Analysis on the master event method and precise location of 1997 Jiashi strong earthquake swarm in western China

Master event location method was described in detail in this paper. Some problems in the application of master event method have been analyzed and some improvements of the method have been made. As compared the location results of MS>=3.0 earthquakes of Jiashi swarm obtained by using this method with that by the traditional absolute method, the result obtained by using the master event method shows more reasonable and more consistent with that from the focal mechanism solutions. After relocation, we can see, the epicenters of M>=5.0 earthquakes show an echelon-type alignment along NNW-SSE direction, and all earthquakes concentrate nearly in a volume region about 30 km (N-S) × 15 km (E-W) × 15 km (U-D). Earthquake focal depths are mainly in the range of 15-28 km.

Fracture characteristics of the 1997 Jiashi,Xinjiang, China, earthquake swarm inferred from source spectra

Broadband P and S waves source spectra of 12 M_s≥5.0 earthquakes of the 1997 Jiashi, Xinjiang, China. earthquake swarm recorded at 13 GDSN stations have been analyzed. Rupture size and static stress drop of these earthquakes have been estimated through measuring the corner frequency of the source spectra. Direction of rupture propaga- tion of the earthquake faulting has also been inferred from the azimuthal variation of the comer frequency. The main results are as follows: ① The rupture size of M_s≥6.0 strong earthquakes is in the range of 10~20 km, while that of Ms_=5.0~5.5 earthquakes is 6~10 km. ② The static stress drop of the swarm earthquakes is rather low, being of the order of 0.1 MPa. This implies that the deformation release rate in the source region may be low. ③ Stress drop of the earthquakes appears to be proportional to their seismic moment, and also to be dependent on their focal mechanism. The stress drop of normal faulting earthquakes is usually lower than that of strike-slip type earth quakes. ④ For each M_s≥6.0 earthquake there exists an apparent azimuthal variation of the comer frequencies. Azimuthally variation pattern of comer frequencies of different earthquakes shows that the source rupture pattern of the Jiashi earthquake swarm is complex and no uniform rupture expanding direction exists.

Tomographic determination of the upper crustal structure in the Jiashi strong earthquake swarm region

A three-dimensional temporary seismic transmission array was arranged in a 50x60 km2 region around Jiashi strong earthquake swarm to receive seismic waves generated by 8 fires from different azimuths. With the inversion method without model blocks and using P and S reflections from Moho at critical distances, the 3-D images of P, S velocity perturbation and ratio vP/vS perturbation of the upper crust under the seismic array were reconstructed. Meanwhile, the seismicity of the Jiashi earthquake swarm was taken into consideration in the analysis of the seismogenesis. The results indicate that the upper crustal structure under the Jiashi strong earthquake swarm region is characterized by significant inhomogeneity both laterally and vertically. From 12 km depth, it is clear that there is an NNW-oriented high P-wave velocity anomalous body corresponding to the epicenter of the swarm with low-velocity anomaly around it, which is the direct cause of the strong earthquakes. High vP/vS is distributed in the same location, which may indicate the decline of shear strength of the source region owing to relative softness of the medium, this can be accounted as an explanation for the seismicity feature of the Jiashi strong earthquake swarm.

A priliminary study on the sequence characteristics and focal mechanism solution of the Jiashi strong earthquake swarm

The sequence characteristics and focal mechanism solution of the Jiashi, Xinjiang strong earthquake swarm are analyzed and studied in this paper. The result shows that before the M S=6.6 earthquake, value h of sequence frequency attenuation coefficient was less than 1, then value h was more than 1. Before occurrence of M S6.0 earthquakes the energy is released either in a continuously strengthened way or a sharply strengthened way, and before M S5.0 earthquakes the sequence frequency shows calm. The study on the focal mechanism solution of the strong earthquake swarm shows that the source faults are mainly in a right lateral, strike slip way and the faults have characteristics of tensor shear.

