Thin paints for durable and scalable radiative cooling

Passive daytime radiative cooling(PDRC) is environment-friendly without energy input by enhancing the coating's solar reflectance(R_(solar)) and thermal emittance(ε_(LWIR)) in the atmosphere's long-wave infrared transmission window.However,high R_(solar) is usually achieved by increasing the coating's thickness,which not only increases materials' cost but also impairs heat transfer.Additionally,the desired high R_(solar) is vulnerable to dust pollution in the outdoors.In this work,a thin paint was designed by mixing hBN plates,PFOTS,and IPA. R_(solar)=0.963 and ε_(LWIR)=0.927 was achieved at a thickness of 150 μm due to the high backscattering ability of scatters.A high through-plane thermal conductivity(~1.82 W m^(-1) K^(-1)) also can be obtained.In addition,the porous structure coupled with the binder PFOTS resulted in a contact angle of 154°,demonstrating excellent durability under dust contamination.Outdoor experiments showed that the thin paint can obtain a 2.3℃ lower temperature for sub-ambient cooling than the reference PDRC coating in the daytime.Furtherly,the above-ambient heat dissipation performance can be enhanced by spraying the thin paint on a 3D heat sink,which was 15.7℃ lower than the reference 1D structure,demonstrating excellent performance for durable and scalable PDRC applications.

Influence of substrate effect on near-field radiative modulator based on biaxial hyperbolic materials

Relative rotation between the emitter and receiver could effectively modulate the near-field radiative heat transfer(NFRHT)in anisotropic media.Due to the strong in-plane anisotropy,natural hyperbolic materials can be used to construct near-field radiative modulators with excellent modulation effects.However,in practical applications,natural hyperbolic materials need to be deposited on the substrate,and the influence of substrate on modulation effect has not been studied yet.In this work,we investigate the influence of substrate effect on near-field radiative modulator based onα-MoO_(3).The results show that compared to the situation without a substrate,the presence of both lossless and lossy substrate will reduce the modulation contrast(MC)for different film thicknesses.When the real or imaginary component of the substrate permittivity increases,the mismatch of hyperbolic phonon polaritons(HPPs)weakens,resulting in a reduction in MC.By reducing the real and imaginary components of substrate permittivity,the MC can be significantly improved,reaching 4.64 forε_(s)=3 at t=10 nm.This work indicates that choosing a substrate with a smaller permittivity helps to achieve a better modulation effect,and provides guidance for the application of natural hyperbolic materials in the near-field radiative modulator.

Personal Thermal Management by Radiative Cooling and Heating

Maintaining thermal comfort within the human body is crucial for optimal health and overall well-being.By merely broadening the setpoint of indoor temperatures,we could significantly slash energy usage in building heating,ventilation,and air-conditioning systems.In recent years,there has been a surge in advancements in personal thermal management(PTM),aiming to regulate heat and moisture transfer within our immediate surroundings,clothing,and skin.The advent of PTM is driven by the rapid development in nano/micro-materials and energy science and engineering.An emerging research area in PTM is personal radiative thermal management(PRTM),which demonstrates immense potential with its high radiative heat transfer efficiency and ease of regulation.However,it is less taken into account in traditional textiles,and there currently lies a gap in our knowledge and understanding of PRTM.In this review,we aim to present a thorough analysis of advanced textile materials and technologies for PRTM.Specifically,we will introduce and discuss the underlying radiation heat transfer mechanisms,fabrication methods of textiles,and various indoor/outdoor applications in light of their different regulation functionalities,including radiative cooling,radiative heating,and dual-mode thermoregulation.Furthermore,we will shine a light on the current hurdles,propose potential strategies,and delve into future technology trends for PRTM with an emphasis on functionalities and applications.

