定承包地“经营者”的标准失去了适用环境。《民法典》及时提出了以“事实上的经营者”承担经营责任的规则,而“事实上的经营者”须具备以下条件:是集体经济组织成员,是自家承包地主要劳务投入者;或者是流转土地经营权的决策者。但家庭成员中的被赡养、被抚养者,一般不对农户承包经营债务承担责任。

基于ArcGIS Engine的农田调查数据快速处理系统设计与实现

为实现农村土地承包经营权农田数据日常维护更新,快速处理农田外业调查数据,形成符合要求的数据库,本文基于ArcGIS Engine平台,使用C#语言,针对农村土地承包经营权数据日常维护更新的需求,结合Arcpy模块设计并实现了农田调查数据的构面、属性挂接、存储、成图等一系列调查数据快速处理系统,并选择外业实地采集的地块数据为例,经过验证,该方法能快速处理农村土地承包经营权日常更新数据,确实提高了生产效率。

农村土地承包经营权可抵押性及其约束条件分析——以湖北与江苏的试点为例

研究目的:辨明农村土地承包经营权可抵押的约束条件,为农地抵押试点提供可靠的理论依据和可行的政策建议。研究方法:基于湖北天门和江苏新沂的典型案例,从经济条件、职能分工、试点政策与进展等方面对两地试点进行比较研究。研究结果:农村土地承包经营权可抵押性受到法律因素和经济因素的共同制约;在相同的法律制度下,其可抵押性更多地由农业生产水平、土地流转市场、农村社会保障水平等经济条件决定。研究结论:试点应选择在经济发展水平较高、农业生产水平较高、土地流转市场相对完善的地区开展,相关法律政策也应在此类地区有选择地放开。

土地经营权的权利属性探析——兼评新修订《农村土地承包法》的相关规定

土地经营权是承包地"三权分置"政策中提出的概念,新修订的《农村土地承包法》将其法定化,但未明确其权利属性是物权、债权或者物权化债权。土地经营权的债权说、物权化债权说在解释论视角下无法全面实现"三权分置"政策的预设功能,用益物权说可弥补二者的不足,因而具有理论优势。土地经营权应定性为不动产用益物权,以出租等方式产生的债权性农地利用权不属于土地经营权。借助于民法典物权编立法之机,应当明确土地经营权的用益物权属性。

土地承包经营权抵押范围的再探索

改革开放三十多年后,随着社会的发展与变化,已凸显出现行法律对土地承包经营权的可抵押范围限制并不合理。由于农村的社会结构与实际需求改变,土地的社会保障功能日渐弱化;通过法律的设计,土地承包经营权抵押权的实现得与耕地面积的增减不发生直接关系。考虑到我国各区域间的重大经济差异等原因,法律应有条件地放宽得抵押融资的土地承包经营权范围,以解决农民的实际需要。