Characteristics of recent tectonic stress field in Jiashi,Xinjiang and adjacent regions

In this paper, we analyze the general directional features of regional tectonic stress field in Jiashi, Xinjiang and adjacent regions from the data of focal mechanism solutions, borehole breakouts and fault slip. The direction of maximum horizontal principal stress given by these three sorts of stress data differs slightly, which indicates there is a NS-trending horizontal compression in the tectonic stress field in the region of interest. We also invert and analyze the temporal and spatial changes of recent tectonic stress field in the research region by using 137 focal mechanism solutions. The inverted results show that the maximum principal stress 0-1 in Jiashi and adjacent re- gions is NNW-SSE with an azimuth of 162°. In the period from 1997 to 2003 before the occurrence of Ji- ashi-Bachu earthquake, the directions of the maximum principal stress σ1 and the minimum principal stress σ3 in Jiashi seismic source zone changed clockwise with respect to the tectonic stress field in the regions around. The maximum principal stress σ1 adjusted to the direction of NNE-SSW with an azimuth of 25°. Under the control of this tectonic stress field, a series of earthquakes happened, including the Jiashi strong earthquake swarm in 1997. Then, the tectonic stress field in the Jiashi seismic source zone might adjust again. And the tectonic stress field controlling the Jiashi-Bachu earthquake in 2003 was in accordance with the regions around.

Study on relationship between features of strain anomaly obtained by borehole strain meter at Wushi station in Xinjiang and strong earthquake: Taking Jiashi MS = 6.8 earthquake as an example

The borehole strain meter at Wushi station recorded obvious anomaly before Jiashi MS= 6.8 earthquake occurred on February 24, 2003. Its features are as follows. j Anomaly types are complete. The trend anomaly, short-term anomaly, short-imminent anomaly and exponential anomaly appeared 19 months, 56 days, 4 days, and more than 1 month before the event, respectively; k Anomaly is large in magnitude. The maximal magnitude of strain anomaly is 1.7×10?5, which is rare in the past 20-year observation records at Wushi station; l Strain rate fluctuates sharply with obvious alternation of tension and compression. According to the magnitude of strain anomaly, time of expo- nential anomaly appearance and regional features of recorded anomaly, we could predict the magnitude, occur- rence time and potential region to a certain degree.

Fine upper crustal structure of Jiashi strong earthquake swarm region in Xinjiang in-ferred from high resolution seismic refraction profile data

The data obtained from a high resolution seismic refraction profile, which was carded out in Jiashi, Xinjiang, strong earthquake swarm area, were processed with both finite difference inversion and Hagedoorn refractor wavefront imaging technique and the fine upper crustal structure was determined. The results show that the upper crustal structure is relatively well-distributed in laterally and obviously by layers vertically.From surface to 11.0 km depth, there are about four layers. The P wave velocity of top two layers range from 1.65 to 4.5 km/s and their bottom boundaries, the buried depths of which are 0.4, 2.96-3.0 km respectively, are almost horizontal; The third layer is comparatively complicated and its P wave velocity presents inhomogeneous in both laterally and vertically. The bottom boundary of third layer is crystalline basement and shows a little uplift, which seemly suggest that the upper crust had been resisted while the hard Tarim block inserting into Tianshan Mountain; The forth layer is relatively even and its P wave velocity is about 6.3 km/s. There are a lateral velocity variation at the depth of about 4.0 km, and suggest that it has something to do with the hidden Meigaiti fault and Meigaiti-Xiasuhong fault but there are no the structure features about these faults stretching to the surface and passing through the crystalline basement. The seismogenic tectonic of Jiashi strong earthquake swarm at least lies in middle or lower crust beneath 11.0 km depth.

