Statistics of languages are usually calculated by counting characters, words, sentences, word rankings. Some of these random variables are also the main “ingredients” of classical readability formulae. Revisiting th...Statistics of languages are usually calculated by counting characters, words, sentences, word rankings. Some of these random variables are also the main “ingredients” of classical readability formulae. Revisiting the readability formula of Italian, known as GULPEASE, shows that of the two terms that determine the readability index G—the semantic index , proportional to the number of characters per word, and the syntactic index GF, proportional to the reciprocal of the number of words per sentence—GF is dominant because GC is, in practice, constant for any author throughout seven centuries of Italian Literature. Each author can modulate the length of sentences more freely than he can do with the length of words, and in different ways from author to author. For any author, any couple of text variables can be modelled by a linear relationship y = mx, but with different slope m from author to author, except for the relationship between characters and words, which is unique for all. The most important relationship found in the paper is that between the short-term memory capacity, described by Miller’s “7 ? 2 law” (i.e., the number of “chunks” that an average person can hold in the short-term memory ranges from 5 to 9), and the word interval, a new random variable defined as the average number of words between two successive punctuation marks. The word interval can be converted into a time interval through the average reading speed. The word interval spreads in the same range as Miller’s law, and the time interval is spread in the same range of short-term memory response times. The connection between the word interval (and time interval) and short-term memory appears, at least empirically, justified and natural, however, to be further investigated. Technical and scientific writings (papers, essays, etc.) ask more to their readers because words are on the average longer, the readability index G is lower, word and time intervals are longer. Future work done on ancient languages, such as the classical Greek and Latin Literatures (or modern languages Literatures), could bring us an insight into the short-term memory required to their well-educated ancient readers.展开更多
The jurisprudential path which led to the legal qualification of Scientology as a religion, according to Italian law was very interesting. The problem concerned the lack of definition of religion and the fact that rec...The jurisprudential path which led to the legal qualification of Scientology as a religion, according to Italian law was very interesting. The problem concerned the lack of definition of religion and the fact that recognition as a confession gives a religious denomination several benefits such as political taxation. Furthermore, the absence of recognition had led to the possibility of considering normal activities of worship as criminal offenses： i.e. as criminal conspiracy, abuse of the disabled etc. The so-called ＂long process of Milan＂, which lasted 20 years, however, officially recognized the characteristics of the religious denomination of Scientology. In this sense, the ＂Scientology case＂ can be considered a paradigm for a real understanding of the rights that our legal system recognizes in regards to religious movements and, in particular, the right of religious freedom and the principle of ＂laicita＂.展开更多
Through norms,concessions,assessment and training,the article shows the importance of the rehabilitation approach to identify the ways in which to help the disabled person achieve his driving licence and,therefore dri...Through norms,concessions,assessment and training,the article shows the importance of the rehabilitation approach to identify the ways in which to help the disabled person achieve his driving licence and,therefore drive a vehicle. It shows the number of variants that exist for each system allowing the adaptation of various automobile functions to the needs of disabled people and in this way we can understand how even seriously disabled people with very complex situations can drive when the correct adaptations are identified.展开更多
文摘Statistics of languages are usually calculated by counting characters, words, sentences, word rankings. Some of these random variables are also the main “ingredients” of classical readability formulae. Revisiting the readability formula of Italian, known as GULPEASE, shows that of the two terms that determine the readability index G—the semantic index , proportional to the number of characters per word, and the syntactic index GF, proportional to the reciprocal of the number of words per sentence—GF is dominant because GC is, in practice, constant for any author throughout seven centuries of Italian Literature. Each author can modulate the length of sentences more freely than he can do with the length of words, and in different ways from author to author. For any author, any couple of text variables can be modelled by a linear relationship y = mx, but with different slope m from author to author, except for the relationship between characters and words, which is unique for all. The most important relationship found in the paper is that between the short-term memory capacity, described by Miller’s “7 ? 2 law” (i.e., the number of “chunks” that an average person can hold in the short-term memory ranges from 5 to 9), and the word interval, a new random variable defined as the average number of words between two successive punctuation marks. The word interval can be converted into a time interval through the average reading speed. The word interval spreads in the same range as Miller’s law, and the time interval is spread in the same range of short-term memory response times. The connection between the word interval (and time interval) and short-term memory appears, at least empirically, justified and natural, however, to be further investigated. Technical and scientific writings (papers, essays, etc.) ask more to their readers because words are on the average longer, the readability index G is lower, word and time intervals are longer. Future work done on ancient languages, such as the classical Greek and Latin Literatures (or modern languages Literatures), could bring us an insight into the short-term memory required to their well-educated ancient readers.
文摘The jurisprudential path which led to the legal qualification of Scientology as a religion, according to Italian law was very interesting. The problem concerned the lack of definition of religion and the fact that recognition as a confession gives a religious denomination several benefits such as political taxation. Furthermore, the absence of recognition had led to the possibility of considering normal activities of worship as criminal offenses： i.e. as criminal conspiracy, abuse of the disabled etc. The so-called ＂long process of Milan＂, which lasted 20 years, however, officially recognized the characteristics of the religious denomination of Scientology. In this sense, the ＂Scientology case＂ can be considered a paradigm for a real understanding of the rights that our legal system recognizes in regards to religious movements and, in particular, the right of religious freedom and the principle of ＂laicita＂.
文摘Through norms,concessions,assessment and training,the article shows the importance of the rehabilitation approach to identify the ways in which to help the disabled person achieve his driving licence and,therefore drive a vehicle. It shows the number of variants that exist for each system allowing the adaptation of various automobile functions to the needs of disabled people and in this way we can understand how even seriously disabled people with very complex situations can drive when the correct adaptations are identified.