Near-field radiative heat transfer between nanoporous GaN films

Photon tunneling effects give rise to surface waves,amplifying radiative heat transfer in the near-field regime.Recent research has highlighted that the introduction of nanopores into materials creates additional pathways for heat transfer,leading to a substantial enhancement of near-field radiative heat transfer(NFRHT).Being a direct bandgap semiconductor,GaN has high thermal conductivity and stable resistance at high temperatures,and holds significant potential for applications in optoelectronic devices.Indeed,study of NFRHT between nanoporous GaN films is currently lacking,hence the physical mechanism for adding nanopores to GaN films remains to be discussed in the field of NFRHT.In this work,we delve into the NFRHT of GaN nanoporous films in terms of gap distance,GaN film thickness and the vacuum filling ratio.The results demonstrate a 27.2%increase in heat flux for a 10 nm gap when the nanoporous filling ratio is 0.5.Moreover,the spectral heat flux exhibits redshift with increase in the vacuum filling ratio.To be more precise,the peak of spectral heat flux moves fromω=1.31×10^(14)rad·s^(-1)toω=1.23×10^(14)rad·s^(-1)when the vacuum filling ratio changes from f=0.1 to f=0.5;this can be attributed to the excitation of surface phonon polaritons.The introduction of graphene into these configurations can highly enhance the NFRHT,and the spectral heat flux exhibits a blueshift with increase in the vacuum filling ratio,which can be explained by the excitation of surface plasmon polaritons.These findings offer theoretical insights that can guide the extensive utilization of porous structures in thermal control,management and thermal modulation.

Low-energy-consumption temperature swing system for CO_(2) capture by combining passive radiative cooling and solar heating

Temperature-swing adsorption(TSA)is an effective technique for CO_(2) capture,but the temperature swing procedure is energy-intensive.Herein,we report a low-energy-consumption system by combining passive radiative cooling and solar heating for the uptake of CO_(2) on commercial activated carbons(CACs).During adsorption,the adsorbents are coated with a layer of hierarchically porous poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropene)[P(VdF-HFP)HP],which cools the adsorbents to a low temperature under sunlight through radiative cooling.For desorption,CACs with broad absorption of the solar spectrum are exposed to light irradiation for heating.The heating and cooling processes are completely driven by solar energy.Adsorption tests under mimicked sunlight using the CACs show that the performance of this system is comparable to that of the traditional ones.Furthermore,under real sunlight irradiation,the adsorption capacity of the CACs can be well maintained after multiple cycles.The present work may inspire the development of new temperature swing procedures with little energy consumption.

Two-Stream Approximation to the Radiative Transfer Equation:A New Improvement and Comparative Accuracy with Existing Methods

Mathematical modeling of the interaction between solar radiation and the Earth's atmosphere is formalized by the radiative transfer equation(RTE), whose resolution calls for two-stream approximations among other methods. This paper proposes a new two-stream approximation of the RTE with the development of the phase function and the intensity into a third-order series of Legendre polynomials. This new approach, which adds one more term in the expression of the intensity and the phase function, allows in the conditions of a plane parallel atmosphere a new mathematical formulation of γparameters. It is then compared to the Eddington, Hemispheric Constant, Quadrature, Combined Delta Function and Modified Eddington, and second-order approximation methods with reference to the Discrete Ordinate(Disort) method(δ –128 streams), considered as the most precise. This work also determines the conversion function of the proposed New Method using the fundamental definition of two-stream approximation(F-TSA) developed in a previous work. Notably,New Method has generally better precision compared to the second-order approximation and Hemispheric Constant methods. Compared to the Quadrature and Eddington methods, New Method shows very good precision for wide domains of the zenith angle μ 0, but tends to deviate from the Disort method with the zenith angle, especially for high values of optical thickness. In spite of this divergence in reflectance for high values of optical thickness, very strong correlation with the Disort method(R ≈ 1) was obtained for most cases of optical thickness in this study. An analysis of the Legendre polynomial series for simple functions shows that the high precision is due to the fact that the approximated functions ameliorate the accuracy when the order of approximation increases, although it has been proven that there is a limit order depending on the function from which the precision is lost. This observation indicates that increasing the order of approximation of the phase function of the RTE leads to a better precision in flux calculations. However, this approach may be limited to a certain order that has not been studied in this paper.