Basement interface structural characteristics beneath Jiashi strong earthquake swarm area in Xinjiang, China

The seismic data obtained from high resolution seismic refraction profile in Jiashi strong earthquake swarm area in Xinjiang, China were further processed with ray hit analysis method and more complete basement interface structural characteristics beneath Jiashi strong earthquake swarm area were determined. The results show that there are two clear basement interfaces at the upper crust in Jiashi strong earthquake swarm area. The first one with buried depth ranging from 2.6 km to 3.3 km presents integral and continuous structure, and it appears an inclined plane interface and smoothly rises up toward Tianshan Mountain. The second basement interface with buried depth from 8.5 km to 11.8 km, is the antiquated crystalline basement of Tarim basin. Near the post number of 37 km, the buried depth of the crystalline basement changed abruptly by 2.5 km, which maybe result from an ultra crystalline basement fault. If taking this fault as a boundary, the crystalline basement could be divided into two parts, i.e. the southwestern segment with buried depth about 11.5 km, and the northeastern segment with buried depth approxi-mately from 8.5 km to 9.0 km. That is to say, in each segment, the buried depth changes not too much. The northeast segment rises up as a whole and upheaves slightly from southwest to northeast, which reflects the upper crustal deformation characteristics under the special tectonic background at the northwestern edge of Tarim basin.

The Strong Earthquake Swarm in Jiashi, Xinjiang in 1997 and Three Successful Predictions of Impending Earthquakes

A strong earthquake swarm including 7 earthquakes with M≥6.0 occurred in Jiashi, Xinjiang region from January to April, 1997, which is rare for intraplate seismicity. They occurred in Tarim Basin which is relatively stable, has no discovered surface rupture and where the deep-seated tectonics are not clear. The Seismological Bureau of Xinjiang Region has made three successful impending predictions for the strong aftershocks and succeeding earthquakes in Jiashi. The injuries and deaths of people have been greatly reduced because of effective measures taken by the local government, and the social and economic results are remarkable. The article introduces a summary of the strong earthquake swarm and the main processes of the prediction, sums up the scientific bases of an impending prediction, and shows that the occurrence of the Jiashi strong earthquake swarm revealed some important scientific problems which should be studied further. The practice of the Jiashi earthquake prediction indicates again

Research on the Application of Time Structure Variation Analysis to the Jiashi-Bachu Earthquake Swarm Sequence

In 1997～2003,27 earthquakes with M≥5.0 occurred in the Jiashi-Bachu area of Xinjiang. It was a rare strong earthquake swarm activity. The earthquake swarm has three time segments of activity with different magnitudes in the years 1997, 1998 and 2003. In different time segments, the seismic activity showed strengthening-quiet changes in various degrees before earthquakes with M≥5.0. In order to delimitate effectively the precursory meaning of the clustering (strengthening) quiet change in sequence and to seek the time criterion for impending prediction, the nonlinear characteristics of seismic activity have been used to analyze the time structure characteristics of the earthquake swarm sequence, and further to forecast the development tendency of earthquake sequences in the future. Using the sequence catalogue recorded by the Kashi Station, and taking the earthquakes with M_S≥5.0 in the sequence as the starting point and the next earthquake with M_S=5.0 as the end, statistical analysis has been performed on the time structure relations of the earthquake sequence in different stages. The main results are as follows: (1) Before the major earthquakes with M≥5.0 in the swarm sequence, the time variation coefficient (δ-value) has abnormal demonstrations to different degrees. (2) Within 10 days after δ≈1, occurrence of earthquakes with M≥5.0 in the swarm is very possible. (3) The time variation coefficient has three types of change. (4) The change process before earthquakes with M5.0 is similar to that before earthquakes with M6.0, with little difference in the threshold value. In the earthquake swarm sequence, it is difficult to delimitate accurately the attribute of the current sequences (foreshock or aftershock sequence) and to judge the magnitude of the follow-up earthquake by δ-value. We can only make the judgment that earthquakes with M5.0 are likely to occur in the sequence. (5) The critical clustering characteristics of the sequence are hierarchical. Only corresponding to a certain magnitude can the sequence have the variation state of critical clustering. (6) The coefficient of the time variation has a clear meaning in physics. After the clustering-quiet state of earthquake activity has appeared, it can describe clearly the randomness of the seismogenic system. Furthermore, it can efficiently clarify whether or not the clustering quiescence variation is of some prognostic meaning. In the case that the earthquake frequency attenuation is essentially normal (h>1) and there is no remarkable clustering-quiescence state, it is still possible to discover the abnormal change of the sequence from the time variation coefficient. On the contrary, in the later period of swarm activity, after the appearance of many seismic quiescence phenomena, this coefficient did not appear abnormally, even when h<1, suggesting that the δ-value diagnosis is more universal.

Exploration and Study on Deep Crust Structural Characteristics in the Jiashi-Artux Seismic Region

The data from two deep seismic sounding profiles was processed and studied comprehensively. The results show that crust_mantle structures in the investigated region obviously display layered characteristics and velocity structures and tectonic features have larger distinction in different geological structure blocks. The boundary interface C between the upper and lower crust and Moho fluctuate greatly. The shallowest depths of C (30 0km) and Moho (45 5km) under Jiashi deepen sharply from Jiashi to the western Kunlun mountain areas, where the depths of C and Moho are 44 0km and 70 0km, respectively. The higher velocity structures in the Tarim massif determine its relatively “stable” characteristics in crust tectonics. The phenomenon in the Jiashi region, where the distribution of earthquake foci mostly range from 20km to 40km in depth, may infer that the local uplift of C and Moho interface, anomalously lower velocity bodies and deep large faults control earthquake occurrence and seismogenic processes in the Jiashi strong earthquake swarm.

Study on Stress Triggering During the Activity Process of the Jiashi Strong Earthquake Swarm

The Bachu-Jiashi earthquake of MS6.8 occurred on February 24,2003,about 20km from the southeast of the 1997～1998 Jiashi seismic region in Xinjiang,and its aftershocks are rich and strong.Did the 1997～1998 Jiashi strong earthquake swarm trigger the Bachu-Jiashi MS6.8 earthquake? The Atushi earthquake of MS6.7 occurred in 1996,and the 1997～1998 Jiashi strong earthquake swarm occurred about 70km from the Atushi earthquake 10 months later.Did the Atushi earthquake of M-S6.7 encourage the 1997～1998 Jiashi strong earthquake swarm? There were 9 earthquakes with M-S6.0 from 1996 to 1997 in the Jiashi seismic region,how did they act on each other? To answer the above questions,the article studies the triggering effect of the activity process of the whole Jiashi earthquake swarm from the 1996 Atushi earthquake of M-S6.7,the 1997～1998 Jiashi strong swarm to the 2003 Bachu-Jiashi earthquake of M-S6.8,and analyzes the seismicity characteristics around the Jiashi region.The results show that the 1996 Atushi earthquake of M-S6.7 encouraged the 1997～1998 Jiashi strong swarm to some extent,the accumulative Coulomb stress change from the previous M-6.0 earthquakes of the Jiashi strong swarm had certain triggering effects on the following M-6.0 events,and the Coulomb stress change converted from the Jiashi strong swarm strongly encouraged the 2003 Bachu-Jiashi earthquake with M-S6.8.

Using Long-Period Body Wave to Inverse Moment Tensors of the M_S6.8 Jiashi,Xinjiang Earthquake in 2003 and the Moderate and Small Earthquakes before and after It

An M_S6.8 strong earthquake took place in Jiashi,Xinjiang on February 24 of 2003.The digital wave form data recorded in Kashi and Wushi stations are selected to inverse the moment tensor solutions for the strong earthquake and the moderate and small earthquakes before and after it(108 earthquakes in 2001～2004).67 focal mechanism solutions have been calculated,and the results agree with those from Harvard University and USGS.The analysis reveals that before the strong earthquake,the moderate and small earthquake distribution was dispersed,and after the event the distribution was mainly concentrated around the strong earthquake.Before the strong earthquake,the seismic faults of the mid and small events had the character of strike-slip and normal faulting,and after the event,they exhibit strike-slip and thrust faulting.The region is dominated by near-NS horizontal compression from the southern block after the strong earthquake.