吴氏理筋手法结合J型针刀治疗术后肘关节僵硬的临床研究

目的 探讨吴氏理筋手法结合J型针刀治疗术后肘关节僵硬的临床应用价值。方法 选取江西省南昌市洪都中医院康复科2020年6月—2021年6月收治的60例术后肘关节僵硬患者,以单盲随机法分为对照组(关节松动术)与治疗组(吴氏理筋手法结合J型针刀),各30例。治疗4周后,比较两组Mayo肘关节功能评分(MEPS)与视觉模拟量表(VAS)评分,同时对疗效开展评估。结果 治疗后,与对照组相比,治疗组MEPS评分较高,而VAS评分较低(P<0.05);且治疗组总有效率为100.00%(30/30),明显高于对照组的83.33%(25/30)(P<0.05)。结论 吴氏理筋手法结合J型针刀治疗术后肘关节僵硬患者,能实现肘关节功能的恢复,并减轻患者疼痛,效果确切,具有较高的推广价值。

基于正交切削逆识别井下管柱的Johnson-Cook本构模型

在有限元仿真金属切削过程中,本构模型是仿真的基础,目前井下生产管柱J55油管材料的本构模型参数尚不明确,为此,提出一种基于正交切削理论逆识别油管材料Johnson-Cook(J-C)本构模型参数的方法。首先,通过准静态拉伸试验得到油管材料的应力-应变曲线,根据曲线拟合确定J55油管的初始屈服强度A、应变硬化系数B和应变硬化因子n;其次,通过正交切削试验获得切削力以及进给力,根据正交切削试验和平行剪切区模型,计算正交切削过程主剪切区中的流动应力、应变、应变率以及切削温度,并将这些参数与计算出的A、B、n代入J-C模型中,得到多组应变率敏感性参数C以及热软化效应参数m,从而确定其约束范围;第三,采用自适应权重粒子群算法在约束范围中搜索出参数C和m的最优值,进而确定J55油管材料本构模型参数;最后,使用逆识别法得出的J-C本构模型进行有限元仿真,将仿真结果与试验结果进行了对比。研究结果表明:与试验相比,有限元仿真的切削力和进给力最大相对误差分别为14.4%和13.64%,有限元仿真模拟温度与实际测量温度的最大相对误差为10.57%,仿真模型和实际切削过程在切屑形态上表现出了一致规律,验证了逆识别方法可行性和本构模型的可靠性。

焊前热处理对J55钢自动TIG焊接头组织性能的影响

目的针对J55钢焊接性较差、接头热影响区(HAZ)易出现脆硬马氏体组织等问题,在焊前对J55钢母材进行热处理,研究其焊接接头。方法在焊前对J55钢母材进行了760℃与880℃的热处理,采用TIG焊方法进行了焊接,研究了热处理前后TIG焊对接头显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果经焊前760℃热处理后,母材中的珠光体(P)含量显著减少并且发生细化,焊后接头HAZ组织转变为晶界铁素体(GBF)、针状铁素体(AF)和P;经焊前880℃热处理后,母材的显微组织主要为多边形铁素体(PF)和AF,在焊后接头的HAZ中形成了PF、贝氏体(B)和M-A组元。2种热处理接头焊缝区(WZ)的盖面层组织为GBF和AF,靠近和远离盖面层的打底层组织主要为PF和P;未热处理接头HAZ组织为PF、B和马氏体(M)。与2种热处理接头相比,未热处理接头的显微硬度居中,抗拉强度最高,延伸率最低,拉伸断裂位于熔合线与HAZ之间,断口呈脆性断裂特征。与760℃热处理相比,经880℃热处理的焊接接头HAZ显微硬度最高值达523HV,为760℃热处理的2.2倍,接头抗拉强度提高了2.2%,但延伸率降低了7.6%。2种热处理接头拉伸后均断裂在母材,断口均呈韧性断裂特征。结论先在焊前对J55钢母材进行热处理再采用TIG焊进行焊接,可获得力学性能优异的焊接接头,在焊前760℃热处理的条件下,得到的接头力学性能最优。

基于J2EE的企业信息管理系统的构建——以鞋服企业为例

对于鞋服企业而言,信息管理系统的构建是打破数据孤岛,为鞋服产品构建起数字营销一体化的重要举措。本文分析了鞋服企业信息管理系统构建的目的和意义,探讨其设计原则,并分析基于J2EE设计模式的鞋服企业信息管理系统构建的层次结构设计及基本模块,希望能够为鞋服企业的信息管理系统构建提供参考。

浅析海洋油气工程标准化建设引起的成本J曲线效应

结合国内海洋油气工程建设现状,简述工程建设标准化工作思路,分析海洋油气工程建设的各成本要素随标准化建设而发生的变化,发现工程标准化建设将造成工程成本出现先升后降的趋势,存在显著的“J曲线效应”,并通过实际案例进行说明,本文为推动国内海洋油气工程建设的高质量发展提供借鉴。

Superelastic Radiative Cooling Metafabric for Comfortable Epidermal Electrophysiological Monitoring

Epidermal electronics with superb passive-cooling capabilities are of great value for both daytime outdoor dressing comfort and low-carbon economy. Herein, a multifunctional and skinattachable electronic is rationally developed on a porous all-elastomer metafabric for efficient passive daytime radiative cooling(PDRC) and human electrophysiological monitoring. The cooling characteristics are realized through the homogeneous impregnation of polytetrafluoroethylene microparticles in the styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene fibers, and the rational regulation of microporosity in SEBS/PTFE metafabrics, thus synergistically backscatter ultraviolet–visible–near-infrared light(maximum reflectance over 98.0%) to minimize heat absorption while efficiently emit human-body midinfrared radiation to the sky. As a result, the developed PDRC metafabric achieves approximately 17℃ cooling effects in an outdoor daytime environment and completely retains its passive cooling performance even under 50% stretching. Further, high-fidelity electrophysiological monitoring capability is also implemented in the breathable and skin-conformal metafabric through liquid metal printing, enabling the accurate acquisition of human electrocardiograph, surface electromyogram, and electroencephalograph signals for comfortable and lengthy health regulation. Hence, the fabricated superelastic PDRC metafabric opens a new avenue for the development of body-comfortable electronics and low-carbon wearing technologies.

J、K亚群禽白血病病毒的分离和囊膜蛋白(gp85)基因序列分析

为了解现阶段我国禽白血病病毒(ALV)的流行特征和演化趋势,本试验于2021—2022年从国内某鸡场采集蛋清ALV衣壳蛋白(p27)抗原阳性的鸡血浆,接种鸡胚成纤维细胞(DF-1)分离病毒并进行亚群鉴定;采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)技术扩增分离株的囊膜蛋白(gp85)基因片段,并对其进行测序,将基因序列与ALV不同亚群毒株进行比对和遗传进化分析;选取氨基酸变化差异较大的分离毒株进行间接免疫荧光鉴定。结果显示,共分离到7株ALV毒株(3株J亚群,4株K亚群),ALV-J分离毒株CAU4932、CAU4860和CAU2259的gp 85基因片段长度为918 bp,编码306个氨基酸,分离毒株之间gp 85基因核苷酸同源性为90.5%~95.2%,gp85蛋白氨基酸同源性为95.1%~99.3%;ALV-K分离毒株CAU7049、CAU5006、CAU7176和CAU7168的gp 85基因片段长度为1008 bp,编码336个氨基酸,分离毒株之间gp 85基因核苷酸同源性为89.4%~92.3%,gp85蛋白氨基酸同源性为94.0%~99.7%。gp85蛋白氨基酸序列同源性比对发现,分离株gp85蛋白氨基酸序列均会发生突变,但高变区hr1和hr2所占比例较多,证实了gp85的高变性。在gp85蛋白B细胞抗原表位中存在部分位点的氨基酸突变,可能导致gp85蛋白抗原性发生变化。间接免疫荧光鉴定结果显示,5株分离毒株均可在DF-1细胞内复制并存在可被抗体识别的p27抗原表位。结果表明,本试验分离的7株ALV毒株是国内ALV-J和ALV-K流行毒株的突变株,不仅丰富了ALV基因组库资源,且为后续研究ALV的遗传变异特征和流行趋势等提供参考依据。