Research into the Regional Characteristics of the Tectonic Stress Field in Jiashi, Xinjiang and Its Surrounding Areas

Jiashi and its surrounding areas are composed of many structural zones. Using the focal mechanism solutions of 59 moderately strong earthquakes in Jiashi and its surrounding areas, and combining these with the calculation results of system cluster and stress field inversion, we analyzed the evolvement characteristics of the stress field for different times and different regions. The results were as follows: The earthquakes in Jiashi are mainly strike-slip. However, those of the Kalpin block are mainly reverse events, showing an obvious thrusting. The regional characteristics are different from other areas. The direction of the regional principal stress field is near NS. However, under different tectonic backgrounds, the directions of the stress fields are different. The direction of the principal compress stress is near NS in the Kashi-Wuqia area. But before and after the 3 earthquakes with M7.0, dynamic evolution from NW to NS and then to NE with time process was observed. The Kalpin block has been dominated by a consistent stress field in the NW direction for a long time. However, the direction of the stress field of the Jiashi region is NE. Since 1996, the direction of the regional stress field has changed obviously. The direction of the P axis was deflected towards the NE, and the plunge angle increased. The result shows clearly the regional characteristics and variation of the distribution pattern of the stress field in different tectonic environments.

“胃家实”及三承气汤运用辨析

“胃家实”作为阳明病提纲,意义重大的同时也颇具争议。本文基于阳明胃肠的生理机制揭示“胃家实”本质,并进一步分析“胃家实”病机治法,又据此探讨三承气汤之鉴别运用、“燥屎”与大小承气汤辨证关系及“胃家实”与“脾家实”的内在联系。从而提出“胃家实”属于正阳阳明病提纲,是阳明胃肠“更虚更满”机制紊乱而形成的一种病理状态。

喀什地区伽师县绿洲面积时空演变规律及驱动因素分析

利用1990-2020年4期遥感解译成果,运用面积趋势变化幅度、土地利用/覆被变化指标以及转移矩阵等研究方法,从时间和空间尺度上对伽师县绿洲面积及土地利用类型的演变过程进行分析,并从水资源条件及人类活动等因素着手,分析影响伽师县绿洲格局的主要驱动因素。结果表明:伽师县以2000年为分界点,之前人类活动影响弱,以天然绿洲为主;2000年以后人类活动影响增强,以人工绿洲为主。未来,在水资源由丰转平、转枯的概率增高,维持现有绿洲格局的风险较大,建议积极调整绿洲结构,应对水资源变化带来的风险。

2020年伽师M_(S)6.4地震前后重力变化

基于2016年以来南疆相对重力和绝对重力观测资料,系统分析南疆区域重力场动态变化及其与2020-01-19伽师M_(S)6.4地震的关系。结果表明:1)区域重力场变化与区域构造关系密切,沿柯坪断裂形成多个局部重力异常区及重力变化高梯度带,反映出2016~2020年该断裂活动引起显著的地表重力场变化;2)与伽师地震孕育有关的重力场经历了“重力正异常区-四象限特征及沿柯坪断裂的重力高梯度带-反向变化发震”的演化过程;3)重力场累积变化和差分变化图像均反映出伽师地震前出现显著的重力异常变化,地震发生在重力变化梯度带、四象限中心和零等值线拐弯附近;4)重力场动态演化较好地反映出伽师M_(S)6.4地震孕育发生过程中出现的中期前兆现象,基于流动重力异常变化在伽师M_(S)6.4地震前进行一定程度的中期预测,尤其是强震地点判定。