T应力作用下的J积分理论研究

T应力是表征裂尖应力场所必需的物理量之一,在其作用下J积分的性质有待研究。推导了J积分在考虑T应力情况下的表达式,采用数值模拟方法在Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型和Ⅰ+Ⅱ复合型加载工况下对该表达式进行验证,给出一种基于J积分的裂尖应力场参数计算方法。理论推导证明,J1积分的路径守恒性不受T应力影响,但J2积分的数值与积分路径起止点到裂尖距离r的平方根之间满足线性关系,J2-r曲线的系数与T应力相关。有限元仿真结果表明,试样裂纹长度对J积分的影响较为显著,网格尺寸对J积分计算结果的影响很小;相同载荷工况下,不同尺寸试样的J积分数值不同,但J2-r曲线的变化趋势与理论推导的表达式相符;在Ⅱ型和Ⅰ+Ⅱ复合型载荷工况下,T应力的求解精度较高,而在Ⅰ型载荷工况下,J2≈0,受舍入误差等因素影响,求解精度降低。

Shortwave Cloud Radiative Forcing on Major Stratus Cloud Regions in AMIP-type Simulations of CMIP3 and CMIP5 Models

Cloud and its radiative effects are major sources of uncertainty that lead to simulation discrepancies in climate models. In this study, shortwave cloud radiative forcing （SWCF） over major stratus regions is evaluated for Atmospheric Models Intercomparison Project （AMIP）-type simulations of models involved in the third and fifth phases of the Coupled Models Intercomparison Project （CMIP3 and CMIP5）. Over stratus regions, large deviations in both climatological mean and seasonal cycle of SWCF are found among the models. An ambient field sorted by dynamic （vertical motion） and thermodynamic （inversion strength or stability） regimes is constructed and used to measure the response of SWCF to large-scale controls. In marine boundary layer regions, despite both CMIP3 and CMIP5 models being able to capture well the center and range of occurrence frequency for the ambient field, most of the models fail to simulate the dependence of SWCF on boundary layer inversion and the insensitivity of SWCF to vertical motion. For eastern China, there are large differences even in the simulated ambient fields. Moreover, almost no model can reproduce intense SWCF in rising motion and high stability regimes. It is also found that models with a finer grid resolution have no evident superiority than their lower resolution versions. The uncertainties relating to SWCF in state-of-the-art models may limit their performance in IPCC experiments.

All-Sky Direct Radiative Effects of Urban Aerosols in Beijing and Shanghai, China

Aerosol particles can directly alter the radiation balance by scattering and absorbing incident solar radiation, thus decreasing the amount of light reaching the surface and increasing the fraction of diffuse radiation—the so-called ‘aerosol direct radiative effect'. Using the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer aerosol products, the aerosol direct radiative effects under all-sky conditions in Beijing and Shanghai in 2007 were explored in this study. The total shortwave radiation was calculated using the Fu-Liou radiative transfer model, with the influence of clouds taken into account through sunshine-duration data, and the diffuse radiation was calculated with radiation decomposition models. Good correlation between measured and calculated total radiation was obtained at both cities, with an R greater than 0.9, and thus this calculation method was adopted to derive aerosol direct radiative effects. The presence of aerosols caused the mean total and diffuse solar radiation reaching the surface to change by-19.9% and +27.4% in Beijing, respectively, and by-18.4% and +6.5% in Shanghai. It was also found that, despite the strong negative correlation between aerosol optical depth and total radiation change, the diffuse radiation changes were determined predominantly by clouds. The effects of such changes induced by aerosols on plant productivity should be further studied.