棉花连作与棉花-伽师瓜轮作对土壤化学性质的影响

为探索棉花连作与棉花—伽师瓜轮作模式对土壤的改良作用,在新疆伽师县选择试验区对比分析棉花连作与棉花—伽师瓜轮作种植模式下的土壤化学性质指标,以期为农业生产和种植模式的优化提供理论支持。在研究区分别从连作和轮作土壤表层(0~20 cm)、中层(20~40 cm)和底层(40~60 cm)采集土样,通过室内测定化学性质指标,结合统计分析、t检验和方差齐性检验,对比分析2种种植模式下的土壤有机质、总盐分、pH值、盐基离子质量分数及分布特征,探究土壤化学性质特征与养分的变化趋势。结果表明:1)连作和轮作种植模式下的土壤有机质质量分数分布特征有差异,在轮作土壤有机质平均质量分数排序为中层>表层>底层,连作土壤分别为表层>中层>底层;2)2种耕作模式下土壤有机质质量分数都随年限的增加,呈减少趋势。其中,连作土壤有机质质量分数低,变化幅度小,而轮作土壤有机质质量分数高,变化幅度较大;3)随种植年限的增加,轮作土壤总盐分质量分数在表层和中层存在减少趋势,连作土壤总盐分质量分数整体上存在增加趋势。综上,轮作模式对土壤表层和中层的有机质质量分数具有一定的增加作用,随着年限的增加表现为减少趋势。2种模式下的土壤盐分离子差异较小,但轮作土壤总盐分质量分数大于连作土壤,研究结果对该地区耕地土壤改良提高提供科学参考。

壳聚糖/H_(2)O_(2)雾化处理对伽师瓜贮藏品质的影响

为研究壳聚糖、H_(2)O_(2)对伽师瓜长期贮藏的保鲜效果,在前期研究的基础上,采用1%壳聚糖涂膜+6%H_(2)O_(2)纳米雾化处理伽师瓜,在(2±0.5)℃下贮藏,分析贮藏品质变化,并对测定结果进行主成分分析。结果表明,保鲜处理能维持伽师瓜的采后品质,其中壳聚糖/H_(2)O_(2)复合处理效果最佳,可以显著延缓果实的腐烂指数(0.105%),抑制硬度下降(4.21 kg/cm^(2))和重量损失(4.90%),减少SSC(11.5%)和ASA(15.44%)物质的消耗,防止细胞膜损伤并诱导抗氧化酶活性。PCA分析获得2个主成分,累计贡献率93.6%,其中失重率、电导率和CAT活性是伽师瓜保鲜中的关键指标。综合分析,1%壳聚糖涂膜和6%H_(2)O_(2)纳米雾化复合处理对伽师瓜有显著的保鲜效果,且优于单一处理,可为伽师瓜的长期保鲜提供理论指导。

Stress interactions between normal faults and adjacent strike-slip faults of 1997 Jiashi earthquake swarm

During a 4-month period starting from 21 January, 1997, an earthquake swarm of seven major events (Ms≥6.0) struck the Jiashi region at the northwestern corner of the Tarim Basin in Xinjiang,, China. Previous relocation studies suggested that these strong earthquakes had occurred along at least two parallel rupture zones. According to the relocated hypocenters and focal mechanisms of the events, we have constructed fault models for these seven earthquakes to calculate the Coulomb stress changes produced by each of these events. Furthermore, we extended our model calculations to include an ad- jacent 1996 Ms=6.9 Artushi earthquake, which occurred one year before the Jiashi earthquake swarm. Our calculations show that the Coulomb stress change caused by the preceding events was around 0.05 MPa at the hypocenter of the 4th event, and higher than 0.08 MPa at the hypocenters of the 2nd, 3rd, 5th and 6th events. Our results reveal a Coulomb stress interactive cycle of earthquake triggering between two adjacent normal and strike-slip faults.