Ultra-Broadband Thermal Emitter for Daytime Radiative Cooling with Metal-Insulator-Metal Metamaterials

A novel thermal emitter with metal-insulator-metal design is proposed to realize efficient daytime radiative cooling.It can achieve ultrahigh absorption of 99.67%in the first atmospheric window and strong reflection of94.86%in solar band.Analysis on the cooling performance with different real and imaginary parts of refractive index is carried out to provide a guide line in the material choice.As a case study,three inorganic materials are substituted to get enhanced absorption and it is verified that the refractive index matching is desirable to obtain high absorption.In addition,such high emissivity persists under different incident angles in both TE and TM modes.A net cooling power of 96.39 W/m^(2)is achieved in the daytime with the incorporation of convection coefficients.Finally,this thermal emitter achieves an average temperature drop of 5.1℃based on the solution of conduction equation at 300 K.Therefore,our design with an excellent cooling ability can further bolster development in managements of radiative cooling or thermal radiation.

ATP5J通过TOMM20调节线粒体功能并促进人肝细胞癌细胞转移

目的:探讨ATP合成酶H+转运线粒体F0复合体亚基F6(ATP5J)通过调节肝癌细胞线粒体功能介导细胞骨架重塑影响肝癌细胞转移的作用及其机制。方法:培养人肝细胞癌Li-7细胞株,基因修饰ATP5J表达(过表达和敲减)。使用JC-1染色检测每组细胞线粒体膜电位情况;利用DCFH-DA荧光探针检测Li-7细胞的活性氧(ROS)含量;线粒体ATP荧光探针检测线粒体功能;微丝绿色荧光探针(Actin-Tracker Green-488)检测细胞骨架重塑情况;Transwell检测细胞侵袭能力;Western blot检测ATP5J和线粒体外膜转位酶20(TOMM20)的表达水平。结果:过表达ATP5J可上调线粒体膜电位水平和线粒体ATP荧光强度、诱导细胞骨架重塑、促进细胞侵袭和TOMM20蛋白表达,抑制ROS生成(P<0.01)。相反,敲减ATP5J显著降低线粒体膜电位和线粒体ATP荧光强度,显著降低细胞侵袭能力和TOMM20表达,促进ROS产生,阻断细胞骨架重塑(P<0.01)。结论:ATP5J可调节肝癌细胞线粒体能量转化,其通过TOMM20调节线粒体膜电位水平和线粒体ATP产生介导细胞骨架重塑影响肝癌细胞转移。

基于J函数建模的M油藏水淹层测井评价

滨里海盆地M油藏属于稠油油藏,目的层埋深较浅,储层较为疏松。油田开发主要以热采为主,水窜容易造成油藏水淹,且新井初期含水率较高,为此开展水淹层测井评价对于制定科学合理开发调整方案,提高油田开发效率具有重要的意义。通过J函数建模求取原始含油饱和度来评价水淹层,基于M油藏取芯井的岩心资料,结合粒度分析、铸体薄片、扫描电镜、物性分析及压汞实验等方法,通过毛管压力曲线对目的层J函数进行建模,计算原始含油饱和度,对比原始含油饱和度与目前含油饱和度评价水淹层。结合生产测试结论,证明J函数方法在水淹层评价方面效果较好,这种方法对于构造油藏水淹层评价具有重要的参考意义。

Near-Field Radiative Heat Transfer between Disordered Multilayer Systems

Near-field radiative heat transfer(NFRHT) research is an important research project after a major breakthrough in nanotechnology. Based on the multilayer structure, we find that due to the existence of inherent losses,the decoupling of hyperbolic modes(HMs) after changing the filling ratio leads to suppression of heat flow near the surface mode resonance frequency. It complements the physical landscape of enhancement of near-field radiative heat transfer by HMs and more surface states supported by multiple surfaces. More importantly, considering the difficulty of accurate preparation at the nanoscale, we introduce the disorder factor to describe the magnitude of the random variation of the layer thickness of the multilayer structure and then explore the effect on heat transfer when the layer thickness is slightly different from the exact value expected. We find that the near-field radiative heat flux decreases gradually as the disorder increases because of interlayer energy localization. However, the reduction in heat transfer does not exceed an order of magnitude, although the disorder is already very large. At the same time, the regulation effect of the disorder on NFRHT is close to that of the same degree of filling ratio,which highlights the importance of disordered systems. This work qualitatively describes the effect of disorder on heat transfer and provides instructive data for the fabrication of NFRHT devices.